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SS Singh
Project Director
Directorate of Wheat Research
Karnal, Haryana, India
Wheat In India
• Wheat (Triticum spp.) is the
second most important winter
cereal in India after rice.
• Bread wheat contributes
approximately 95% to total
production while another 4%
comes from durum wheat and
Dicoccum share in wheat
production remains only 1%.
• Wheat crop contributes
substantially to the national food
security by providing more than
50% of the calories to the people
who mainly depend on it.
From last eight years, India is maintaining its 2nd position in world
1950-51
1952-53
1954-55
1956-57
1958-59
1960-61
1962-63
1964-65
till 1964-65 crop season. The
compound growth rate was 4.26.
It was then in 1965 that the
introduction of dwarf wheats from 50
y = 9.0712x0.5015
Mexico ushered in the green 45
R² = 0.9425
40
revolution 35
30
During next twenty years, total 25
20 y = 1.6969x + 10.288
wheat production increased from 15 R² = 0.9543
10
12.3 mt to 47.5 mt with highest 5
growth rate of 6.68. This period 1965-66
1967-68
1969-70
1971-72
1973-74
1975-76
1977-78
1979-80
1981-82
1983-84
1985-86
reflected the fruits of green
revolution in the country.
70
From 1986-87 to 2008-09 the 60
production figures increase in linear 50 y = 1.3881x + 47.994
R² = 0.8444
fashion from 44.3 mt to 80.6 mt 40
with moderate growth rate of 2.27. 30
1986-87
1988-89
1990-91
1992-93
1994-95
1996-97
1998-99
2006-07
2008-09
2000-01
2002-03
2004-05
The ups and down of wheat
production during 2000-01 to 2008- 85 y = -0.0014x5 - 0.0002x4 + 0.3999x3 - 3.1795x2 +
7.5468x + 65.308
09 depicted growth rate of 1.77. 80 R² = 0.8161
There were significant dips due to 75
unfavourable weather conditions. 70
However from 2006-07 there has
65
been a steady rise in wheat
60
production.
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
:: color, composition, and layout
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Wheat buffer stocks
Buffer Stock (mt)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
1981 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
(mha) %
Northern Hills Zone 0.8 2.9
(NHZ)
North Western Plains 11.1 40.1
Zone (NWPZ)
North Eastern Plains 9.2 33.2
Zone (NEPZ)
Central Zone (CZ) 5.0 18.1
Peninsular Zone (PZ) 1.5 5.4
Southern Hills Zone 0.1 0.4
(SHZ)
27.7
Uttar Pradesh with 24.3 million tons (mt) is the highest producer
of wheat followed by Punjab (14.7 mt) and Haryana(9.1 mt).
Production (mt)
100
2.2 %
90
80
1.0 %
70
201
201 7- 18
200 3- 14
200 9- 10
200 5- 6
1- 2
Year
It is estimated that India will require 109 m tons of wheat to feed the population of
about 1.25 billion by the year 2020 A.D.
Bread Biscuit
30 26.6 40 35.3
Lakh Tons
Lakh Tons
30
20 14.9 19.8
9.4 11.8 20 15.8
12
10
10
0 0
Pasta Total
3 2.5 80 64.4
Lakh Tons
Lakh Tons
2 1.4 60 36.1
0.8 1.1 40 22.2 28.7
1 20
0 0
1991 1996 2001 2012 1991 1996 2001 2012
Year Year
Source: Future perspective for wheat and wheat based products, 1992:
Figures in year 2012 are based on 5% growth rate assumptions
:: color, composition, and layout
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Potential productivity of wheat zones in India
(2008-09)
60
WFLD yield (q/ha) Regional yield (q/ha)
51.22
50
43.19
39.7 40.59
40
32.05
30 27.56
25.86
24.67 24.57
20 17.35
10
0
NHZ NEPZ NWPZ CZ PZ
Other issues
o Availability of essential inputs for timely sowing
• Improved seed (More problem in Eastern UP, Bihar, Jharkhand and Chatisgarh –
roughly 60% wheat area)
• Fertilizer availability (its availability in required quantity and at initial and growth stage, is
critical.
• Irrigation water (Timely availability is important)
• Farm machinery (Mechanization is on a lower scale in northeastern, central and
peninsular parts)
o Infrastructure Required essentially for marketing of produce
• Roads
• Storage
• Market
o Extension facilities
• Farmers unaware of new improved varieties and production technologies
• Poor extension activities on part of State Department of Agriculture especially in eastern
UP, Bihar and MP.
wheat by bio-fortification of were identified with pina and soft grain texture
content and reducing anti-nutritional Identification of pinA and pinB using SDS-PAGE (A=pinA absent)
approach. pinB
A P P P A A A A( P P P P P P
2 4)
• Development of micro-level tests for
use in breeding as tools to improve
wheat quality. SF=10.85
:: color, composition,
Backcrossand
lines layout
© Directorate of Wheat Research
Major issues – transfer
of technology
• Multidimensional impact assessment of
various improved technologies
• Accelerate adoption of resource
conservation technologies
• Creation and updating district level data
base on parameters related to area,
production and input usage
• Economic analysis of latest wheat
production technologies
• Analysis of returns to investment in wheat
research and development.