GEN PHYSICS

-ELECTRICITY is the flow of electrons or negative charge. in a wire, it is called ELECTRIC CURRENT

-ELECTRIC CHARGE is the physical property of matter that causes to experience a force when placed in an
electromagnetic wave.

THERE TWO TYPES OF ELECTRIC CHARGES:

-POSTIVE occurs when the number of protons exceeds the number of electrons.

-NEGATIVE a charge that has more electrons than protons and has a lower electrical potential.

WAYS OF CHARGING AN OBJECT

A. CHARGING BY CONTACT (CONDUCTION)

-Sometimes just shaking hands with a friend or touching your pet can have an unexpected effect: an electric shock.
These little irritations are caused when electric charge is transferred from one substance to another because the
substance touch each other.

B. CHARGING BY INDUCTION

-charging by induction is the charging of neutral object by bringing another charged object closed to; but not touching
the neutral object.

C. CHARGING BY FRICTION

-Rubbing two different materials together; a process known as charging by friction. It is the simplest way to give
something a charge. Material losing electron is positively charged and material gaining electron is negatively charged.
Amount of gained and lost electron is equal to each other. In the other words, we can say that charges of the system is
conserved.

ELECTROSTATIC SERIES- It is not obvious whether a material will lose or gain electrons when rubbed by another
material. The electrostatic or triboelectric series is a table which list a variety of materials in the order of which they
gained or lose electrons.
ELECTRIC FORCE (UNIT: V )
-force exerted between any two charged objects.

w here:
* |FE| is the magnitude of the electric force in newtons (N)
* k is Coulomb's constant, equal to 8.99 x 109 newton-meters-squared-per-coulomb squared (N⋅m2/C2)
* q1 and q2 are the charge magnitudes (strengths) in coulombs (C)
* r is the distance between the charges in meters (m)

ELECTRIC FIELD (UNIT: N/C )

-an outgoing force from a positive charge to negative charge.

-surrounds an electric charge, and exerts force on other charges in the field, attracting or repelling them.

where:

 |E| is the magnitude of the electric field in newtons-per-coulomb (N/C)

 q is the magnitude of the charge in coulombs

 k is Coulomb's constant

 r is the distance from the charge in meters (m)

 As is usually the case, this force will be denoted by the symbol F. The magnitude of the electric field is simply
defined as the force per charge on the test charge.

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY ( UNIT: J )

-Stored energy needed to move a charge.

- A charge's electric potential energy describes how much stored energy it has, when set into motion by an electrostatic
force, that energy can become kinetic, and the charge can do work.

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL (UNIT: V )

-Amount or work needed to move a unit of charge from a reference point to a specific point.

-An electric potential can be used to explain the origin of an electric field. Field lines 'flow' from regions of high potential
to regions of low potential.

V= kq/r
ELECTRIC FLUX (UNIT: Vm)

-total number of electric field lines (forces) passing a given area in a unit time.

-Electric flux, property of an electric field that may be thought of as the number of electric lines of force (or electric field
lines) that intersect a given area.

The equation is:

Φ = E A cos(θ)
Where:
Φ: Electric Flux
A: Area
E: Electric field
θ: angle between a perpendicular vector to the area and the electric field

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAPACITORS

CERAMIC CAPACITOR: Used in many applications from audio to RF. Values Range from a few picofarads to around 0.1
micofarads. This type is cheap and reliable and their loss factor is particularly low.

SILVER MICE CAPACITOR: Not as widely used, but offer very high levels of stability, low loss and accuracy where space is
not an issue. For RF applications and limited to max. values of 1000pF.

METALLIZED POLYESTER FILM CAPACITOR: A form of polyester film capacitor where the polyester films themselves are
metallized. Their electrodes are thin, the overall capacitor can be contained within a relatively small package.

GLASS CAPACITORS: Use glass as the dielectric and offer very high levels or performance in terms of extremely low loss,
high RF current capability, no piezo-electric noise and other features making them ideal for many performance RF
applications.

ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR: A type of capacitor that is polarized and are able to offer high capacitance values. Most
widely for low frequency applications- power supplies, decoupling, an audio coupling.

POLYSTYRENE FILM CAPACITOR: relatively cheap form but offer a close tolerance capacitor when needed. Tubular in
shape resulting from the fact that the dielectric sandwich is rolled together.

POLYCARBONATE CAPACITOR: Used in applications where reliability and performance are critical. Very stable and
enables high tolerance capacitors to be made which will hold their capacitance value over time.

SUPERCAP: also known as super capacitor or ultracapacitor, have very large of values of capacitance, of up to several
thousand farads. They find uses for providing a memory hold-up supply and also within automotive applications.

TANTALUM CAPACITOR: are also polarize and offer a high capacitance level for their volume. Very intolerant of being
reverse biased, often exploding when placed under stress.

POLYESTER FILM CAPACITOR: Used where cost is a consideration as they do not offer a high tolerance. Most have
tolerance of 5% or 10%, which is adequate for many applications.

POLYPROPYLENE CAPACITOR: Used when a higher tolerance type of capacitor is necessary than polyester capacitors.
Uses a poly-propylene film for the dielectric. Very little change of capacitance with time and voltage applied.