Paper Presentation

4D Printing & Meta Materials

GUIDE:

Muktiyar Shaikh

Submitted By:

Soni Maulik
201601418010105
mauliksoni98@gmail.com

Submitted To:

GLS Institute of Design

B. Des, Product Design

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to all those who
provided me with the possibility to complete this report a special gratitude I have to
give to my uncle faculties of the course his contribution in stimulating suggestions
and encouragement help me grow and explore the area in depth especially in writing
this report. I would like to thank all the authors and writers of the reports which I have
referred in order to provide most relevant and genuine information without any
hassles of getting there in achieving it.

ORIGINALITY STATEMENT

I hereby declare that the submission is my own work and it contains

no full or substantial copy of previously published material except
where due acknowledgement is made in the paper. Moreover, I also
declare that none of the views are borrowed or copied without due
acknowledgement. I further declare that the intellectual content of this
paper is the product of my own work, except to the extent that
assistance from others in the paper’s presentation and linguistic
expression is acknowledged. This paper was not submitted anywhere
else and would be published in purview of GLS Institute of Design’s
norm.
Name: MAULIK SONI

Signature:

Date: 15. October. 2019


ABSTRACT

When researchers combined smart materials with 3D printing, 4D printing was

developed. 4D printing uses the fourth dimension of time to create formed 3D printed
objects when exposed to stimuli using conversional 3D printing technology such as
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) technology.
4D printed materials react to stimuli such as pH, moisture and temperature to enable
components printed in 3D without the use of electronics or motors. Much research
has been done on smart materials capable of sensing and reacting to external
stimuli. This paper discusses 4D printing based on activation stimuli and examines
the applications of this technology. 4D printing has the prospect of simplifying the
design and manufacture of various products and has the tremendous potential to
create components that respond to their environment. 4D printing applications are in
areas such as biomedical devices, security, patterned optical surface manufacturing,
and multi-directional structures.

KEYWORDS

Meta Material; Solid Mechanics; Time Constant Printing, Advanced Manufacturing,

Multi Materials, 4D Printing.

AREA OF PAPER

Additive & Advanced Manufacturing.

Advanced manufacturing is the use of innovative technology for product and process
improvement. Modern manufacturing companies are rapidly incorporating new
innovative technologies into both goods and processes.

PAPER CLASSIFICATION

Technical Paper.

This paper reviews 4D printing based on activation stimuli and explores the
applications of this technology. 4D printing has the prospect of simplifying the
design and manufacture of various products and has the tremendous potential to
create components that respond to their environment.

INTRODUCTION

About 4D Printing:

4D printers incorporating intelligent (active, stimulus-responsive) materials,

mathematics and multi-material additives. These three elements produce an
encrypted, multi-material (multi-component), single-piece, intelligent structure that
displays predictable and desirable intelligent dynamic behaviours under the right
stimulus through an interaction mechanism.
Although some experiments have shown single-material 4D printed structures, multi-
material structures will be the future of 4D printing. 4D printing amounts usually
require multi-material structures. The multi-material 4D printed structure, in the most
basic case, has one active and one passive surface.

Performance improvement by allocating proper materials to related locations based

on local necessities, multi-functionality by embeddable functions such as electronics,
combing rigid and flexible sections in an integrated structure, and providing
lightweight structures are only some of the advantages of multi-material structures. In
addition, to enable the shape memory effect (SME) (that is not an intrinsic property)
of shape memory polymers (SMPs), a mechanical force is required in addition to heat
(thermo-mechanical cycles).Typically this power is supplied internally. Nevertheless,
4D printing can help us organise active and passive materials in a multi-material
system and use their internal mismatch-driven forces to autonomously activate the
SME without the need for external training load. In this study, we focus on “multi-
material” 4D printed structures.

Aspects of 4D printing have been explored in the literature. Several studies worked
on beam and plate theories. However, the missing piece in the literature is modelling
of “time-dependent” behaviours (the 4th D) of 4D structures. Especially, the time-
dependent behaviour is the critical part of 4D (stimuli-responsive) materials, whether
fabricated by additive manufacturing and thus called 4D printed structures or created
by other manufacturing processes. More importantly, a huge number of studies on 4D
materials used the Timoshenko bimetal model (that is linear with time) to analyse the
time-dependent behaviours of their experiments. Here, we will see that, in general,
the Timoshenko bimetal model cannot capture the true time-dependent behaviours of
4D materials (except for some special cases or selected linear regions), although it
provides useful insights on time-independent behaviours. In fact, the purpose of
Timoshenko bimetal model was not to model the time-dependent behaviour (the 4th
D) of 4D materials. Thus, there is an urgent need for qualitative and quantitative
analysis on the fourth D of 4D materials.
The main part of 4D printed structures is the 4th D; however, currently, there is no
general formula to model and predict this extra dimension. Here, by developing
fundamental concepts and from the equilibrium and compatibility conditions, we
derive a bi-exponential formula that “is needed” for modelings and predicting the 4th
D of any multi-material 4D printed structure. We further validate our bi- exponential
formula by various experimental data from separate studies in the literature and show
that it is a general formula that is useful for any type of 4D multi-material structure
(photochemical-, photo thermal-, solvent-, pH-, moisture-, electrochemical-,
electrothermal, ultrasound, enzyme, etc.- responsive). This generality happens,
because we build the bases of our bi-exponential formula, comprehensively.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Total of six research for reviewing the literature this technical paper most of them lies
in the realm of advanced manufacturing and future maker materials which create
dynamic structure with the change in grains through a stimuli of either heat water for
any other quenching media time range for research paper where is from 1980 is
2012 Hindi 80s RND on advanced manufacturing was just started from MIT future lab

Most of the papers belong from the researchers appointed there they cover its
applications in medical and aerospace industries.
OBJECTIVE

The intent and objective of this paper lies in exploration analysing and synthesis in
the field of advanced manufacturing focusing on the 4D printing process along with
its meta materials. The rain would be explode through primary internet research
research papers and documents and common papers and blogs of practitioner's from
around the globe. Along with synthesis and analysis of the field the paper would also
bring clarity on the field in today's context especially and Indian product prototyping.
How can it be utilised in product prototyping process as well as be beneficial and tool
of the future while designing and replicating the world around us.
Since the technology has now been accessible to the masses after lifting of the
patent from MIT future lab of materials this today's scenario is the perfect contact for
the technology to flourish and Grow to help millions.
METHODOLOGY

Research methodology behind this paper started with primary and secondary
research previously done works from different professionals across the globe and
recharge through Google scholar and other research paper search engines to get a
broad idea of what result of research has been done on this field before then a
literature review was formed so that scope would be identified where in the current
research needs to cater. After doing the literature review and identifying the scope for
standard observations for done at different 3D printing Labs including fab lab accept
design vision centre and ID and some local vendors 3D printing services in
Ahmedabad the insights and observations from those first and 3D printing operators
provided valuable in information regarding how the printer is interacting with humans

Windows first and observations in mind interactions with 3D printing operators were
done where the scope of re printability recycling of filament materials identified also
pros and cons of each printing operator were different considering ergonomics
another universal design areas. After that observations in study of consumer and
retailing market was done with the needs of consumer identified and deliverables of
retail market were also identified with 3D printing and 4D printing as a service
provision business was thoroughly studied. After going through all this once again
research paper in previous lead and experimentation was searched to get the
broader understanding of how deliverables are relevant to the need in the market
which was compatible with decision efficiency and cost effectiveness
Case studies studied from different areas such as transportation medical aerospace
another advanced manufacturing rails so that a real world example could be
perceived of what 4D printing is like in today's context
Transition From 3D Printing to 4D Printing:

Addition of “Time” as a value brought out a new dimension in 3D Printing which was
later categorised as 4D Printing.

In 1984, 3D Systems Corporation's Chuck Hull filed a patent for a stereolithographic

system that caught the imagination of the world and opened a booming 3D printing
era. The official term of 3D printing appeared later, however, and originally referred to
a technology developed at MIT for powder bed adhesive jetting. At present, 3D
printing is used generally by consumer communities and the media to represent a
wide variety of printing technologies including fused deposition modelings (FDM),
stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), selective laser melting
(SLM), electron beam melting (EBM), inkjet 3D printing (3DP), direct ink writing
(DIW), etc. The term additive manufacturing is more commonly used by
manufacturers of industrial end-use parts, computer manufacturers and international
organisations for technical standards. Both 3D printing and additive manufacturing
show that the universal function of sequential layer-by-layer material addition under
computer control is shared by all printing techniques.Attracting intense interests from
both academia and industry, 3D printing has been developed toward high accuracy,
high speed, diverse and robust material properties, and low cost. It has become
increasingly clear that meeting these demanding goals requires interdisciplinary
collaborations involving mechanical engineering, material science, data processing,
and even art designing.
By far, parts produced by 3D printing were used mainly as visual prototypes prior to
mass production in new product development, particularly for relatively small quantiti
es of parts with complex geometries.

Rise of 4D Printing

Commercial printable state-of - the-art materials are primarily designed to be stiff,

flexible, translucent, decorative, and recyclable, etc. To satisfy different applications
at the end. But there is certainly more that can be done to make the printed parts
more useful, particularly with the active or smart materials rapidly developing. Tibbits
explained how a static printed image changed over time at the 2012 TED conference.

It marked the beginning of the theory of 4D printing, where time is the fourth
dimension. Since then, 4D printing has become a new and exciting branch of 3D
printing, increasingly gaining substantial attention from scientists and engineers of
different disciplines. The essential characteristic of 4D printing is that the printed
objects are no longer static. Instead, they can reshape in a pre-programme.
There is currently no standard definition of 4D printing in addition to such a very vagu
e description. Even though there is a strict definition, we expect that potential ground-
breaking technologies will test it. One popular view is that the use of active printer-
compatible materials in 4D printing is important. In general, polymers are much more
diverse in terms of effective shape-changing behaviours as well as surface
development ability than metals and ceramics. In addition, with the exception of
some small effort in memory alloys printing design, 4D printing today is almost
exclusively related to polymers. That's why we're concentrating on active and smart
4D printing polymers later on.

Fig. 1 Printing example that shows a single strand self-folding into a wireframe (Reproduced with
permission from Ref; Copyright (2014) The Atlantic Council of the United States)

The combination of 3D printing and active polymers, along with the requisite
mathematical modelings and sequential stimulation, allows multiple configurations to
transform the printed objects. This kind of polymers that can be geometrically
modified are not new. In fact, active polymers have been extensively investigated
before 4D printing came into sight. One of the most popular classes of active
polymers is known as shape memory polymers (SMPs), which cause a pre-
programmed shape change by external stimulation (e.g. temperature change).
Another class is stimulus-responsive hydrogels, which in response to external stimuli
such as temperature, pH, or ionic strength may experience a drastic volume change.

Also, dielectric elastomers and liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are active materials
which have the ability to morph when activated. To date, two main active polymers
used in 4D printing are SMPs and hydrogels. The most important feature that
differentiates SMPs from hydrogels is that after they are written, the shape shifting
mechanism for SMPs can be programmed, although some hydrogels can also be
designed to have shape memory functions. It is possible to print both SMPs and
hydrogels to form a single-material structure and subsequently undergo morphing.
Some early 4D printing experiments, however, centred on multi-material structures
that can either be a mixture of different active materials or a blend of active and non-
active materials. Printed multi-material structures can bring about more flexible
changes in form.

Although 3D printing of active materials appears to be a direct and efficient 4D

printing process, Qi's recent research revealed that a printed single-or non-active-
material structure can also deform over time by adding a composition distribution by
accurately regulating the printing parameters. Therefore, clearly describing 4D
printing as "3D printing + active materials" does not seem specific enough. In reality,
any printing techniques capable of producing dynamic structures with customisable
shapes or features can be classified as 4D printing.

Working of 4D Printing:

3D Printing Process Chart:

Fig. 2; 3D Printing Module (Ref: https://www.sculpteo.com/blog/2017/10/25/4d-printing-a-technology-

coming-from-the-future/)

In conventional 3D printing there is a printer which converts a material into a static

structure through the 3D printing process. The process involved is atomisation and
grain structure refinement of the 3D printed material which could be plastic metal or
any powder based material. Through the process of atomisation in recrystallisation of
the material it changes its faces from martensite (Rigid non formable plastic grains) to
ferrite (Malleable grain structure provided by heating the plastic material) and again
to Martensite (Again Rigid and shape retainable material) insight which helps the
user to convert the shape and give it a defined.

4D Printing Process Chart

Fig. 3; 4D Printing Module (Ref: https://www.sculpteo.com/blog/2017/10/25/4d-printing-a-technology-

coming-from-the-future/)

4D printing is very different from 3D printing however it has the same rules being
applied when the material is being printed or manufactured on from an additive
instead of using any business or a powder metallurgy smart materials are being
incorporated such as hydrogel or nichrome methanol these materials are then
segregated and short listed as a multi material matrix to be done through the printer.
The selection procedure is generally done through reverse engineering of the
problem which it is good is going to solve This then the 3D printing process starts -
the time and statistic static structure is formed that strategic structure visually would
like the outcome as 4D printing is all about giving it time and write conditions to
manifest Once the structure is made certain type of stimulus is provided to the
material it could be heat it could be a liquid interaction for certain conditions in which
the 4D properties of the material are raised that stimuli results in change of grain
structure of the material which progress into mechanical development of the structure
itself it converts the material into a dynamic intelligent structure which we called as
4D printed part It is mostly used in medical aerospace and advanced manufacturing
applications.

Stimuli Types:

Temperature Difference, Liquid Quenching, Tensile/Compression/Shear/Torsional

Loads etc.
APPARATUS & PROCEDERE:

Technologies:

1. FDM (Fused Deposition Method)

- The most commonly available product extrusion

systems are the cheapest forms of 3D printing
technology in the world. As Fused Deposition
Modelings, or FDM, you may be familiar with them.
Sometimes they are also called Fused Filament
Fabrication, or FFF.
- The way it works is for a filament spool to be loaded
into the 3D printer and fed in the extrusion head to a
printer nozzle. The printer nozzle is heated to the
desired temperature, whereupon the filament is
driven by a motor through the heated nozzle and

Fig. 4; Ultimaker 2+ (Ref: www.ultimaker.com)

Then the printer pushes the extrusion head

along specified directions, positioning the
molten material on the construction plate
where it cools down and solidifies. Once a
layer is complete, another layer will be laid
down by the printer.

Fig. 5; FDM Printing Process (Ref: www.stratasys.com)

2. Vat Polymerisation

Vat Polymerisation is also known as SLA (Stereolithography) or DLP (Digital Light

Processing) Is a 3D printing system where a light source selectively cures a photo-
polymer resin in a vat.

Materials: Photopolymer Resins (Standard, Cast-able, Transparent, High

Temperature)
Fig: 6, FormLabs DLP Printer Fig: 7, Working of DLP Printer (Ref: www.stratysys.com)
(Ref: www.stratysys.com)

3. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

One of the first additive manufacturing techniques developed by Dr. Carl Deckard
and Dr. Joe Beaman at the University of Texas in Austin in the mid-1980s was
selective laser sintering (SLS). Their method has since been adapted to work with a
variety of materials including plastics, metals, glass, ceramics and various powders of
composite materials. Currently, these technologies are generally known as powder
bed fusion additive production processes through which thermal energy selectively
fuses powder bed regions.
META MATERIALS

Multi Materials in 4D Printing.

The word "multi-material structure" here refers to the combination of multiple

polymers with specific geometric distributions and 3D printing configurations. Multi-
material printing is by no means an easy work here. Currently, the only commercial
printers marketed as “multi-material” are ProJet MJP series by 3D systems and
PolyJet Connex series by Stratasys. Such printers are all ink-jet-type, and would only
work with the exclusive printing inks of the business, all based on photopolymer
resins based on acrylic. An alternative method for multi-material printing is direct ink
writing (DIW). DIW was first developed as a method to produce geometrically
complex ceramics by extruding a “ceramic ink” from a nozzle. Also the so-called bio
printing is based on the DIW technique using "cell ink." DIW's purpose lies in
controlling the rheological property of the ink to ensure that its form is preserved
immediately after the nozzle is extruded. By applying a multi-nozzle array and
different ink materials such as colloidal, polyelectrolytes, hydrogels, and sol-gel
oxides, multi-material structures can be printed.

The basic principle of 4D printing with multi-material structures is to establish precise

localised internal pressure within a printed structure, which can undergo more 3D
shape changes in a predictable manner after subsequent stress release. Internal
pressure can be caused by hydrogel swelling or SMP programming.

Market Trends

• With the growing use of 3D printing in the development of models, inventions,

ideas and samples, education, crafts, and others, the use of 4D printing is also
booming in various end-users, such as medical, aerospace and defence,
automotive, as the advanced extension of 3D printing.
• Above all, as demand for affordable and high-quality parts increases, the
automotive industry continues to face new challenges. To ensure that these
products are designed and manufactured with sufficient quality, intense caution
must be exercised in order to withstand a variety of service environments.
• 4D printed components are sensitive to shape and size changes depending on
environmental factors.
• For various failure modes, the normal automotive part can fail, causing severe
accidents. It is therefore important to identify the failure mode for which the
automotive component fails more frequently and then use 4D printed
components instead of standard components to improve reliability and safety.
• Due to the increasing demand for passenger cars as well as advanced
vehicles, Asia-Pacific has seen significant growth in the automotive industry
recently. However, passenger vehicles find increased use due to the density of
the region's population. As a result, rising passenger and luxury car demand is
driving the region's market growth.
FUTURE OF 4D PRINTING

4D printing will be used more and more in sectors such as military and defence,
aerospace, automobile, healthcare, textile and other industries. During the forecast
period, the military and defence industries are expected to dominate the global 4D
printing market. In addition to using 4D printing to build products that restore and self-
replicate on a world-based basis, the U.S. Army Research Center plans to use 4D
printing technology to automatically print camouflage-able soldiers ' uniforms that can
change depending on the environment around them and effectively protect against
toxic gases.

It is forecast that Aerospace will control more than 25% of market share by 2025. In
the aerospace industry, 4D printing technology will be used to create self-deploying
structures, air ventilation, Cooling the engine and other related applications. With 4D
printing technology, Airbus S.A.S. is already working to develop a solution that will
cool its engines depending on the temperature.

4D printing uses simple materials like carbon fibre, printed wood grain, and custom
textile composites which can self-transform, sense, and be programmed to actuate.
According to the report, programmable carbon fibre will have a significant growth
during the forecast period. The low weight, high stiffness and tensile strength of
carbon fibre makes it suitable for a variety of industrial applications. Therefore, once
activated with water, flexible carbon fibre with active material printed on it can be
autonomously transformed. As a result, these devices are lightweight and require no
complex electronics, sensors or actuators, thereby reducing failures due to
mechanism problems. All these advantages are expected to drive the demand for
programmable carbon fibre in the coming years.
Programmable textiles and wood are expected to grow at a 20% CAGR during the
forecast period. Although programmable textiles are already used in the production of
new styles of furniture and goods, they are also used in shipping. Programmable
textiles will also be used in the future to create structures that are self-transforming.
LIMITATION OF RESEARCH:

This research has done in the context of today as in 2019 about 4D printing and its
usage along with matter materials and their properties limitations of this research lies
in the methodology which has been utilised in framing of this research.

Major source of information gathered was from previously done research in the same
field and some website informations primary data was not been able to be collect
trade as it is still a very nice and small industry which has not been exposed to the
masses also since it is been derived from previous than researchers most of the
outcomes are a part of the literature review which is derived from a third party so no
single and data was being able to be collected for generated as major machinery is
involved in this is situated in messages.
CONCLUSIONS:

Overall in conclusion from this research paper this provided a lot of insights on
advanced manufacturing as well as other parallel manufacturing processes which are
going on in today's context also the future of material technology was seen and also
synthesised in a minor where it would be convenient in today's context to bring into
the world to enjoy the utmost efficiency which the material provides.

How the human industries working and moving towards more and more efficiency
brings in a new context and challenges to solve and 4D printing is supposedly the
best source of solutions to those problems which have a rise today and will be
arriving in future.

Having said that it is still in a very Sunshine days and it needs a lot of research and
development to be able to be synthesised in today's market and provided as a
service which is openly available for each and every one of us still the availability
supply chains distributors other retailing background needs to be e formed before this
services are able to transform human life looking at the pros and cons it is definite
that it would be e very soon that 4D printing and other advanced manufacturing
services and processes who takeover the current and conventional way of looking at
products.

SCOPE OF RESEARCH:

Research Scope relies in series of variation for the topics the following is explained
through the points below:

By type of Programable Material:

Programable Carbon Fibre:

Programable Carbon Fibre Lies at the hear of innovation in today’s Research and
Development Context. Where more and more applications are based on Light weight
Forms and Sturdy Applications. Such as Aerospace, Automobile, etc.

Programable Textiles:

Project Jacquard and others like it has been there since a long time. Things are set
into Motion water the introduction of 4d printing. So wearable Technology especially
fabrics is getting faster and better day by day.

Programable Bio-Tech:

Targeted genome editing is an innovative technique that enables precise alteration of

a genome's nucleic acid sequences. Usually, genome editing is achieved using
instruments such as molecular scissors to cut a specific location within a specific
gene. Genome editing has impacted various fields of biotechnology, such as
agriculture; biopharmaceutical production; studies on the structure, regulation, and
function of the genome; and the creation of transgenic organisms and cell lines.
Although genome editing is used frequently, it has several limitations. An overview of
well-studied genome-editing nucleases, including single-stranded
oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), transcription-like effector nucleases (TALENs), zinc-
finger nucleases (ZFNs), and CRISPR-Cas9 RNA-guided nucleases (CRISPR-Cas9),
is given here. To this end, they identify the progress towards editable nuclease-based
therapies and discuss off-target mutagenesis minimisation.

Programmable Wood:

Take wood, which reacts well to water. “Cellulose expands when it gets wet, so
wetting wood veneer makes it curl,” says Tibbits. “For example, wetting thicker pieces
of wood makes them swell with enough force that they used to be inserted into
cracks in rocks and moistened to help miners break stone.”
Then there is the material's structure — with wood, that means the grain's path —
which helps decide how it transforms. "We've found out how to print custom wood
grain by taking plastic and sawdust, mixing it into a filament and extruding or
pressing it out," Tibbits says. "This gives us the freedom to model the grain path,
which we can then enable by moisture to produce useful, repeatable transformations
such as folding, twisting, curling, etc.
Scope by Sectors:

Medical
Scope of this paper in medical sector would be a big time success this field is in the
roots of innovation and medical science is one of the best fields where 4D printing
technology can be utilised and best made use of since it deals with human disease
diagnosis and welfare of humans this would be a great help up tomb humankind

Aerospace & Defence

Aerospace and defence industry has always been booming and always been the 1st
sector where new and advanced technologies are utilised is after medical sector
these two are the most funded sectors around the globe so 4D printing would
definitely bring in advancements and bring more safety to the country and its
inhabitants through aerospace and defence industry.

Automotive
Automotive industry is the best magazine booming industry right now it is currently in
its face changing days when the whole industry is moving towards different power
sources such as select electrical as well as new materials are always welcomed in
that sector as it deals with crucial efficiency an atmosphere precision.

Other End Users

4D printing in general is advanced manufacturing process where efficiency outcome
and experience would get improved of not only manufacturing but also redesigning
and recycling of the parts so any industry involved involving in different materials
would work the best.
REFERENCES:

Nikosilathi Nkomo. Author of; A Review Of 4D Printing Technology And Future

Trends. 19. September 2018

Sai Kiran Reddy. Author of; IOP Conference Material Science & Advancement of 4D
Printing. 28. June 2018

Jing Jung Wu. 4D Printing: History & Recent Progress. 4. August 2018

Skylar Tibbits, Autodesk, Inc. 4D Printing & Universal Transformation Conference.

Abid Haleem, 4D Printing Applications in Medical Field. 2019

www.stratasys.com

www.makerbot.com