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Chap 08: Electromagnetic Waves ( Notes & Formula Sheet)

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
1)Displacement Current and Modified Ampere’s Circuital
Law
𝑑𝜙𝐸
1. Displacement current, 𝐼𝐷 = 𝜀0
𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑑𝐸
Also , 𝐼𝐷 = 𝜀0 (𝐸𝐴) = 𝜀0 𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑉 𝜀0 𝐴 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉
=𝜀0 𝐴 ( )= =𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

2. Modified Ampere’s circuital law,

⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜇0 (𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝐷 )
⃗⃗⃗ .𝑑𝑙
∮𝐵

2) Equation, Speed, Amplitude and Average Density of an

Electromagnetic Wave
1. Wave velocity, 𝑐 = 𝑣𝜆
ℎ𝑐
2. Energy of photon, 𝐸 = ℎ𝑣 = 𝜆

1
3. Speed of e.m wave in vacuum, 𝑐 =
√𝜇0 𝜀0

1
4. Speed of e.m wave in a material medium, 𝑐 =
√𝜇𝜀

5. For a wave of frequency 𝜈 , wavelength 𝜆, propagating along 𝑥 −direction, the equations

for electric and magnetic fields are
 𝑥 𝑡
𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸0 sin(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 ) = 𝐸0 sin [2𝜋 ( − )]
𝜆 𝑇
𝑥 𝑡
𝐵𝑧 = 𝐵0 sin(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 ) = 𝐵0 sin [2𝜋 ( − )]
𝜆 𝑇
6. Amplitude ratio of electric and magnetic fields,
𝐸0 1
=𝑐=
𝐵0 √𝜇𝜊 𝜀0
2𝜋 𝜔
7. Propagation constant, 𝑘 = =
𝜆 𝑐

8. Average energy density of E-field,

1 1
𝑢𝐸 = 4 𝜀0 𝐸02 = 2 𝜀𝑜 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠
2

9. Average energy density of B-field,

1 1
𝑢𝐵 = 𝐵02 = 2
𝐵𝑟𝑚𝑠
4𝜇0 2𝜇0

10. Average energy density of e.m. wave,

2
1 2
1 2 2
𝐵𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑢𝑎𝑣 = 𝜀0 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 + 𝐵 = 𝜀0 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2 2𝜇0 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝜇0

Or
1 1 2 1 1 2
𝑢𝑎𝑣 = 𝜀0 𝐸02 + 𝐵0 = 𝜀0 𝐸02 = 𝐵
4 4𝜇0 2 2𝜇0 0
𝑈
11. Momentum delivered by an e.m. wave. 𝑝 = 𝑐

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦/𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
12. Intensity of a wave = =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

2
Or 𝐼 = 𝑢𝑎𝑣 𝑐 = 𝜀0 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐.