Konstruksi Dasar

Bottom Constructions
Prepared by:

A.A. B. Dinariyana
Soemartojo W.A.

Jurusan Teknik Sistem Perkapalan

Fakultas Teknologi Kelautan – ITS Surabaya
2012

Originally, ships were constructed with single

bottoms.
Liquid fuels and fresh water being contained
within separately constructed tanks.
Double bottom structure provides increased
safety in event of bottom shell damage.
Double bottom structure also provides liquid
tank space low down in the ship evolved
during early part of this century.
2
 Smaller vessels (e.g. tugs, ferries, and cargo
ship less than 500 gross tons) have a single
bottom construction.

Larger ocean-going vessels, other than older

tanker, are fitted with some form of double
bottom.

Commonly use for

vessels not exceeding
90 meters in length.

Vertical plate open floors are fitted at every

frame space and stiffened at their upper
edge. 4
 Where a bar keel is fitted the floor are
continuous from bilge to bilge.
If flat plate keel is provided a continuous
longitudinal girder may be used instead.

Gading

Penumpu samping

Wrang pelat melintang

Lajur pengapit lunas

Lunas batang

6
 In way of machinery spaces additional side
girders will be fitted to support the heavier
machinery weight.

A wood ceiling may be fitted across the top of

floors if cargo are to be carried but this does
not constitute an inner bottom offering any
protection in the outer bottom shell is
damaged.
7

BKI Vol II, 2009. Section 8.A

Floor plates
Floor plates are to be fitted at every frame. For the
connection with the frames, see Section 19, B.4.2.

Section 19, B.4.2. 8

BKI Vol II, 2009. Section 8.A
Floor plates
Deep floors, particularly in the after peak, are to be
provided with buckling stiffeners.
The floor plates are to be provided with limbers to permit
the water to reach the pump suctions.

BKI Vol II, 2009. Section 8.A

Floor plates in the cargo hold area
Floor plates fitted between after peak bulkhead and collision
bulkhead, the section modulus is not to be less than:

10
BKI Vol II, 2009. Section 8.A
Floor plates in the cargo hold area
The depth of the floor plates is not less than:
h = 55 ⋅ B – 45 [mm]
hmin = 180 mm
In ship having rise of floor. At 0,1 l from the ends of the
length l where possible, the depth of the floor plate webs
shall not be less than half the required depth.
Ships having a considerable rise of floor, the depth of the
floor plate webs at the beginning of the turn of bilge is not
less than the depth of frame.
Web thickness is not be less than:
t = h/100 + 3 [mm] 11

BKI Vol II, 2009. Section 8.A

Floor plates in the peaks
The thickness of the floor plates in the peaks is not to be less
than:

The thickness, however, need not be greater than required

by B.6.2.1. critical plate thickness

The floor plate height in the fore peak above top of keel or
stem shoe is not to be less than:

The floor plates in the after peak are to extend over the stern
tube 12
BKI Vol II, 2009. Section 8.A
Centre girder
All single bottom ships are to have a centre girder.

Side girders:
Shall no be installed where the breadth measured on top of floors does not
exceed 6 m.
One side girders when the breadth measured on top of floors does not
exceed 9 m.
Two side girders when the breadth measured on top of floors exceed 9 m.
For the spacing of side girders from each other and from the centre girder in
way of bottom strengthening forward see Section 6, E.1.
Spacing of side girders according to Section 6,E.1
, up to maximum to 1,4 m

The continuous (centre) and intercostal side girders are to extend

as far forward and aft as practicable and stiffened at their upper edge. 13

BKI Vol II, 2009. Section 8.A

Centre girder
The web thickness tw and the sectional area of the face plate Af within 0,7 L
amidships is not to be less than:

Towards the ends the thickness of the web plate as well as the sectional area of
the top plate may be reduced by 10 %. Lightening holes are to be avoided.

Side girders:
The web thickness tw and the sectional area of the face plate Af within 0,7 L
amidships is not to be less than:

Towards the ends, the thickness of the web plate and the sectional area of the
face plate may be reduced by 10%.
14
A double bottom as its name implies will have
two bottoms. The outer bottom is the bottom
shell plating and the inner bottom is the inner
bottom plating or the tank top plating.

The tank top plating normally extends from

side to side of a ship to provide a better
degree of safety since there is a substantial
area of bilge, which has a higher likelihood of
being damaged.
15

Some functions of double bottom are:

It increase the longitudinal strength of the ship
It provides for additional safety in the event a bottom
plate is damaged by limiting the extend of flooding
The tank top provides a good platform for cargo and
machinery
The double bottom tanks can be used for carriage of
fresh water and ballast water
It provides for additional protection against
environmental pollution for ships carrying liquid
cargos in their holds in the event that the bottom
plate is damaged.
16
 17

If the tank top plating does not extend to the side a margin
plate is fitted to keep the outboard sides of the double
bottom intact.
A margin plate is normally fitted perpendicular to the turn
of the bilge.
If grabs are used for discharging cargo the plate thickness
for the tank top has to be increased to compensate for the
wear and tear produced by the grabs.
Manholes with watertight covers are fitted on the tank top
to allow access into the double bottom.

18
A double bottom is normally subdivided longitudinally
and transversely into large tanks.

If each tank is to be intact, then the longitudinal

girders, the forward and aft end plate floors which
serve as partition walls must be watertight.

In many ships only one watertight longitudinal

division, a centre girder, is fitted.

larger modern ships are often designed with three or

four tanks across the ship.
19

The tanks are tested by pressing them up until

they overflow.

Since the overflow pipe usually extends above

the weather deck, the tank top can be subjected
to a tremendous head of pressure which, in most
cases will exceed the load from the cargo in the
hold.

The tank top plating must be thick enough

to prevent undue distortion. 20
Double bottoms may be framed longitudinally or
transversely, but where the ship's length exceeds 90m
it is considered desirable to adopt longitudinal
framing.
The explanation of this is that on longer ships tests
and experience have shown that there is a tendency
for the inner bottom and bottom shell to buckle if
welded transverse framing is adopted.
This buckling occurs as a result of the longitudinal
bending of the hull, and may be avoided by having the
plating longitudinally stiffened.
21

Forward of the collision bulkhead and aft of the after peak

bulkhead, the frame spacing shall in general not exceed
600 m.
The frame spacing in the other parts of ship should be
designed in regards to the longitudinal bending moment
calculation.
For the approximation, the rule frame spacing might be
used:

0 = + 0,48 [m]
500
0 = 1,0 m
22
 JARAK GADING / FRAME SPACING
(KONSTRUKSI MELINTANG)
Ceruk buritan Ceruk haluan

Sterntube Collision
Bulkhead Bulkhead

AP min. 3 jarak gading (0,05 – 0,08) Lc FP

Jarak gading ao = jarak gading ditengah Jarak gading

maks = 600 mm maks = 600 mm
Jarak gading dibagian ceruk tidak melebihi 600 mm
Panjang sterntube dari ujung depan sternpost paling sedikit 3 jarak gading
Sekat tubrukan terletak antara (0,05 ~ 0,08) Lpp
c dari garis tegak depan (FP)

BKI Vol II, 2009. Section 8.B

On passenger ships and cargo ships other than tankers a
double bottom shall be fitted extending from the collision
bulkhead to the afterpeak bulkhead, as far as this is
practicable and compatible with the design and proper
working of the ship
Where a double bottom is required to be fitted the inner
bottom shall be continued out to the ship's sides in such a
manner as to protect the bottom to the turn of the bilge.
In fore- and after peak a double bottom need not be
arranged.
For double bottom structures for tankers and bulk carriers,
see BKI Vol II, Section 24 and Section 23, B.4 respectively.
24
Center girder should be kept watertight in the
area of 0,5 L amidships unless the double
bottom is subdivided by watertight side
girders.
Lightening holes in the center girder are
generally permitted only outside 0,75 L
amidships.
Their depth is not to exceed 0,5 the depth of
the center girder and their lengths are not to
exceed half the frame spacing.
25

The height of the double bottom tank is

dependent on the height of the centre girder
of the ship

The depth of the centre girder is not to be

less than
h = 350 + 45 ⋅ B [mm]
hmin = 600 mm

26
At least one side girder shall be fitted in the
engine room and in a way of 0.25 L aft of FP.
In the other parts of the double bottom, the
number of side girders to be fitted depend on
distance between center girder and ship’s side.
One side girder if distance between center girder and
ship’s side exceeds 4.5 m
Two side girders if distance between center girder and
ship’s side exceeds 8 m
Three side girders if distance between center girder
and ship’s side exceeds 10.5 m
27

The distance of the side girders from each

other and from center girder and ship’s side
respectively should not be greater than:
1.8 m in the engine room within the breadth of
engine seatings
4.5 m where one side girder is fitted in the other
parts of double bottom
4.0 m where two side girders are fitted in the
other parts of double bottom
3.5 m where three side girders are fitted in the
other parts of double bottom.
28
Lightening holes in the side girders web
should be kept around the holes at least 0,2
of the depth of side girders or 0,2 of the
frame spacing.

29

30
 The assembly has the following:
The continuous centre girder
The intercostal side girders
Plate floors (also called solid floors) and bracket
floors (or open floors) provide the principal
support for the inner bottom(or tank top) and
bottom shell plating.
A margin plate may be fitted at the transverse
ends of the tank top plating perpendicular to the
turn of the bilge.
31

Innerbottom plating
(pelat alas dalam)
Innerbottom frame /
reverse frame
(Gading alas dalam /
gading balik)

(Wrang pelat) Plate floof/solid floor

(wrang pelat)
(Penumpu samping ,
terputus)
(Penumpu tengah , Bottom plating
menerus) (pelat alas)

(Pelat lunas datar) Bottom frame (Wrang terbuka)

(Gading alas )
 A solid floor (or a plate floor) is constructed from a
piece of steel plate.

It is usually fitted as a continuous plate extending

from the centre girder to the margin plate.

To ensure the escape of air and water from each

frame spaces to air pipes and suctions, holes are cut in
the plate floors.

Access holes are also cut on plate floors (also girders)

to provide access to all parts of the double bottom.
33

8
4

6 6 6 6
1 2
7
3

1 : CENTER GIRDER 5 : MARGIN PLATE

2 : SIDE GIRDER 6 : LIGHTENING HOLE
3 : BOTTOM PLATE 7 : BILGE STRAKE
4 : INNER BOTTOM PLATE / 8 : SCALLOP
TANK TOP
 CENTER GIRDER ( continouos)

6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 SOLID
FLOORS

SIDE GIRDER ( intercostal)

Penegar dari profil datar

Lubang
peringan

36
Plate Floor
Plate floors are to be fitted at every frame:
In the engine room
Under the boiler seatings
In way of strengthening of the bottom forward
x
forward of = 0.7 for L ≤ 100 m
L
x
forward of = 0.6 + 0.001 L for 100 < L ≤ 150 m
L
x
forward of = 0.75 for L > 150 m
L
37

Plate floors are to be fitted:

Below bulkheads
Under corrugated bulkheads

For the remaining part of the double bottom, the spacing of

plate floors shall not exceed approximately 3 m
BKI 1998 approximations:
3.2 m for L ≤ 60 m
2.9 m for L ≤ 100 m
2.6 m for L ≤ 140 m
2.4 m for L > 140 m

Plate floor shall be fitted at every frame under cargo space of

Ore Carrier.
38
 Lightening holes may be fitted in the plate
floors.
The length of lightening holes may not exceed 0,75 of
the depth of center girder.
The depth of holes may not more than 0,5 of the
depth of floor. min 300 mm
The total length of lightening holes may not more
than 0,5 of the length of plate floor from center
girders to the margin plate.
The web of plate floor close to center girder may not
less than 0,4 the depth of center girder.
39

Bracket/Open Floor
Bracket floor are fitted where plate floors are not required.
Bracket floors consist of bottom frames at the shell plating
and reversed frame at the inner bottom attached to center
girder, side girders and ship’s side by means of bracket.
Bottom frames and inner bottom frames may be fitted along
bracket at CG to the bracket of margin plate.
In the case of the frames are being cut at the side girders, the
bracket should be fitted at the both side of girders.

40
 5
3 5
6 2 7 6
1
4

1 : CENTER GIRDER 5 : BRACKET

2 : SIDE GIRDER 6 : FLANGE
3 : REVERSED FRAME 7 : FLAT BAR
4 : BOTTOM FRAME
 43

Bracket Floor
The brackets are, in general to be of same thickness as
the plate floors.
Their breadth is to be 0,75 of the depth of the center
girder.
The brackets are to be flanged at their free edges
where the unsupported span of double bottom frames
exceeds 1 m or where the depth of floors exceeds 750
mm.
At the side girders, bottom frames and inner bottom
frames are to be supported by flat bars having the
same depth as the inner bottom frames.

44
1 2
4 4

3
1 : CENTER GIRDER 3 : WATERTIGHT PLATE
2 : SIDE GIRDER 4 : STIFFENER

Watertight floors are used as the boundary of tanks

Watertight Floors
The thickness of watertight floors depends on
the design thickness which is calculated based
on following factors:
Spacing of stiffeners or load width
Load subject to the bulkheads of the tanks
Material of the watertight floors, and its corrosion
allowance

In no case their thickness is to be less than

required for plate floors.
46
 47

The longitudinally framed double bottom

consists of :
A centre girder
Side girders (their number depending on the
breadth of the ship)
Solid plate floors and bracket floors.
A margin plate may be fitted at the transverse
ends of the tank top plating perpendicular to the
turn of the bilge.
48
 Plate floor Innerbottom plating
(wrang pelat) (pelat alas dalam)

(Pembujur alas
dalam)
Plate floor
(wrang pelat)

(Pembujur alas)

(Penumpu samping,
terputus)

(Penumpu tengah, (Bracket)

menerus)
(Pelat lunas)
49

Tranverse Bulkhead (Sekat melintang)

Shell plating Stiffener (Penegar)

(pelat kulit)

Transverse frame s
(gading melintang)

Hubungan dengan konstruksi lambung dan sekat melintang

Solid floor / Plate floor

CG
SG

Brackets Installed in Bracket Floor

ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 51

At Solid floor / Plate floor

At Bracket floor / Openfloor

52
Plate Floors
The floor spacing shall in general not exceed 5 times the
transverse frame spacing.
Plate floors are to be fitted at every frame in the
machinery space under the main engine.
In the remaining part of machinery space except floors
under the boiler bearers, floors are to be fitted at every
alternate frame.
Floors also to be fitted under bulkheads and under
corrugated bulkheads.
53

Plate Floors
Double bottom for strengthening for heavy cargo, the
spacing of plate floors should in general, not be
greater than the height of the double bottom.

Adequate thickness of inner bottom plate should be

given for strengthening in way of grabs.

54
Plate Floors
Regarding floors in way of strengthening of
the bottom forward:
x
forward of = 0.7 for L ≤ 100 m
L
x
forward of = 0.6 + 0.001 L for 100 < L ≤ 150 m
L
x
forward of = 0.75 for L > 150 m
L
55

Plate Floors
The plate floors are to be stiffened at every
longitudinal by a vertical stiffener having the
same scantling as the inner bottom
longitudinals.

The depth of the stiffener need not exceed

150 mm.

If necessary, strength check can be required.

56
 Brackets
Where the ships’ sides are framed transversely flanged
brackets having a thickness of the floors are to be fitted
between the plate floors at every transverse frame,
extending to the outer longitudinals at the bottom and inner
bottom.
One bracket is to be fitted at each side of the center girder
between the plate floors where the plate floors are paced
not more than 2,5 m apart.
Where the floor spacing is greater than 2,5 m, two brackets
are to be fitted.

57

CG
SG

SG
CG

≤ 2,5 m ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 58

 CG
SG

SG
CG

> 2,5 m ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 59

Plate floor

SG
CG

Plate floor
> 2,5 m
ME 091304 Teknik Bangunan dan Konstruksi Kapal II 60
Ship Construction Sketches and Notes
Kemp and Young, Stanford Maritime London,
1984
Peraturan Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia Volume II,
Edition 2009

61