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CHEMISTRY
• Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon
compounds
• In organic molecules:
• CnH2n+2 !
• Successive compounds have physical properties that vary in a regular manner as the
number of carbon atoms present increases.
• Cambridge Chemistry 422
• As the number of carbon atoms in a molecule in a particular homologous series
increases the boiling point increases. !
• The boiling point of straight chain alkanes increases when a metalyne group is
added.
• Reason:
• As the relative molecular mass of the alkane increases the strength of the Van der
Waals forces between molecule increases.
• The boiling point of the alcohols(-OH) tend to be higher due to the presence of
hydrogen bonding.
• Other functional groups such as carboxylic acid (-COOH), amine(-NH2) and amide(-
CONH2) also gives rise to hydrogen bonding.
• Therefore, they have higher melting and boiling point than non-polar or polar organic
compounds of similar molar masses.
• The physical properties, especially the melting
and boiling point, depend on intermolecular
forces.
• Benzene ring:
• Use the prefix from the table to the number of carbon atoms in the longest
continuous carbon chain.
• Number the position of these substituent groups using the combination that
includes the lowest individual numbers.
• Arrange the number of substituent groups in alphabetical order. eg. di, tri, tetra
• Saturated-Carbon has a single bond can be eight
In an open or closed system
• pg. 432
INCOMPLETE
COMBUSTION
• Example:
• Alkanes react with chlorine or bromine in a
substitution reaction, to give an initial product in
which 1 hydrogen atom is replaced by the halogen.
• eg.
Ethane Chloroethane
• The reaction of an alkane (methane), with a
halogen is a free radical chain reaction.!