URBAN DESIGN

UNIT - I

PPT BY S.HARINI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, MCE, KK NAGAR, 2018-2019

Urban Design - Definitions
- The art of making Successful Places
- Urban design involves the arrangement and design of buildings, public spaces,
transport systems, services, and amenities.
-Urban design is the process of giving form, shape, and character to groups of
buildings, to whole neighbourhood, and the city.

-Urban design is the design of treatments & relationships between different

buildings, streets, squares, parks & spaces that make up the Public domain.
It is the study
y of the complex
p relationshipsp between all the elements of the
Built & Un-built spaces.
The study of Urban Design deals with the relationships between the physical
form of the city and the Social forces that produce it. - Urban design is a
multidisciplinary activity involving planners, architects, landscape architects
and engineers,
engineers Working together to create and implement a vision
ision for our
o r cities,
cities
towns and villages, for our neighbourhood and for new and existing
developments.
-Urban design is the collaborative and multi disciplinary process of shaping the
physical setting for life in cities, town and villages, the art of making places,
design in an urban context. Urban design involves the design of buildings, groups
of buildings, spaces and landscapes and the establishment of frameworks and
processes that facilitates successful development.
 Components of Urban Space
Buildings

Buildings are the most pronounced

elements of urban design - they shape
and articulate space by forming the
streetwalls of the city. Well designed
buildings and groups of buildings work
together to create a sense of place.

Public Space

Great ppublic
blic spaces are the living
li ing room of
the city - the place where people come
together to enjoy the city and each
other. Public spaces make high quality life
in the city possible - they form the stage and
backdrop to the drama of life.
life Public spaces
range from grand central plazas and squares,
to small, local neighbourhood parks.

Streets

Streets are the connections between spaces

and places, as well as being spaces
themselves.

They are defined by their physical dimension

and character as well as the size, scale, and
character of the buildings that line them.

Streets
St t range from
f grandd avenues such
h as th
the
Rajpath, Delhi to small, intimate pedestrian
streets.

The pattern of the street network is part of

what defines a city and what makes each city
unique
Transport

Transport systems connect the parts of cities

and help
p shape
p them, and enable movement
throughout the city.

They include road, rail, bicycle, and

pedestrian networks, and together form the
total movement system of a city.

The balance of these various transport

systems is what helps define the quality and
character of cities, and makes them either
friendly or hostile to pedestrians.

The best cities are the ones that elevate the

experience of the pedestrian while
minimizing the dominance of the private
automobile.

Landscape

The landscape is the green part of the city

that weaves throughout - in the form of
urban pparks,, street trees,, plants,
p , flowers,,
and water in many forms. The landscape
helps define the character and beauty of a
city and creates soft, contrasting spaces
and elements. Green spaces in cities range
from grand parks such as Central Park in
New York City and the Washington DC
Mall, to small intimate pocket parks.

Urban Design weaves together these components into a coherent,

organized
g design
g structure

paris
Urban Design: Elements
Avignon, France
Urban Design: Aspects

Character
a place with its own identity.

S t i i
Santorini:

Where setting
becomes the
character

quality of the Public Realm

a place with attractive & successful outdoor areas
Ease of movement
a place that is easy to get to & move through.

Adaptability
A place that can change easily. Buildings may come and go. But the character of
street / space has to be retained.
A place that serves different functions in different times

Diversity
a place with variety & choice
Continuity & Enclosure
a place where public & private spaces re clearly distinguished.
Legibility
a place that has a clear image, easy to understand , clear to find without being lost.
The urban design structure
defines the urban form and the building form

Creative articulation of space is the most prominent aspect of urban design.

The following artistic principles are an integral part of creating form and spatial
definition:

order
unity
balance
proportion
scale
hierarchy
e a c y
symmetry
rhythm
contrast
context
detail
texture
harmony
beauty

Articulation by Balance / Articulation by Symmetry

Articulation by Proportion

Articulation by Detail

Articulation by Hierarchy
Articulation by Context

Articulation by Rhythm

Articulation by Contrast
Articulation by TExture

Articulation by Beauty

Articulation by Order
Interdependencies
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN
This diagramshows the approximate hierarchical relationship between the elements of urban
design, followed by a brief definition of each of the elements.
The section below provides basic explanations for terms that are commonly used for urban
design.

Elements of urban form macro to micro

URBAN STRUCTURE
The overall framework of a region, town or precinct, showing relationships
between zones of built forms
forms, land forms
forms, natural environments
environments, activities and
open spaces. It encompasses broader systems including transport and
infrastructure networks.

URBAN GRAIN
The balance of open space to built form, and the nature and extent of subdividing
an area into smaller parcels or blocks. For example a ‘fine urban grain’ might
constitute a network of small or detailed streetscapes. It takes into consideration
the hierarchy of street types, the physical linkages and movement between
locations, and modes of transport.

DENSITY + MIX
The intensity of development and the range of different uses (such as residential,
commercial, institutional or recreational uses).

HEIGHT + MASSING
The scale of buildings in relation to height and floor area, and how they relate to
surrounding land forms, buildings and streets. It also incorporates building
envelope, site coverage and solar orientation. Height and massing create the
sense of openness or enclosure, and affect the amenity of streets, spaces and
other buildings.

STREETSCAPE + LANDSCAPE
The design of public spaces such as streets, open spaces and pathways, and
includes landscaping, microclimate, shading and planting.

FACADE + INTERFACE
The relationship of buildings to the site, street and neighbouring buildings
(alignment, setbacks, boundary treatment) and the architectural expression of
their facades (projections, openings, patterns and materials).

DETAILS + MATERIALS
The close-up appearance of objects and surfaces and the selection of materials in
terms of detail, craftsmanship, texture, colour, durability, sustainability and
treatment. It includes street furniture, paving, lighting and signage. It contributes
to human comfort, safety and enjoyment of the public domain.
PUBLIC REALM
Much of urban design is concerned with the design and management of
publicly used space (also referred to as the public realm or public domain) and
the way this is experienced and used.
The public realm includes the natural and built environment used by the
general public on a day-to-day basis such as streets, plazas, parks, and public
infrastructure. Some aspects of privately owned space such as the bulk and
scale of buildings, or gardens that are visible from the public realm, can also
contribute
t ib t to
t the
th overallll result.
lt
At times, there is a blurring of public and private realms, particularly where
privately owned space is publicly used.

TOPOGRAPHY, LANDSCAPE AND ENVIRONMENT

The natural environment includes the topography of landforms,
landforms water courses,
courses
flora and fauna—whether natural or introduced. It may be in the form of rivers
and creeks, lakes, bushland, parks and recreational facilities, streetscapes or
private gardens, and is often referred to as ‘green infrastructure’.

SOCIAL + ECONOMIC FABRIC

The non-physical aspects of the urban form which include social factors
(culture, participation, health and well-being) as well as the productive capacity
and economic prosperity of a community. It incorporates aspects such as
demographics and life stages, social interaction and support networks.

SCALE
The size, bulk and perception of a buildings and spaces. Bulk refers to the
height, width and depth of a building in relation to other surrounding buildings,
the street, setbacks and surrounding open space. For example, a large building
set amongst
g other smaller buildings
g may y seem ‘out of scale’.

URBAN FORM
The arrangement of a built up area. This arrangement is made up of many
components including how close buildings and uses are together; what uses are
located where; and how much of the natural environment is a part of the built
up area.
 Urban Fabric:
The combined pattern of blocks, streets, open spaces and street characters

Urban
U b ffabric
b i is
i the
h physical
h i l form
f off towns andd cities.
i i Like
Lik textiles,
il urban
b fabric
f bi
comes in many different types and weaves.
Urban Fabric is the physical aspect of urbanism, emphasizing building types,
open space, frontages, and streetscapes but excluding environmental, economic
and sociocultural aspects.

Urban fabric is divided into two typologies: coarse grain and fine grain
Coarse Grain:
Characteristics of the large urban blocks which isolate users of the space from
others around them.
This gives the city dweller very little opportunity to interact with the spaces
through linkages.

Fine Grain:
Features smaller city blocks. More organic because it grows due to the dynamic
and changing needs of city.
Creates higher level of safety. Easier to navigate.
Urban Space

Space and its definition;

enclosure;;
built (+ve) versus unbuilt (-ve);
skyscape;
Landform

Above all contribute to Urban space.

p
 Urban Functions:
Living; Working; Leisure;  Mobility; Administration

This relates to the purpose of a land use for residential areas, recreation,
industry
y etc.
Urban Design – Scale

U b design
Urban d i operates
t att 3 scales
l

the region - city and town

the neighborhood - district and corridor
the block - street and building
g

Urban Design – Principles

To create productive, sustainable and liveable places for people through leadership
and the integration of design excellence
Urban design – Scope
supports planning policies
Facilitates collaboration
express vision
set design standards
indicate the next steps

Analysis:
An audit of the characteristics of a site to give a sense of place

Collaboration:
the need for urban designers to work with others, including local communities

Policy Formulation:
required to deal with the breadth of urban design issues and activities

Design Generation:
Building, landscape and engineering design, site planning, master planning
framework design, illustrative design, and visioning

Implementation:
attention to how plans and proposals could be implemented requires a capacity for
initiative, innovation, creativity, negotiation, collaboration, and management.

Need for Urban Design

g as a Discipline
p
Criteria for Urban Design:
What may dictate an urban design undertaking?
Appeal (…how
( how places look
look….))
Function …(how places work…);
Quality of urban areas; (ambience)
Community well-being: Vitality; safety;
Objectives of Urban Design as a Discipline
Aesthetics Strong Visual Impact
Development: New Investment & Employment
opportunities
Functional Efficiency
Improved
I dE Environmental
i t l conditions
diti
Safety
Solutions to unique problems
Community y Integration
g

To provide safety and comfort of pedestrians, bicyclists, and transit, freight

and other vehicles
• Create appropriate transitions from highway facilities to urban streets
• Provide
d adequate
d space andd linkages
l k f pedestrians,
for d cyclists,
l and
d transit andd
freight vehicles
• Provide a walkable pedestrian-oriented environment that is supportive of
transit
• To improve public safety
• Emphasize
E h i design
d i features
f t which
hi h buffer
b ff pedestrians
d ti f
from moving
i traffic
t ffi

Reinforce the sense of place and give structure and orientation to the
urban experience
• Maintain key views and vistas to the city skyline,
skyline natural features and iconic
elements
• Reveal the features of the natural and urban landscape that contribute to
unique identity and sense of place
• Create an appropriate sense of arrival and departure into and from the City
• Establish a vocabularyy off elements that integrate
g well with the urban context
and that enhance its legibility
• Enhance intuitive way-finding and a sense of orientation and destination
• Provide lighting that not only meets functional requirements but enhances the
scenic qualities and night-time experience of the city
Contribute positively to the fabric of the city and the unique qualities of
adjacent
j neighborhoods
g

• Support the preservation of historic buildings and the achievement of the

urban potential of adjacent neighborhoods consistent with approved
Neighborhood Plans
• Complement the context and qualities of adjacent neighborhoods with an
appropriate scale, massing and character of the built form
• Foster opportunities for future development and maintain the viability of
existing uses
• Minimize leftover spaces that become opportunities for anti-social
behavior

Contribute to the sustainability of

the urban environment
• Incorporate best management
practices
ti i the
in th design
d i off the
th storm
t
water system
• Utilize elements that promote
energy conservation
• Encourage the use of local and
recycled materials
• Encourage an urban environment
that supports healthy and active
living
• Protect and preserve natural and
cultural resources
Urbanization – challenges and issues

What is Urbanisation?
Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and
cities.

What causes urbanisation?

Urbanisation occurs because people move from rural areas (countryside) to
urban areas (towns and cities). This usually occurs when a country is still
developing.

Th th
The three main
i causes off urbanisation
b i ti since
i 1950 are:

1.Rural to urban migration is happening on a massive scale due to population

pressure and lack of resources in rural areas. This are 'push' factors.

2. People living in rural areas are 'pulled'

2 pulled to the city.
city Often they believe that the
standard of living in urban areas will be much better than in rural areas.

3. Due to available infrastructure facilities.

Outline of Issues:
Some of the major problems of urbanisation are:

1. Urban Sprawl
2. Overcrowding
3. Shortage of Houses
4. Unemployment
5. Slums and Squatter Settlements
6. Transport
7. Water
8. Sewerage Problems
9. Trash Disposal
10. Urban Crimes
11. Problem of Urban Pollution
12. Urban Heat Island Effect

Urban Sprawl
The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas.

Urban Sprawl refers to the

migration of a population
from populated towns and
cities to low-density
residential development
over more and more rural
land .

urban sprawl results in :

Increase in Public Expenditure: They can actually play a part in the increases of
public costs because these changes in infrastructures and building must actually
b paid
be id for
f byb someone- and d it is
i usually
ll the
th taxpayers.
t

Increased Traffic: Populations will begin to use their cars more often, which
means that there is more traffic on the roads.

Environmental Issues: When you think about going out to develop these lands
you will have to worry about the wildlife that lives in these lands. You will be
displacing them, and it can really cause a ripple in the environment.
Overcrowding
High occupancy rates

Overcrowding or crowding refers to the condition where more people are

located within a given space than is considered tolerable from a safety and
health perspective
Effects on quality of life due to crowding may be due to increased physical
contact, lack of sleep, lack of privacy and poor hygiene, practices.

Shortage of Houses

Housing shortage occurs when

there is a rapid population
growth which causes rapid
increase in demand for housing.
Housing shortage results when
th demand
the d d exceeds
d the
th supply
l
of housing.
Reasons:
Rapid population growth
Limited land supply
Migration
Competing land use
High birth rates
Unemployment
Situation where in a person willing to work fails to find a job that earns him
a living.

Unemployment means lack of employment. In simple way, unemployment means

the state of being unemployed.

Causes:

Mass migration is an
important cause for unemployment
in urban areas.

A city or town can ill-afford

ill afford to
provide employment opportunities
to all of the migrated people, thus,
causing mass unemployment.

Types:

Unemployment may be categorized as follows:

seasonal unemployment,
industrial unemployment,
educational unemployment,
technological unemployment, and
disguised unemployment.

Agricultural laborers, farmers, workers of sugar mills, rice sellers, cotton ginning
units and ice factories are included in seasonal unemployment.

Workers forced to be unemployed due to saving devices are counted in industrial

unemployment.

Educated
Ed t d unemployment
l t arises
i whenh a large
l number
b off educated
d t d people
l are
unemployed or unable to secure a job.

Technological unemployment refers to the situation when people have been put
out of work by the introduction of a superior technology in their idea of operation.

Disguised unemployment is a common feature in agriculture. It arises when more

than the required human-resource have been engaged in the cultivation of the
same plot. It is a sort of under employment.
Slums and Squatter Settlements
Slums:

Slums are highly congested areas marked by deteriorated, unsanitary

buildings, poverty and social disorganisation.

Squatter settlement:

The term 'squatter settlement' or 'squatter housing' is defined as any housing

which contravenes existing legislation on the occupation of land of the
construction of dwellings .
Squatters settle on land, especially public or unoccupied land, without right or
title. Squatters include those who settles on public land under regulation by
th governmentt in
the i order
d tot gett title
titl to
t it.
it

Simplifying
Slums refer to the environmental aspects of the area where a community
resides, while squatters refer to the legality of the rl and ownership and other
infrastructure provisions.
provisions
Causes for slums:

Decentralization:
When it take place, the rich and middle class people move out to the extended
portions (scope) of the town and thus the poor people are left unattended in the
overcrowded central area of the town. ( Gentrification)

Economic conditions:
Th mostt important
The i t t characteristic
h t i ti in
i slums
l is
i poverty.
t This
Thi is
i fact
f t that
th t people
l
live in slums because they can’t afford to pay the rent set up by the market
conditions.

Improper use of land:

If the land fit for the residence are used for industries or vice-versa,
vice versa the slums
may be formed.

Lack of zoning:
If the town is not divided into suitable zones and development is allowed to take
place at random,
random the slums may be created.
created

Migrants:
The persons migrating from the surrounding areas may occupy, usually illegally,
the vacant or empty places in or outside the city. The colonies of squatters may
result into slums.

Repairs and maintenance:

If cheap houses, constructed by the land owner for the purpose of collecting
rents, are not properly maintained, the formation of slums may develop.

Transport
Here are five major challenges for transit in urban areas:
Traffic congestion:
The sheer number of vehicles on city roads
each day just carrying a single person on their
daily commute to work is huge, in addition to
it, delivery trucks and vans, service vehicles,
and buses and taxis can lead to massive
gridlock. This results in
• rising tensions
• more fuel use
• higher amounts of air pollution
• slower commuting times
• finding a place to park

Long commutes:
Increased traffic, road construction, and a
population that increasingly lives in one part of
the city and works in another all contribute to
longer commute times.
times

Secondary infrastructure:
The supporting element of ensuring adequate
rider parking areas can be a boon to increased
public transit usage,
usage as park
park-n-ride
n ride stops allow
for riders to leave their vehicles safely on the
outskirts of a city and avoid parking hassles.

Sprawling cities:
Ass many
a y cities
c es ggrow
ow increasingly
c eas g y ououtward,
wa d,
urban and suburban sprawl places both
residential and commercial real estate further
away from the center, and this
decentralization leads to not only increasingly
complex
p transit and road systems,
y but also to
long commutes and drive-time traffic woes.
Some cities may choose to focus on an 'infill'
development process to tighten up city centers,
or to use strict zoning guidelines to keep
industry and residential areas separated, but no
matter the approach, the trend toward
decentralization looks to continue.
Large fleets, large costs:
Transit agencies in urban areas, which
manage larger fleets of vehicles and
more employees,
employees have their challenges
cut out for them in terms of keeping
maintenance costs and tasks under
control, as well as attracting, training,
and retaining a skilled workforce, which
contributes to increased safety and
fewer lost-time accidents. The adoption
of technology systems for better route
scheduling, maintenance tracking, and
employee scheduling can help reduce
costss and
cos d dow
downtime,e, ass ccan thee
implementation of better tracking,
mapping, and communications systems
on the vehicles themselves.
Water
A water crisis is when there is not enough potable water for a
population, which in turn leads to drought, famine and death.
Causes of Water Crisis

1. Water Pollution
polluted due to poor sanitation and lack of waste
treatment plants.

2. Groundwater over drafting

The excessive use of groundwater in our agricultural industries is leading to
diminished yields and wasted water. Over 70% of our water is used to grow
crops and most is wasted due to leaky pipes and poor watering techniques.

3. Overuse and misuse of water

This leads to more water being wasted and squandered for pointless reasons and
l d to
leads t further
f th escalations
l ti off the
th crisis.
ii

4. Disease
A large quantity of the available groundwater in the worst effected parts of the
world is ridden with disease due to the lack of proper water treatment and
recycling.
recycling
5. Climate change
Climate change is changing the way water evaporates and where it rains,
pushing rainfall further south in both hemispheres

6. Mismanagement
Improper training and education leads to needless waste of safe clean water
every day, as well as overuse in areas that don’t require so much water.

7. Corruption
Simply put. Some of the people who have the power to help those people in
need just don’t care.

8. Lack of institutions
Lesser developed countries have no institutions to advise on water treatment
and management, this leads to mismanagement and waste

9. Lack of infrastructure
Poor regions often don’t have the funds or education to implement proper
infrastructure such as waste treatment and recycling plants

10. Loss of groundwater

Due to climate change, human expansion and development is leading to loss
of groundwater worldwide.

11. Unfair pricing of water

11
Areas of extreme poverty often have to pay extortionate rates in order to
purchase clean water. Those who have no money have to drink from holes in
the dirt, or puddles on the roadside
Effects of Water Crisis

1. Death
2. Disease
3. Warfare
4. Lack of irrigation
5. Lack of sanitation
6. Lack of hygiene
7 Agricultural
7. A i lt l problemsbl
8. Livestock problems
9. Malnutrition
10. Birth defects
11. Poor education
12 Poor Healthcare
12.
13. Societal impact

Sewage
g Problems
Picture Gallery
Urban Crime

An action or omission that constitutes an offense that may

y be pprosecuted by
y the
state and is punishable by the law.

Causes for urban crime

1. Poverty
2. Public Disorder
3. Unemployment
4. Houselessness
5. Mental Disorders
6. Increasing Vulnerable Population and migration
7. Lack of enforcement of strict Laws
8. Corruption
9. Unsafe and Unfriendly environments
10. Poor planning strategies
11. Influx of illegal workers

Trash
T h Di
Disposall
Unplanned disposals often ends in landfills

Landfills are sites designated for dumping rubbish, garbage, or other sorts of
solidwastes. Historically, they are the most common means
off disposing
di i solidlid wastewhich
t hi h isi either
ith buried
b i d or left
l ft to
t pile
il in
i heaps.
h ... Here
H
are the causes, effects, and solutions to landfills
Serious Causes of Landfills
1.Solid waste
Solid waste is the number one contributor of landfill waste disposal. The bulk of
these wastes eventually end up in the landfills. Examples of the solid waste
materials include wood, paper, plastic, broken furniture, glass, grounded cars,
obsolete electronic products, and hospital and market waste. Because most of
these waste materials are non-biodegradable, they heap in the landfills where they
stay for years.
2.Agricultural
2 A i lt l waste
t
Agricultural wastes arise from waste materials generated from animal manure,
crop, and farm remains. The solid wastes like the animal manure and other
agricultural by products are collected and dumped in the landfills. These
agricultural remnants are highly toxic and can contaminate the land and water
resources.
resources
3.Industry, manufacturing, and construction waste
Industrial processes, construction activities and power plants produce a wide
range of solid byproducts and residues. The predominant waste products are
generated from oil refineries, power plants, construction works, pharmaceuticals,
and agricultural product producers. The solid wastes usually find way to the
landfills.
4.Urbanization and population growth
Increasing urbanization and population growth rate is considerably accountable
for the increased number of landfills across the world
world. With the increase of
population and urban growth, the demand for manufactured products and
materials increases
Drastic Effects of Landfills
1.Air pollution and atmospheric effects
2G
2.Ground d water pollution
ll i
3.Health effects
4.Soil and land pollution
5.Economic costs
6.Landfill fires

Impressive Solutions of Landfills

1.Design and implementation of integrated waste management
2.Recycle, Re-use, and reduce
• Respect the planet
• Rethink our consumption needs
• Reduce wastage
• Reuse products
• Recycle materials
Pollution

urban air - polluted with gases from burning fossil fuels and exhaust fumes
from automobiles,, factories,, ppower ggenerators and also harmful fumes from
chemicals such as paints, plastics and toxic spills.

Urban Land – polluted by dumping waste, plastics, inorganic matter, e waste and
carbon particles into barren and unoccupied lands.

Urban water bodies – polluted by dumping solid wastes, leakage in sewers

bypassing the waterbodies, industrial wastes & byproducts, throwing of plastic
products on to the waterbodies.

Seven types of pollution:

Water Pollution
Air Pollution
Soil Pollution
Thermal Pollution
Radioactive Pollution
N i P
Noise Pollution
ll i
Light Pollution

urban heat island

(UHI) is an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its
surrounding rural areas due to human activities.
Surfaces that were once permeable and moist become impermeable and dry. These
changes cause urban regions to become warmer than their rural surroundings,
forming an "island" of higher temperatures in the landscape.
Heat islands occur on the surface and in the atmosphere

Cars and air conditioners in urban areas convert energy to heat and release
the heat into the air
By replacing vegetation with structures evaporative cooling advantages of
vegetation is lost
 E N D    O F     U N I T     I

PPT BY S.HARINI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, MCE, KK NAGAR, 2018-2019

 URBAN DESIGN
UNIT - II

PPT BY S.HARINI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, MCE, KK NAGAR, 2018-2019

HISTORIC URBAN FORM
WESTERN.

INTRODUCTION
KEY WORDS – DEFINITIONS (UNIT1 RECAP)
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
Urban morphology is the study of the form of human settlements and the
process of their formation and transformation.

GRID IRON CONCENTRIC+ CLUSTER RADIAL

GRID IRON

URBAN FABRIC
The physical aspect of urbanism, emphasizing building types, thoroughfares,
open space, frontages, and streetscapes but excluding environmental,
functional, economic and socio-cultural aspects.
URBAN GRAIN
The combined pattern of blocks and streets, taking into accountthe character of
street blocks and building height and size, how they all work together in an
integrated manner to create and enable movement and access.

FINE GRAIN COARSE GRAIN

URBAN STRUCTURE
Th arrangement off land
The l d use in
i urban
b areas. Sociologists,
S i l i economists,
i andd
geographers have developed several models, explaining where different types
of people and businesses tend to exist within the urban setting.

URBAN TEXTURE
The geometrical structure formed by spatial distribution of urban elements
expressed as fine or coarse.
MORPHOLOGY OF EARLY CITIES - INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS A SETTLEMENT?

A settlement is an organized human habitation. There are several ways to

classifydifferent types of settlements. Rural settlements are sparsely
populated and are mostly agricultural, whereas urban settlements are densely
populated and are mostly non-agricultural.
non agricultural

SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
FUNCTIONS OF A SETTLEMENT

Functions:
A function simply means what a settlement is used for.
Historically most settlements were for defence or to control a piece of land, or
for agriculture and trade.
However, most settlements now rely on the tertiary sector and provide services
such as shops, schools, hospitals and entertainment
O
One ffunction
i that
h iis common to allll settlements
l iis to provide
id hhousing.
i
Some settlements have become dormitory settlements where people commute
to work but are only at home in the evenings and weekends.

Functions of a settlement and Urban Morphology are inter-related

EARLY CITIES : WESTERN
Mesopotamian City
Greek City
Roman City
Medieval towns
Renaissance
Industrialization and city growth
Cite industrielle or Garniers Industrial City
Cit Beautification
City B tifi ti Movement
M t
Garden City
Radburn Concept
Citte nuovo
Radiant city

HISTORIC URBAN FORM

The historic urban Form is the original settlement which was shaped by a
non industrial economy. It took a millennium or more to shape the historic
urban core!

Concepts behind the origin of a historical urban form:

Inner city
City
y centre
Downtown
Centre ville
Urban centre
Central city
Central Business District

Significance of Historic Urban Form: Specific Spatial Characteristics:

Military strategic places Small scale
Natural Coastal harbor Maximum of multi functionality
Natural inland waterwaysy Territorial fixed area
Religious centers Relatively shrinking area
Cross roads Life cycle of tenth of generations
Centers of natural resources (iron, wood, etc) Organic grown urban structure
Defense, Visual complexity and varied urban form
Trade Urban cultural heritage
Craft Small share of ppublic space
p intensively
y used
Religion One of a kind The Historic Urban Core
MORPHOLOGY OF MESOPOTAMIA
MESOPOTAMIA ( 3500AD – 500AD)
MESOPOTAMIA,
SO O , thee landd between
be wee thee
two rivers Tigris & Euphrates, situated
on the foothills of ZAGROS was about
150 miles wide and 600 miles long and
extended from the foothills of north
western Iraq
q & Persian Gulf.

• Often known as the cradle of civilization.

• Mesopotamian developed the concept of
urbanization.
• For the first time in a history, humans
started to settle in a specific place.
• The invention of agriculture made it
possible to feed more people and animals
living in the same place.
• People
p learned to trade,, and the conceptp
of taxes emerged.
• Mesopotamia emerged as one the first
cities of the world built with sun-dried
bricks.
• The urbanization in Mesopotamia was
started in Uruk Period (4300-3100 BCE)
• The largest settlement ever in the history
of mankind started to build using
monumental mud-brick building around
3,200 BC. It was surrounded by huge walls,
b il by
built b Kingi Gilgamesh.
Gil h

The ziggurats:
The Mountains of God
Ziggurats were built of many layers of
mud bricks in the shape of a tiered
pyramid.. The mountain shape was
powerful because of the rivers’ constant
flooding & the belief that the gods
resided on mountaintops. The cella
(chapel) at the top served as the god’s
home &was beautifully decorated.
decorated Inside
was a room for offerings of food &
goods.One of the largest ziggurats ever
built was the Zigguratat Ur, built c. 2,100
B.C.E. THE ZIGGURAT BY SUMERIANS
STREET LIFE IN MESOPOTAMIA

MESOPOTAMIAN
INVENTIONS

The potters wheel

Sail boat
M
Maps
SOCIAL CLASSES OF Chariot
MESOPOTAMIA Plow
Astronomy & Astrology
Mathematics
Time
Urban Civilization
First form of writing (Cunieform)
Agriculture & Irrigation
EVOLUTION:

Mesopotamian
p cityy exhibited both p
planned and unplanned
p city
y form.
It established a religious, political and military hierarchy.
The areas in which the elite performed their activities were highly planned,
usually found in city centre.
The areas in which regular civilians resided grew organically as the
population increased.

Characteristic features of the city:

Citadel -
Central precinct in the centre of the city dedicated to religious and political
activities.
City wall
a place for defense activities, built around the citadel complex
MORPHOLOGY OF GREECE
THE GREEK AGORA
THE GREEK CITY PLANNING
Location:

Greek civilization occurred in the area around the Greek mainland, on a

peninsula which extend into Mediterranean Sea.
started in cities on the Greek mainland & islands in the Aegean Sea and spread
to other far away places including Asia Minor and Northern Africa.
Historical Background Period

The period of ancient Greek history can be divided into four as follows:
1100 B. C. – 750 B. C. Greek Dark Ages
750 B. C. – 490 B. C. Archaic Period
5000 B. C. – 323 B. C. Classical Period
323 B. C. – 147 B. C. Hellenistic Period
The classical and archaic period are collectively referred to as Hellenic period

DARK AGE ARCHAIC AGE

CLASSICAL  AGE HELLENISTIC  AGE
Planning
g and Design
g Principles
p :

• The ancient Greeks had established principles for planning & designing cities

• City form were of two types: Old cities & New cities
• Old cities – like Athens had irregular street plans reflecting their gradual
organic development.
• New cities - colonial cities like messene established during the Hellenistic
period, had a grid-iron street plan

• Certain things were common among cities - The overall division of spaces in 3
parts - acropolis, agora and the town, The fortification etc.

• Towns had fixed boundaries and some were protected by fortifications .

• Much of the town was devoted to public use.

• Site
Sit planning
l i and d design
d i was centered
t d on the
th appreciation
i ti off bbuildings
ildi from
f
the outside. Location of buildings was therefore such that it could command
a good view to it. They made use of the topography of the land to avail scenic
views.
• A typical Greek city included a city and the surrounding villages, fields,
orchards and woods.
• In the upper part of the city, the acropolis was located, in the center of the
city stood the temple of the local god, and at the foot of the acropolis
citizens gathered to carry out public affairs—the agora.
• In the lower section of the city there were houses and other buildings.
• Most Greek cities were surrounded by defensive walls. Acropolis:
p

A fortified city at the top of a

hilly rocky outcrop. The city
of athens built on a walled hill.
It is simply the fortified highest
point. Religious precinct ,
offered to glorify gods.
Acropolis combined Doric
orders and ionic orders in
perfect composition in four
buildings; the Propylea, the
a e o , thee Erechtheumn
Parthenon, ec eu &
the temple of Nike.

Agora:
Public open space used for
assemblies and markets.
Centre of athenian life. Laid
in NW of Acropolis. Square in
Pattern of Messene shape lined with public
buildings which served
commerce and politics.

Town:
Where the citizens had their
living.. Had only residences.

Propylea:
Main entrance gate of Athens

Streets:
Narrow, tortuous, unpaved,
unlit, full of chaos of mud and
sewage.
Theatres:
Built on slope to provide a
natural seating.
seating
Stoas:
Lot like temples but with
elongated facade, 2-3 storeys
Pattern of Athens
THE AGORA, ATHENS
THE ACROPOLIS
ATHENS
THE STOA THE PROPYLEA

THE STADIUM

OLD TEMPLE OF ATHENA

THE PARTHENON
BUILDINGS & OTHER ARCH. ELEMENTS
Principal building type - temple
Major
j architectural
i element - order
Greeks invented the classical orders of architecture .
The orders embody a system of proportion that determines how the whole building
looks.An order consist of a column shaft with its base and capital, and an
entablature. All its dimensions were derived from the diameter of the column.
Th entablature
The t bl t is
i further
f th divided
di id d into
i t architrave,
hit frieze
fi andd cornice.
i

Materials & Construction:

Three common materials of construction – Stone, timber and clay

Stone was the most common construction material for buildings. Grey in color,
abundant marble availability.

Timber – scarce, limited to use in important buildings like parthenon, restriction in

spanning the structure.

Building blocks of clay were not bonded, but are rather held in position by their
weight.
weight

Finishing - rough stones finished to achieve the final form & treatment
Finishing enables the builders to create buildings of a particular order.
It is in finishing that the Greeks showed their mastery of construction.
Finishing work involved creating the fluting,
fluting base and capital decoration on
columns.
The Frieze and cornices of buildings were also decorated with appropriate relief
carving.
OTHER IMPORTANT STRUCTURES
BEEHIVE TOMBS
A beehive tomb, also known as a tholos tomb is a burial structure
characterized by its false dome created by the superposition of successively
smaller rings of mudbricks or, more often, stones. The resulting structure
resembles a beehive, hence the traditional English name.

MERAGON
Megaron is an architectural form consisting of an open porch, a vestibule,
and a large hall with a central hearth and a throne. The megaron was found in
all Mycenaean palaces and was also built as part of houses. The open porch
was usually supported by columns, an important element in the
Classical temple.
temple
MORPHOLOGY OF ROME
THE ROMAN FORUM
Introduction
Roman culture is the result of different influences:
• Primitive cultures - they were peasants and warriors)
• Etrurian civilization - urban, offering cult to the ancestors ( from Greece)
• Greek and Hellenistic - model they aimed at imitating, art, literature
• Influence From Italian origins – Practicality, Military expansion.

General characteristics of Roman Architecture

• Practical and utilitarian
• Interest in public works and engineering
• Monumentality
• Great
G t ttechnical
h i l advances
d
• Colossal to show Roman power
• Commemorative and propagandistic
• Special importance for the internal space
• Integration of Beauty & monumentality with Utility & practicality
• Buildings are integrated in the urban space

Characteristics of Roman Built Forms

Building systems:
1. Lintelled 3. Use of domes
• Copied from the Greeks 4. Strong walls so that they do not use
• Spaces are closed by straight lines external supports
2. Vaulted
Taken from the Etrurian , Use of arches, Materials:
Barrel vaults Limestone , Concrete, Mortar

Walls :
Made in one of these ways: Ashlar , Masonry, Brick
 Arches:
They used half point or semicircular arches
They could use lintels above these arches
Pediments were combined with them

Building techniques:

Barrel Vault
Mortar in the foundations
Opus spicatum, Opus reticulatum, Opus testaceum, Opus incertum

Greek shapes
assimilation:

Architectonical orders were

used more in a decorative than
in a practical way

Order superposition

The use of orders linked to the

wall created a decorative
element

They used the classical orders -

Composite & Tuscan composite tuscan
Roman Town Planning

Introduction:
Cities were the centre of Roman life so there was a need for infrastructures - Water &
sewer system, Transport & defence, Public spaces & markets.
The distribution of infrastructures resulted in a need to link them through paved roads. All
the above had a Psychological effect on the society overwhelmed with power and control .

City Planning:

The plan of the city was based on the camp.

It had two main axes

Cardus E-W, Decumanus N-S .
Where the two converged was the forum.
Both the streets – axes extend outside through
fortified gates.

The rest of the spaces were divided into squares in

which
hi h insulae
i l or blocks
bl k off flats
fl were built.
b il

The most important part of the city was the forum,

where political, economic, administrative, social and
religious activity were centred.

IIn bi
big cities
i i there
h were theatres,
h circuses,
i stadiums,
di
odeons.
 city planning included the following

Forum:
Centre of the city. Had
the power and control.
Political, administrative
and religious centre.

Bascilicas:
Civic Buildings
g
To do businesses

Temples / Cella:
To honour the gods,
PANTHEON

Aqueducts:
To provide water to the
city’s Cistern

Theatres:
T watch
To t h plays
l & dramas
d

Amphitheatres
For sports and chariot
races

G t Bath
Great B th
For entertainment . Place
to exercise. People often
meet friends and is a
place of social gathering

Market place
To buy things for
livelyhood, an urban
square.

City
y walls
Fortified with bastions for
self defence and
protection

Spectacles:
Circus buildings
buildings.
Where horse races are
held.
Houses
Insulae:
They were the urban houses
To take advantage of nearness to city centre
buildings with upto four floors were built.
The ground floor was for shops -tabernae-
and the others for apartments of different
sizes. • Every room was communicated
through a central communitarian patio
decorated with flowers or gardens.

Domus:
Usual houses for important people in the city.
Structure distributed through porticated
patios.
ti H d spaces for
Had f banquets
b t andd sociali l
meetings

Villa:
Houses far from city.
Villa urbana – agricultural farm house.
Villa Rustica – urban retreat house.

Palaces: Insulae
There were the residence of the emperor
They consisted of a numerous series of rooms
Their plan tended to be regular

Domus
Villa:

Palace
MORPHOLOGY OF MEDIEVAL CITY
500 to 1500AD
INTRODUCTION:

Roman cities collapsed due to gradual disintegration and invasions.  The medieval towns

occupied,
i d to some extent, theh sites
i off previous
i Roman
R colonies,
l i whilehil new ones emergedd in
i
the vicinity of a castle or a monastery.

The Dark Ages of the Medieval

During the first centuries of the Middle Ages, towns were more numerous than
important, poor and with a small population. The lack of roads, security hampered the
d l
developmentt off the
th medieval
di l towns,
t which
hi h in
i turn
t prevented
t d th
the d
development
l t off
commerce. Each domain had to be almost self-sufficient, producing the necessary iron,
wood, wool and wheat for its survival. So, without commerce there were no large cities.

The Middle Ages are often called the Dark Ages is because, compared with other eras,
historians don't know as much about this time. In some ways, this period of time has been lost
t history.
to hi t Many
M important
i t t records
d from
f this
thi time
ti have
h nott survived.
i d

The cause of this "Dark Age" was the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the
waves of invasions and raiding that followed it.

12th and 13th centuries - period of economic growth - rebirth of cities

Citi - important
Cities i t t centres
t off artisan
ti activity
ti it and
d trade.
t d
New social class appeared called the bourgeoisie - traders, artisans & bankers.

Return of urban life in Western Europe - agricultural production increased, population

grew. The number of wars and invasions decreased. New technical innovations in
agriculture, like triennial rotation windmill increased production. New farming tools,
such
h as ffertiliser,
tili ploughs
l h and
d mills
ill were di
discovered.
d

Farmers had surplus production, looked for places to sell their surplus crops. In cities,
farmers exchanged crops for products made by artisans. For this they developed urban
centres. The new urban centres were called burghs, and their inhabitants were called
burghers.

MEDIEVAL CITIES- CHARACTER:

London, germany, france etc

• Medieval cities were protected by high walls.

• Inside the walls,, the streets were narrow and unpaved.
p
• There was usually a square in the centre of the city.
• This square had the most important public buildings:
Cathedral, Town & Marketplace.
• Monarchs and nobles sometimes built urban palaces in these
cities.
• Around the cityy centre were houses.
• There were also hospitals, schools and inns.
• There were a lot of religious buildings, such as churches or
convents.
MEDIEVAL TOWNS LAYOUT

• The medieval towns were surrounded by y a moat & walls made of stone or
brick.
• The walls had towers, round or square, designed for defense & decoration.
• Access in town was permitted only through the vaulted access gates which
were closed at night.
• The medieval towns usually y grew up around a castle or monastery, or
followed the contour of a hillside, or a river-bank.
• As a result, they had steep, meandering streets, with irregular width. As the
land available within the walls of the medieval towns was limited, the
streets were narrow.
• The main streets ran to the city gates, which were the only points of access in
and out of town.

• Houses in the medieval towns reflected the rank of those living in them.
• The houses of the high ranking persons could look like small fortresses, while
those of ordinary people resembled the houses of the peasants, having a
courtyard and granaries.
• Due to the increasingg pprice of land within the cityy walls,, houses several
stories high had each story extended beyond the one beneath.
• Many houses were built of wood and the peaked roof was ornamented by a
gable, or a turret.

Medieval building g Typologies:

yp g
Private Buildings
Public Buildings
Business Buildings
Industrial/Manufacturing Buildings
Military Buildings
Religious Buildings
Infrastructure Buildings
View of a Medieval city:

URBAN ACTIVITIES:

Artisan workshops and trade

Medieval cities became production centres of
artisan products. Artisans lived in houses which
had workshops. Streets were named after their
occupation
Guilds
Artisans who made the same products formed
guilds that were made up of apprentices,
artisans and masters. The guilds ensured that all
the artisans respected the same rules
concerning: ● Working hours ● Tools ● Quality
of the products ● Price of the products
Fairs
There were markets in the cities where farmers
from the countryside exchanged their
agricultural products for artisan products.
Money, banking and trade routes
Money
The development of trade made money and
banks necessary. Many cities began producing
their own silver or gold coins again. Long
distanced trade was carried out by ship
Urban societyy
Other social groups also lived in cities. There
were also minorities such as Jews. Jews worked
as doctors, moneylenders or artisans and lived
in a separate neighbourhood
GOTHIC ART & ARCHITECTURE:

• Began in the 13th century.

• In cities, many Gothic buildings began to
be constructed, especially cathedrals.
• Taller and lighter buildings became
popular.
• Pointed arch
• Groin vault
• Big stained glass windows
• Flying buttresses to reinforce the walls
• High towers
• Rose windows
• The floor plan was in the shape of a Latin
cross
• Increased number of towers
• Gothic sculpture and painting were used to
decorate churches and cathedrals -
significant change from Romanesque Art.
Typical basilica

Double barrel vault   Flying buttresses
Rose windows Gothic Arches

Typical medieval architecture
MORPHOLOGY OF RENAISSANCE CITY
INTRODUCTION:
The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and
17th .centuries. Other major centres were northern Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa,
Milan, Bologna, .....
Painters developed alternate techniques, studying light, shadow & human anatomy
(Leonardo da Vinci)
It began in Florence, Italy in 15th century and began to spread in Milan, Netherlands
and to Europe.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RENAISSANCE PLANNING

• Symmetry, creation of balanced axial compositions with central motifs.

• Placement of monumental buildings, obelisks, and statues at the ends of long, straight
streets.
• On the basis of their traffic functions Renaissance urban spaces can be grouped under three
broad headings:

- first, traffic space, forming part of the main urban route system and used by both pedestrians
and horse drawn vehicles
- second, residential space, intended for local access traffic only and with a predominantly
pedestrian recreational purpose
- third, pedestrian space, from which wheeled traffic was normally excluded.

• The monument at the end is recompense, as it were, for walking along a straight road
(opposite to the surprises & romantic charm of the twisting streets)

• Economies are met by keeping the fronting buildings plain so as to enhance the climax
climax--
private simplicity and public magnificence

RENAISSANCE – ideal city

An ideal city
y is the concept
p of
a plan for a city that has been
conceived in accordance with
the dictates of "rational" or
"moral" objective.
The ground plans of ideal cities
are often
ft b d on grids
based id (in(i
imitation of Roman town
planning) or other geometrical
patterns.

The ideal city is often an attempt

t deploy
to d l Utopian
Ut i idealsid l att the
th
local level of urban
configuration and living space
and amenity.
factors shaping cities
modernization of warfare and the rise of the nation-state
colonial exploration
Exploitation
expanding
di networksk off trade
d
dangers of rapid urbanization
political and geographical divisions within christianity

Renaissance – Influences

Increased prosperity
Increasing wealth provided the needed financial support
growing number of commissions of large public and
private art projects,

Trade routes
Assisted the spread of ideas, growth of the movement
across the continent.
silk road- ancient trading route that extended between
china and the mediterranean. spices, clothing, silk,
paper and gun powder were traded.It
traded It also made many
countries great superiority over other countries.

Weakness of the church

St.peter's basilica, rome, showing maderno's facade
and the adapted dome, originally designed by
michelangelo. renaissance style. the weak position of
the church gave added momentum to the renaissance. it
prompted later popes to spend extravagantly on
architecture, sculpture and painting in rome and in the
vatican in order to recapture their lost influence.

The rise of a middle class in Europe

Allowed the spread of these classical ideas was the rise
of the middle class. they begin to focus more on self-
improvement, the world, and education.
It reformed and revolutionised education. Schools and
universities, Libraries were founded where the new
treasures might be safely stored and made accessible to
scholars

Politics:
Development of the renaissance warfare between the
states was common, Renaissance politics developed
from this background.
Study of the renaissance settlement
ekistics - man
Continuing demand for monumental religious
arts; architects designed secular structures.
ekistics - social
Rome-modelled hierarchical settlements, Catholic
Church administrative control & secular merchant
towns.
ekistics - network
Water utilities passed down from Roman Empire
& expanded network by maritime trade.
“Primary straight street" was the basis of
Renaissance urbanism, and that new, direct routes
to facilitate carriage travel were laid.
I fl
Influence: traffic
t ffi
Classification of urban spaces
• traffic space
• residential space
• pedestrian space

ekistics - nature
architecture of parks and gardens

Tie the city together

Connected the palace and the town
Rural counterpart
Gardens are never too large
Built as terraces because of hilly land

renaissance private gardens

terraced garden • Elaborate landscape design tie the city together

Best model of gardening in limited space

Show of authority, wealth,andpower
Larger, grander and more symmetrical
For delight of visitors

garden features
Allée alley
Axis axis
Canal
Cul de sac
Fountains
Grottos
Orangerie
Parterre de broderie
Topiary Garden Features
Bosquet
canals
ekistics - nature
Famous Renaissance Buildings:
villa medici, fiesole, florence
the p
palazzo ppiccolomini at ppienza,, tuscany
y

grotto

Ornamental / step type fountains
/ p yp topiary

Bosquet

parterre broaderie orangerie

Ekistics – Shell
Development – overcrowding
Rapid urbanization of european
society created fire and plague
vulnerable dense city.

No sanitation
Fi hazard
Fire h d building
b ildi materials
i l
Congested settlements
surrounding the city
RENAISSANCE – PLACE MAKING – URBAN SQUARES

Placemaking is a multi-faceted approach to

the planning, design and management of
public spaces.

Placemaking capitalizes on a local

community's assets, inspiration, and
potential,
i l with
i h the
h intention
i i off creating
i
public spaces that promote people's health,
happiness, and well being.

Place making is strengthening the

connection between people and the places
they share

SQUARES OR PLAZAS

• Urban square is an open public space used for community gatherings

• The first urban formations appeared 6000 years ago
• City squares were established at the cross roads of important trade routes
• Major places of worship were placed on squares,
squares also used as markets
• Served as an opportunity to exercise the power of rulers with military
processions and parades
Function of an urban Squares:
• Creates a gathering place for the people
• Providingg them with a shelter against
g the traffic
• Freeing them from the tension of rushing through the web of street
• Represents as a psychological parking place within the civic landscape

Reasons for development of Squares:

• Climatic conditions
• Societal structure and psychological attitude of people
• led to a form of public life – and life in public
• Made street & square the natural locations for community activities &
representation
Factors that formulate the Square:
• baed On the relation between the forms of the surrounding buildings
• based On their uniformity or their variety
• based On their absolute dimensions
• based
b d OnO relative
l i proportions
i in
i comparison
i with
i h width
id h & length
l h off open area
• based On the angle of entering the streets
TYPES OF RENAISSANCE SQUARES
closed, dominated, nuclear, grouped
Space self contained

Space directed

Space formed
around a centre

Space units combined

RECAP
INDUSTRIALIZATION & CITY GROWTH
INDUSTRIALIZATION & CITY GROWTH
Industrial Revolution
Period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture,
manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socio
economic and cultural conditions of that times.

Industrialization:
Shift from an agricultural (farming) economy to one based on industry
(manufacturing) Industrialization leads to urbanization by creating economic growth and
job opportunities that draw people to cities. Urbanization typically begins when a factory
or multiple
l i l factories
f i are established
bli h d within
i hi a region,
i thus
h creating
i a high
hi h demand
d d for
f
factory labor

Causes of the Industrial Revolution:

Geographic
g p factors :
Industrial revolution first started in England in 1780. England is a seperated Island, yet
close to European Continent. England enjoyed favourable geographical situation.

Political factors :
The government at that time was ready to provide conditions in which trade, industry,
banking,
g, farming
g for profit
p makingg could flourish at its best.
Laissez Faire – no government interference in private businesses.

Economic factors :
Internally, the purchase power of people was greater
Externally, production of cheap manufactured goods increased trade.

Technological factors :
Tool improvement, use of coal as a fuel, great use of iron, use of steam power, invention
of gunpowder and glass.

Adverse living & working conditions of labour class and

reforms on housing:
Causes of Industrial revolution in england - Embargo Act 1807 by president thomas
Jefferson:
During Naoplean wars, Britain’s navy seized Americans and their cargo to help France.
Embargo act laid restrictions on trade with all foreign countries, particularly on Britain &
France American hoped that would devastate Britain & France
France. France’ss Economies
Economies, but it did
the opposite, forcing industrial revolution in England, that England started producing its
own goods, arms and amunitions & many other equipments.
Working Conditions:
Terrible working environment
Factories were being built, businessmen were in need of workers
longline of people willing to work. employees could set wages as low as they wanted.
People were willing to work as long as they got paid.
People worked 14 to 16 hours a day, six days a week. But majority of workers wee
unskilled. Skilled workers earned more, but not significantly more. Women received 1/3rd
or ½ of the pay of men. Children forced to work for even lesser wages.
Owners were only concerned of making profit. And were satisfied because of lesser
cost of labour.

Factories were not the best places to work. Only had one light apart from sunlight.
Their machines spit more smoke and workers were covered with soot in some factories.
factories
There were plethora of machines with not much safety precautions resulting in many
accidents.
Workers received a break only for lunch and dinner.
Children were to work for 14hrs a day for only ten cents,
cents and were used for simpler
unskilled jobs.
Due to lack of sunlight and exercise, there were many children with physical defornities.
Use of children for long hours work with bad living conditions led to the formation of
labour unions.
Labour unions formed because workers wanted to put a stop to long hours work with little
pay, workers demanded more pay and fairer treatment. They didn’t want the children
to work in factories due to dangers involved.

Labour unions organised strikes and protests. More immigrants came in, who were willing
to work for lesser wages, so labour unions often were unsuccessful.

Rich became richer. Poor became poorer.

Living Conditions:

Business began to boom,

national markets grew. More
people began to move in ,
wanting for jobs.
Most people lived in slums
Five to nine people lived in a
single room.
room

Not only there was not enough

space, but more people got sick
as well. Diseases spread
rapidly
Lack of medicine and medical care resulted in many deaths.

At the same time population was increasing rapidly, due to more people moving in.
Apartments became crowded and were in worse sanitary conditions.
conditions

People had to fight for jobs and competed to live.

As industrialization occurred, middle class emerged.

Middle class were skilled workers, managers, clerks, accountants and had the money
they neede to survive
survive. They also had left over leisure goods.
goods This extra money enabled
them to live with a bit of comfort.

Most middle class moved away from cities, since they thought “ slum” was unhygienic
and unpleasant. This led to the beginning of “ suburbs” or socially seggregated
neighbourhoods.

But majority of people living in industrialised areas, lived in terrible harsh conditions
because of the lack of money and overwhelming population.

No proper sewage systems prevailed. Diseases like TB, cholera and typhoid spread
rapidly. During 19th century 10,000 people died of cholera and 60, 000 died of TB.. The
average life in london was only 37 yrs.
yrs 25% of children died before they were 5 years old.
old

Birth of middle class, Birth of Suburbs and Slums.

Housing Impact of industrialization

Poor lived in crowded tiny rooms in
tenements (multistory buildings divided into on way of life:
apartments)
Tenement = a substandard, multi-family
dwelling,
g
usually old and occupied by the poor
 Built cheaply
 Multiple stories
 No running water
 No toilet
 Sewer down the middle of street
 Trash thrown out into street
 Crowded (5+ people living in one room)
 Breeding grounds for diseases
 Pollution from factory smoke
CITY INDUSTRIELLE
Outcome
Ou co e oof industrialization
dus o on
o thee cities:
c es:
Notion Of Zoning – major concept

Regulatory laws were imposed

Housing and sanitation standards were set

Reformation of society disorders( due to

industrialisation) was the main objective of urban
planners of early cities
Tony Garnier
French architect and city planner,
was active
i ini his
hi hometown
h Lyon.
He first produced plan for the ideal 
industrial town in 1904.

Ideologies & Principles:

Separation of spaces byb function
f nction through
th h
zoning into several categories.
He determined general standards of city
and with zoning standards.

He developed designs that supplied people’s

materially and morally needs.
needs

Garnier ‘s Industrial city:

• Planned for approx 35.000 inhabitants.

• Situated on a area in southeast France on a plateau with high land and a lake
to the north, a valley and river to the south.
• He envisaged a town of segregated uses with a residential area, a train
station quarter and an industrial zone.
• Concept of zoning was strongly similar with Ebenezer Howard Garden
Cities of To-morrow .
• All aspects
t off the
th city
it including
i l di governmental, t l residential,
id ti l manufacturing
f t i andd
agricultural practices were considered.
• The various functions of the city were clearly related, but separated from
each by location and patterns.
• The city of labor divided into Four main Functions: Work, housing,
health and leisure
leisure.
• The public area at the heart of the city was grouped into three sections:
Administrative services and assembly halls, museum collections and sport
facilities.
• Region of station is centre of the city and it includes all public trade facilities
• A railway passes between the factory and the city, which is on a plateau, and
further up are the medical facilities.
• The residential area is made up of rectangular blocks running east-west
which
hi h gives
i the
th city
it its
it characteristic
h t i ti elongated
l t d form.
f
• Houses was situated into the large green areas to benefit from sun & air.
• The residential districts - first attempt towards energy efficiency, passive
solar architecture as the city was to be powered by a hydroelectric station with
dam located in the mountains along with the hospital.

• Another significance is the hospital. sunshine & pure air helped in

overcoming diseases.
diseases There was a movement breaking down big hospitals
into units called pavilions, thus giving patients close relationship to these
amenities and making them feel more relaxed than if they were in a huge
crowded environment.
 Garnier’s housing layout
• Materials & construction:
Tony Garnier was the one of
the pioneer in using concrete.
Th materials
The t i l usedd are
concrete for the foundations
and walls, and reinforced
concrete for floors and
ceilings.

• Socialistic City: Tony

believed in socialism. So his
city is to be governed by
socialistic law and had no no
law courts
courts, police stations,
stations
jail or church.

• Contributions:
Garnier’ s industrial city was never built, but he contributed to the further
planners such as Le Corbusier. Corbusier was the first well- known architect
to discuss about Garnier’ s works. After the industrial city project, Garnier
designed many projects that built in Lyon.=
THE AMERICAN GRID PLANNING:

WILLIAM PENN:
The grid - development pattern since Hippodamus first used in , Greece, 5th century BC.
In America, William Penn used grid as the physical foundation for Philadelphia in 1682.
With that, the grid began its new life in the new America.

Penn’s instructions for laying out his orthogonal plan - Philadelphia:

The streets be uniform down to the water from the country bounds…
Let the houses built be only in a line,
line or upon a line,
line as much as may be…be
Penn’s grid, influenced by Richard Newcourt’s plan for London following the fire of 1666.
Penn utilized the grid for its indexical qualities. Grid by its nature has no built-in hierarchy.
The Grid promoted the Quaker value of equality
Philadelphia was the first city to use the indexical system of numbers for north-south streets
and tree names for east-west streets.
Because of this coordinate system,
system the intersection at 12th/Walnut has no more or less social or
political meaning than that at 18th/Cherry. Every plot of land is essentially equal to every
other.
Other american grid cities:
Following the precedent of Philadelphia, the
grid
id has
h been
b usedd extensively
i l ini a number
b
of American cities in every one of our now 50
states. Each of these cities, with their own
purposes and reasonings, adopted the grid as
their foundation with varying outcomes.
In San Francisco,, the grid
g flatlyy
ignored topography and created a city
of dramatic hills and valleys.

In Paragonah, Utah, the grid promoted

the doctrine of Mormonism.

In Chicago, the grid was used as a vehicle

to maximize both the speed of
development and financial speculation

most famous of all American grids is that of

M h
Manhattan. In
I 1811
1811, the
h
Commissioners adopted a master street plan
that would come to define the city of New
York centuries later
Manhattan did grow and it grew well beyond all
expectations within only a single century. The
grid was there to accommodate that growth.
 ANTI URBANISM AND THE PICTURESQUE:
Anti-urbanism is hostility toward the city
as opposed to the country.

It is simple rejection of the city, or a wish to

destroy the city.

This hostility is not an individual sentiment,

sentiment
but a collective sentiment sometimes evoked
by the expression "urbophobia" or
"urbanophobia"

This sentiment can become politicized and

thus influence spatial planning.
planning

Antiurbanism is a global concept

The Picturesque:
Happened by late 19th century.

The adjective picturesque

meant"superficial," an overused and
commercial mode of representation

Characteristics:

• Picturesque in detail
• Lack of moral depth and earnestness
• More concerned with surfaces than depth
• Lost its grace vey soon.
soon
• A group of city planners related literature
and Romanticism to the planning concepts,
that gave birth to english Romantic Gardens
and the Picturesque cities – an aesthetic
notion that is seen and felt – intangible.

Common titles at that time:

Picturesque America, Picturesque Italy,
Picturesque California, and Picturesque New
York. New york became the first picturesque
american city.

The picturesque term played a formative

role in the representation of American
modernization.
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT 1890 – 1900 AD
The City
y Beautiful Movement emerged g in response
p to the 1893 World’s Columbian
Exposition in Chicago.
The fundamental idea expounded at the fair was that the city was no longer a symbol of
economic development and industrialization, but to be seen as enhancing the aesthetic
environment of its inhabitants.

Ideologies
g & critics:

Introduced beautification and monumental grandeur in cities.

The movement was originally associated mainly with Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit,
and Washington, D.C.,
It promoted beauty not only for its own sake,
sake but also to create moral and civic
virtue among urban populations.
Advocates of the philosophy believed that such beautification could promote a harmonious
social order that would increase the quality of life,
Critics of the Philosophy complained that the movement was overly concerned with
aesthetics
th ti att the
th expense off social
i l reform.
f

Jane Jacobs referred to the movement as an "architectural design cult."

Washington DC– The Mall

In Washington, D.C., the city beautiful movement led to the creation of the McMillan
Plan (named after Senator McMillan), the first governmental plan to regulate aesthetics.

Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., Charles F. McKim, and sculptor Augustus
Saint-Gaudens contributed for the Mc Millan Plan
 They revived Pierre
L’Enfant’s original city
d i plans
design l for
f
Washington, D.C.

The McMillan Plan led to

the construction of the
tree-lined National Mall,
the Jefferson Memorial,
Memorial
and the Lincoln Memorial.

characteristics:

• Main emphasis – showy

urban landscapes

• Drew on “ beaux arts “

tradition of france

• Towards classical
architecture
hi

• Iconography of and for the

urban elites

• Orderly and clean- people

need
d to bbe civilized
i ili d

• Aesthetic rather than

social sensibility

• Grandiose & ambitious

EBENEZER HOWARD: GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT( 1898)
Edenezer
de e e Howard
ow d ((1850-1928)
9 ) in hiss Book”
oo A Peaceful
e ce u path
p too Social
Soc Reform
eo
-1898 & advocates a Satellite town called a Garden City .
Inspiration – book “ looking Backward by edward bellamy ”.

a) 6000 acres
b) 32,000 inhabitants
c) A central area of 1,000
1 000 acres
d) Individual plots 20 feet by 130 feet
e) Gross density of 30 persons per acre 3

Town Planning Concepts Garden City:

There would be 6 boulevards each 120 feet

wide extending radially from the centre
Boulevards assist in forming 6 wards providing
basis of local government & community
services.
“City” would be self sufficient in terms of:
a) Employment
b) Possessing its own industry
c) c) Commerce
d) d) Shops
e)) Agricultural
g production.
p
f) Residential and agricultural lands

Designed for healthy living and industry

with a social life, surrounded by rural belt.
Land being in public ownership or in trusts.
Each zone ringed by agricultural belt.

The overall goal is to combine the traditional countryside with the traditional town.

Three Magnets

Town
High wages, opportunity, and
amusement
Country
Natural beauty, low rents, fresh air
Town-Country
combination of both , separated
from central city by greenbelt
First garden cities:
Letchworth –35000 people in 1903, 100
factories & 16000 people in 1947

Wellwyn – 40000 people 1in 1920, 75

factories & 18000 people in 1947.
THE NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT – C.A. PERRY
Neighborhood Unit:
The neighbourhood is the planning unit for a town.
Evolved due to advent of industrial the revolution and degradation of the city
environment caused due to
- high congestion,
- heavy traffic movement through the city,
- insecurity to school going childrens,
-distant location of shopping and recreation activities; etc.
Perry’s Neighbourhood Unit concept began as a means of insulating the
community from the ill – effects of rapidly increasing vehicular traffic.

Neighborhood Unit To Have The Following:

To create a safely healthy physical environment in which children will have no
Traffic streets to cross on their way to school,
Schools which are within walking distance from home
An environment in which women may have an easy walk to a shopping centre
Where they may get the daily households goods,
Employed people may find convenient transportation to and from work.
Well equipped playground is located near the house where children may play in
Safety with their friends for healthy development of their mind and spirit.

Purpose of neighbourhood Planning:

• To make the people socialize with one and another
• To enable the inhabitants to share the public amenities and recreational
facilities
• To support a safe and a healthy
y environment within the neighbourhood
g
• To provide safety andefficiency to road users and pedestrians
• To maintain, enhance and improve area for reccreational activities
• To determine community’s prospects for the future.

Components Of Neighborhood Unit:

Unit of Urban Planning

Street System
Amenities
Population
Sector
Size and Density
Neighbourhood Walkways
Protective Strips
 The neighbourhood unit of C.A. PERRY.

- Born as a result of growing trafficand congestion.

- Provided a new plan for regional expansion
- Idea of self contained unit
- Centered on schools and community centre
- Bound by arterial roads
- No through vehicular traffic in neighbourhood
- Typical unit – school, residences, shops, parks, amenities.
 THE NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT - CLARANCE STEIN
RADBURN
Radburn:

The neighbourhood unit

Clarence Stein & Henry y Wright
g
prepared the layout for Radburn –
newjersy, new york in 1928.

Objectives:
• Decentralised self contained
settlements promoting community
life.
• No grid iron pattern for roads
• Overall planning of whole 149 acres of area
neighbourly areas 25000 people
• Safe
S f andd segregatedd pedestrian
d i 54 semi detached houses
routes from vehicular traffic 93 apartments
• Houses turned inside out 90 row houses
• Community park spreading on 430 single houses
whole of the area.
•Walking distance – one mile
radius
•Residential streets suggested as
Cul-de_sacs to eliminate through
traffic
•Park space flows into the
neighbourhood.
•Footpath and underpasses
•Population Meant for 30,000
Elements of radburn Street heirarchy
neighbourhood unit

Park s
backbone of neighbourhood.
Special Highway system
seperation of vehicular and
pedestrian traffic with 21% road
area
Cul – de-
de sacs
seperatuon of vehicular and
pedestrian traffic achieved through
the use of superblocks and
pedestrian only pathways aroung
the cul-de-sacs.
Superblocks
-those radburn houses designed to
have two house fronts. The
backside of the house, what we
would normally consider the front
side, faced the cul-de-sac and
parking.
parking

The neighbourhood unit of radburn
gallery
CITY NUOVO:
Futurist Architecture and La Citta Nuova
(The New City)

Antonio Sant’elia’s “Futurist Architecture” discusses modernity and new

ways of designing.

Living in buildings designed for a previous generation is foolish.

Each new generation should design a new architecture, a new city.

Modern architecture should be separate from tradition and that new design
should stem from new needs and new technology.

Architecture should be built and rebuilt to suit the needs of a new

generation, a new city – a new society.

Monumental designs - static in nature, new design to be practical, focusing

on light, feel of the building or space as opposed to the appearance.

Modern architecture needs to be dynamic, and stripped of ornamentation.

New materials need to govern the building, glass facades with prominent
elevators as opposed to grand staircases because elevators are the wave of
the future – they represent progress and innovation.
Sant’elia’s designs for La Citta Nuova are dynamic, elastic, and light.

His buildings take new shapes and use new materials.

Sant’elia readily
y admits that futurist buildings
g will not last for longg
periods of time, but that simply reinforces the idea of futurism: that
buildings can change and new styles, forms, materials, and programs can
define and redefine a new type of building as each generation rebuilds.

And that is a lot like modernism, trying to reshape and redefine itself so
that its meaning and form are constantly in flux
RADIANT CITY: LE CORBUSIER
Introduction:
Grew out of new conception of capitalist authority &
pseudo appreciation for workers’ individual freedoms.
The plan was like Contemporary City - clearance of
the historic cityscape & rebuilding, utilizing modern
methods of production.

Planning concepts:
The pre-fabricated apartment houses, les unites, were
at the centre of "urban" life.
Sunlight and recirculating air were provided as part of
the design.
design
The scale of the apartment houses was fifty meters
high, accommodating 2,700 inhabitants with fourteen
square meters of space per person.
The buildings pilotis,5 meters off the ground, so that
more land
l d could
ld be
b given
i to nature.

Setback from other unites created a pattern to lessen

the effect of uniformity.

Inside les unites were the vertical streets, i.e. the

elevators and the pedestrian interior
elevators, U it d d h bit t
United de habitat, marseilles
ill
streets that connected one building to another
Automobile traffic to circulate on pilotis supported roadways five meters above the earth..
entire ground was given as a "gift" to pedestrians, with pathways running in orthogonal and
diagonal projections. subways and trucks, separated from automobiles.

The skyscrapers to provide office space for 3,200 workers per building.

Each apartment block was equipped with a catering section, laundry chores in basement.

Directly on top of the apartment houses were the roof top gardens and beaches, where
residents sun themselves in A natural
natural" surroundings - fifty meters in the air.
air

Children were to be dropped off at les unites’ day care centre and raised by scientifically
trained professionals.

Corbusier called it the vertical garden city.

Principles of le corbusier’s Radiant City

Pilotis

Terrace garden

Horizontal facades

Horizontal windows

Open planning
Criticism:
Lack of human scale and connection to its surrounding
Malls alienating street space
High rise with no reason
High rise breaking social ties integral to community development.
OTHER IMPORTANT CITY CONCEPTS
GEDDISIAN TRIAD
BROADACRE CITY: F.L. WRIGHT
Broadacre Cityy was an urban development
p planning
p g concept
p put
p forward byy famous American
architect Frank Lloyd Wright. It first appeared in his book "The Disappearing City’" in 1932.
Broadway City was also called "Usonian" or "ideal city"
 NEW TOWNS – 1960S
Bringing Howard’s garden city back to life.
P t WWII housing
Post h i rehabilitation
h bilit ti need.
d
Decentralisation of city recognised as necessary by County of London.
Displacement of population and employment for a desirable density.
Introduction of satellite suburbs - Virginia, Columbia, Maryland.

POST MODERNISM – 1970S

Era that broke the notion that planning and architecture could result in social reform
(which was an integral dimension of Modernism)

Need for integrated development

Bringing back the opinion of the people

Aim to create diversity, flexibility and change (Jane Jacobs – The Death and Life of
Great American Cities)

Accept and bring to light social differences

SATELLITE TOWNS
RIBBON DEVELOPMENT

SUSTAINABLE CITIES
Development that improves the long‐term social and ecological health of 
cities and towns.
cities and towns. 
A sustainable city is a city that is compact, has efficient land use, less 
automobile orientated, has efficient resource use, able to restore the natural 
system, allows community participation, improves health of people and has a 
sustainable economy
Contrast to Modernism and Post Modernism.
Less environmentally damaging cities.
Concentration on energy conservation.
Focussing on “reduce recycle reuse”

THE NEW URBANISM

Compact development
N i hb h d centers
Neighbourhood t
Pedestrian friendly
HISTORIC URBAN FORM
INDIAN.

INTRODUCTION
EVOLUTION OF URBANISM IN INDIA
Key words:
Cantonment- the British colonies laid in the outskirt to get rid of unhygienic
condition by the Britishers during pre-independence period.
Grid iron pattern- The system of road laid in such a way that they intersect at right
angle and the rectangular areas are formed.
formed
Moat- Canal full of water running around the town and is for safety purpose.
Rajmarg- The widest road passing through the town.

Evolution of towns in India:

Early civilizations sprung on banks of rivers or at any natural port.
They provided security to the town & acted as a communicating link from one civilization
to another.
Physical Safety and communication links are the two prime factors which lead to the
development of towns.
Earliest civilizations were seen on the banks of rivers like Ganga & Sindhu.
Sindhu
Towns flourished since prehistoric times in India.
At the time of Indus valley civilization, towns like Harappa & MohenjoDaro were in
existence.
The second phase of urbanization began around 600 BC. It continued with periodic ups and
downs until the arrival of Europeans in India in 18th century.

Claasification of Indian Towns:

Urban historians classify towns of India as:
• Ancient
• Vedic
• Medieval
• Modern

1. Ancient period:
Ancient period is considered to be between 3000-5000 BC .
In this period, so many towns were created with unique features.
Development of towns like -
1. Indus valley civilization 2. Vedic towns 3. Buddhist towns

Indus valley civilization: (3000 B.C)

It was located on the bank of river Indus
(presently in Pakistan) and Ravi.
IIn 1920
1920, British
B iti h Archeologist
A h l i t found
f d th
the remains
i
of the so called Mohenjodaro (Hill of Deads) in
Indo-Gangatic region. It was about 260 hectares
with Harappa (on bed of river Ravi) now in Pakistan.
Harappa
Kalibangan in Rajasthan
Lothal, Sukortada and Dholavira , Gujarat
Rakhigadhi in Haryana
It was developed around 4000
4000-3000
3000 BC
BC.

Salient features of Indus Valley Civilization:

1. Street of 9m width divided the city in 12 blocks each of 365m x 244m.
Indus valley
2. Layout of street was based on ‘grid-iron’ pattern.
3. Series of houses were arranged around open-to-sky central court.
4
4. They depended fully on ventilation and roof lighting.
lighting
5. Houses with G+1 storey made of kiln-brick with complete bathing establishment.
6. City had effective system of drainage.
7. It had a Great bath of 7m width, 12m length and 2.4m depth made of bricks at bottom
and was made waterproof by providing layers of bitumen and it formed to be part of
ritualistic bathing forming part of Hindu temple.
8. They had graneries for storing grain, agriculture being their main occupation.
Rakhigadhi, Haryana:

It has three distinctive phases of the pre-

Harappan culture.
In the earliest people lived in pits.
In the
h second,d molded
ld d mudd bricks
b i k were usedd
to line the dwellings.
In the third phase bricks were used to make
square and rectangular houses.
They may have been used by the king or an
elected headman and his consort.
Kalibangan, Rajasthan:
Kalibangan is the third excavated city of
Harappan sites and the earliest town destroyed by earthquake.

Excavated between 1960-61 and 1968-69, this ancient city of Indus valley civilization is
located on the bank of the dryy bed of the Ghaggar.
gg
Kalibangan comprises two mounds: a small mound is located in the western direction and
the larger mound is situated in the east with an open space in between them.
The excavations revealed that the western mound was a fortified enclosure with
rectangular salient and towers. This was further partitioned into two units by an inner wall
with stairways on either side for movement between the two units.

kalibhangan Lothal
Surkotada,Gujarat:

Surkotada is located 160 km ((99 m))

north-east of Bhuj, in the district of
Kutch, Gujarat. The ancient mound
stands surrounded by an undulating
rising ground clustered by small
sandstone hills. These hills are
covered with red laterite soil giving
g g
the entire region a reddish brown
colour.

The vegetation is scarce and consists

of cactus, small babul and pilu trees
and thornyy shrubs.
The mound was discovered in 1964 by Shri Jagat Pati Joshi of the Archaeological Survey of
India.
The mound is higher on the western side and lower on the eastern side and has an average
height of 5 to 8 m (16-26 ft).
In the ancient days, a river 750 m (½ mi) wide flowed past the north-eastern side of the site.
Thi river,
This i which
hi h emptied
ti d into
i t the
th Little
Littl Rann,
R might
i ht have
h been
b an important
i t t reason for
f
sitting the town here. Now this river is only a small nalla (stream).
2. Vedic period: (400 BC)

In this period, Vedas as well as books were wrote on town planning.

In “Vishwa-karmaprakash” it was stated that “First layout the towns and then plan the
houses.”
“Shilpshastra” wrote by “Architect Mansara” discussed study on soil, topography,
climatology and various layouts like Dandaka, Swastika, Padmaka, Nandyavarta.

g
The main roads were aligned east-west to g
get the roads purified
p byy air. Short roads were
aligned in north-south direction.
Roads running around the village were preserved for priests.

Moats were all around the town to secure the town for outside forces.

j
Rajmarg g were the widest road through
g which four elephants
p can pass
p at a time. Such
roads are found in Mysore.

Vedic principles of town planning:

1. Orientation with respect to sun and natural laws of earth

2. Site selection and marking the vastu
3. Layout with silent centre – brahmasthan
4. Placement with respect to energy and function
5. Vedic measurements and proportions
6. Auspicious timings
7. Natural, non toxic building materials and sustainable systems
Planning based on caste system and occupation

Planning
g based on size of the settlement
Town planning based on shape and purpose

Poompuhar kaveripattinam

Prastara – jaipur fort

Padmaka – jodhpu fort

sarvathobadra
Madurai meenakshi Thanjavur brihadeeswara
3. Buddhist period:
(up to 320 AD)
During the period of Emperor Chandragupta
Maurya, Kautilya and Chanakya was the
chief minister who wrote the famous
“Arthashastra”, a treatise of Town Planning.
Features stated in it were:

1. Regulation of zoning depending on

communities.
2. Highway (Rajamarga) to be parallel to
the main cardinal direction.
3. Road were aligned in grid-iron form.
4. Rajmarga to be not less than 30 ft. or
nearly 3 lanes of traffic.
The excavation carried out at Patliputra, capital of Magadha (now in Bihar), shows
evidence of advance knowledge of planning.
Taksha-sila and Nalanda, the renowned place for learning were formed in this period.
Nalanda consist of three main essentials – stupas, temples & hotels for monks.
It had 300 halls for accommodating 10,000 pupils and libraries were nine-storeyed high.

3. Medieval period: (350-1500 AD)

Trade and commerce developed.

One of the towns that became famous due to trade & commerce is Dhaka
(Bangladesh)which is famous for Malmal and hence become a port.
Other towns developed and become famous were:
1. Krishnanagar for clay models.
2. 2. Agra for marble and perfumery.
3. 3. Murshidabad for silk.
4. 4. Jaipur for palatial buildings.
Mughal period: (1500-1700 AD)
Cities like Agra, Delhi were re-developed.
Other important thing started in this period was laying of gardens and parks.
It was a new trend in planning, many ornamental gardens, of Mughal period.
Lal-kila , Kutub Minar was developed in this period by them.
“Moghal garden” in front of Rashtrapati Bhavan was developed.
“Fatehpur Sikhri” was developed by them during this period.
4. Modern Period:

Colonial Urbanism: Pre Independence Period

When the Britishers first settled in India, they found most of the towns are unhygienic.
So they built independent colonies on the outskirts of existing towns.

These extensions were called “Cantonments” and “Barracks” for military occupied
areas and “Civil lines” for the residents of civilians.

Cantonments created : – Delhi cantonment known as British colonies.

Agra cantonment. – Bangalore cantonment. – Ahmadabad cantonment etc.

After this, they found that the climate of India is so hot.

So they developed the hill- stations in the nearby area of cantonments.
They were:
– Shimla nearer to Delhi.
– Matheran nearer to Mumbai.
– Kodai canal nearer to Chennai.
– Darjeeling nearer to Kolkata.

In the first decade of 20th century, they took up the work of building New Delhi.

Plan was prepared based on modern town planning principle by eminent town planner “Edwin
Lutyens”. He also designed Rashtrapati Bhavan.

The industrial buildings were separated from the residential sector.

sector

Lutyen also contributed for making “Canaught place” which is the common area having
circular plan.

Post-independence
p p
period: ((after 1947))

Jawaharlal Nehru was appointed as the first prime minister of India.

He invited Le Corbusier to visit India and develop cities
Chandigarh, “Rourkela” & ”Jamshedpur” were planned by him.
Towns planned and developed during this period were:
1. Steel towns- • Durgapur-
S g p W West Bengal
g • Bhilai- Madhya y Pradesh • Rourkela- O
Orissa
2. 2. Industrial towns- • Jamshedpur- Bihar • Bhadravati- Karnataka • Chittaranjan- West
Bengal
3. 3. Capitals- • Gandhinagar- Gujarat • Chandigarh- Punjab
Cities like “Gandhinagar”,”Navi Mumbai” were planned by Charles Correa in this period.
The other cities like Lavasa, New Nashik and New Aurangabad are coming up.
Summary:

• The town planning done in ancient time was central based.

• The important structures were planned at the corner of the town so the outside people can
access it easily.
• The water supply was based on central distribution on highest elevation hence less
consumption of electricity is done.
• The roads were having N-S alignment and hence less glare effect is observed. The new
cities are planned in such a manner that all the industrial units are on the outskirts/periphery.
• Schools are provided at the walkable distance.
• And roads are planned based on grid-iron pattern. Development of town is done in a way
that natural beauty is maintained.
• Moats were made on outer periphery to provide security.
• Social, cultural and religious values were taken care while planning. • Industries were
provided on the outskirts.
• More green belt and open space were kept.
• Needs as well as aesthetics, both were taken care of
 TOWN PLANNING IN MEDIEVAL INDIA
THE MEDIEVAL CITIES
Architecture with Respect to Context
The architecture of Fortification:
water and mountain fortifications are best suited defence
desert and forest fortifications are habitations in wilderness
Ancient rules for laying foundations of the forts:
Fortifications consist of five components (Shilpasasthras)
1. The Vapra, the built up artificial mound
2. The Parika or a moat with glacis
3
3. The Prakara or Sala or the fortification wall which is encircled by a Parika
4. The Attalakas (the bastions) provided along the Prakaras.
5. The entrance gates, the Gopura or Pratoli.

Jodhpur – Introduction:
Jodhpur was founded in 1459 by Rao Jodha,
Jodha
a Rajput chief belonging to the Rathore clan.
A small portion of the grand marwar state
before independence. The city located on the
strategic road linking Delhi to Gujarat.

Its borders - Bikaner in the North,

North Jaipur in
the North-East , Ajmer Mewara in the East ,
Sirohi and Palampur in the South cutting
across the Thar of Sindh province and Rann of
Kutch

Atop the jodhpur hill,

hill Jodha built his
stronghold called the Chintamani fort, which
was later called Mehrangarh. This city came
to be known as Jodhpur or Jodhana was the
capital of the Marwar state for 5 centuries

It was said that jodhpur would suffer from

water scarcity, owing to a saint’s curse, when
jodha disturbed his contemplation/ isolation in
the hill.

The water problem was successfully tackled

by Jodha
Jodha'ss queen Rani Jasmade who
constructed a tank at the base of Mehrangarh,
today called Rani Sar, The Queen's Lake Mehrangarh fort
A year later another of Jodha's six wives built
a baori or step-well in the city.
 The City Boundaries

Walls

Jodhpur was originally a walled city

The walls were twenty four

thousand feet long, nine feet thick
and forty feet high.

The walls are punctuated with

platforms for shooting and towers
for keeping watch were interrupted
with projections so that no elephant
charge was possible upon the gates.

Chand pol gate

Gates
Jodhpur had four Pols or gates three
of which still stand

There ae six gates-Chand Pol, which

faced west in honour of the Lunar
God's ascent, was the first in that
direction. The other five gates were
named after the major Rathore forts
th faced.
they f d

The gates and walls were simple

and functional in design,

Mehrangarh fort walls

Forts And Defence System :

Kautilya in his Arthasasthra has described a number of forts to be raised on certain places in
different localities namely Sthaniya, Dronamukha, Kharvatika, Sangarahana etc.

On all
O ll the
th four
f cardinal
di l directions
di ti off the
th boundaries
b d i off the
th kingdom,
ki d defensive
d f i fortifications
f tifi ti
against an enemy in war was constructed on grounds naturally best suited for the purpose.

A water fortification , such as an island in the midst of a river, or a plain surrounded by low
ground.
A mountainous fortification (parvata) such as a rocky tract or a cave.
A ddesertt ffortification(dhanavana)
tifi ti (dh ) suchh as a wild
ild tract
t t devoid
d id off water
t andd overgrown with
ith
thicket growing in barren soil.
Or a forest fortification (vanadurga) full of wagtail (khajana) water and thickets.
 Watch towers
Watch towers

Clock tower, sarrdar market gate Jodhpur ‐ foothill

streetscape
Temple entrance
Temple entrance

Mehrangarh fort 
– part 
MEDIEVAL CITY OF JAIPUR
Introduction:

Jaipur lies at a distance of about 320 kms from Delhi, 240 kms from Agra and 135 kms
from Ajmer.

Located amidst the Aravali hill ranges at an altitude of about 430mabove sea level.
L i d –26
Latitude 26 55’ ;Longitude
L i d –7575 50’
The current district of Jaipur lies in Eastern Rajasthan, in the Banas River basin and forms
a part of Eastern Plain of Rajasthan.
 Jaipur city with entrance gates

Planning Of The City :

Jaipur is a valley located south of Amber

and the plains beyond, a terrain that was
the bed of a dried lake ; dense forest
cover to the north and the east of the site.
site

JAIPUR The generic plan of a medieval

Rajasthani hill town- as in Dausa and
Amber
The hill town of Dausa with an organic
layout guided by the topography Amber
Town with the Fort on top of the hill and
the walled town down the slopes
Jaipur city key plan -
The town has around it a masonry wall, 25ft. high & 9ft. thick, with eight gates.
The city’s division into nine wards was also in conformity with the Hindu caste system,
g g
which necessitated the segregation of people
p p belonging
g g to different communities and ranks.
South of the main road were four almost equal rectangles.
The rectangle opposite the palace has been broken up into two equal and smaller rectangles
by the Chaura Rasta.
Thus altogether there are now five rectangles on the south of the main road called
Chowkris.
On the North of the main road from West to East are the Purani Basti, the Palace and
Ramchandraji.
Conceptual Prastara Plan
It is a model of town planning- the first planned city in
India.
It is based on Hindu systems of town planning and
followed the principles prescribed in the Shilpa-
shastra, an ancient Indian treatise on architecture .
According to this shastra the site should be divided
into grids or mandalas ranging from 2x 2 to 10 x 10.
Planned according to the Prastara type of layout, which
gives prominence to the cardinal directions.
Thus plan of jaipur is a grid of 3x3 with gridlines
being the city’s main streets.
Planning Procedure:
Road Network
Jaipur’s road network follows a definite hierarchy.

Th major
The j east-west
t t andd north-south
th th roadd ,form
f the
th
sector boundaries and are called Rajmarg as they
lead to the city gates. These measure 33m. wide.

Next there is a network of 16.5m wide which runs

north-south in each sector linking the internal areas
off th
the sectors
t to t the
th major
j activity
ti it spine.
i

An orthogonal grid of 8.25mx4.00m roads in the

prastara-chessboard pattern further divide sectors
into Mohallas. chaupar
Junctions of the main axial streets formed the two
square civic
i i open spaces called
ll d chaupars
h (B di
(Badi
chaupar and Chhoti chaupar). The width of the
square chaupars was three times that of the main
street.
Historically, the chaupars had water structures
connected by underground aqueducts, supplying
n mero s so
numerous sources
rces of drinking water
ater at street level.
le el
Presently, the centre of each chaupar has square
enclosures with ornamental fountains.

The streets and chowks (central open squares in a

town) of the internal chowkries (sectors) with
numerous clusters or mohallas were not
predetermined; hence show a mix of grid iron and
organic pattern, with the basic unit of built form
being the rectangular haveli
COLONIAL URBANISM in INDIA
Colonialism:

Colonialism is the establishment, exploitation, maintenance, acquisition and expansion

of colony in one teriitory by a political power from another territory.

Set of unequal relationships between colonal power and the colony.

The policyand practice of power in extending control over weaker people or areas.

Colonialism began in of 15th century by portugese and spanish explorations of

America,, coasts of Africa,, middle east , india etc.

Types of Colonialism:
Settler Colonialism
Exploitation Colonialism
Plantation Colonies
g Colonialism ( most of settlers Do not come from Mainstreamf rulers))
Surrogate
Internal Colonialism

Colonial Cities In India

Colonial India is the part on indian Subcontinent which was under control of
european colonial Powers through trade and conquest.
conquest
Cities under colonialrule:
Goa – portugal
Kochi – Portugal ( first colony in india)
Delhi – britain
Calcutta- Britain
Madras – Portugese,
Portugese Dutch,
Dutch British
Bombay – Britain
Indo Sarascenic architecture:

Found its way into public buildings like railway stations,

stations banks and insurance
buildings, educational institutions, clubs and museums.

Indo- Saracenic architecture- a synthesis of Muslim designs and Indian

materials developed by British architects, during the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries.
centuries

the hybrid combined diverse architectural elements of Hindu and Mughal with
gothic cusped arches, domes, spires, tracery, minarets and stained glass, in a
wonderful, almost playful manner.

Leading Practitioners:
Robert fellowes Chisholm, Henry Irwin, william Emerson, Fredrick Stevens

Characteristics:
Onion (Bulbous) Domes Overhanging
Eaves
Pointed Arches, Cusped Arches, or
Scalloped Arches
V lt d Roofs
Vaulted R f
Domed Kiosks
Many Miniature Domes, or Domed Chhatris
Towers or Minarets
Harem Windows Open Pavilions
Pierced Open Arcading
Cities with
indo sarascenic architecture

Buildings with Indo Sarascenic Style:

Writers building- Calcutta
Law Courts, Chepauk Palace- Madras
Napier Museum – Trivandrum
Prince of Wales Museum, victoria terminus – bombay
Luteyens buildings - Delhi
COLONIAL URBANISM in INDIA
CASE STUDY - CHENNAI
Formerly known as Madras, Capital of TN, India’s fourth largest City.
Located in coromandel coast of Bay of Bengal
400 old city
y
History –
ENGLISH East India Company – British Raj – Late 20th Century.
Manufacturing Hub of India.
Modern cityy of chennai arose from merging
g g the native villages
g and european
p
settlements around f Fort St. George. Collectively called as Madras.
Origin of Chennai – colonial City, important artificial harbour, trading centre.
Founder – Francis Day, Andrew Cogan, portugese . They established a small
fortified settlement.
It was Invaded by the English, who set up the East India Company..and had
their settlement. The Area came to be known as Fort St. George settlement or
the white town.
The non Europen settlements were called as black town.
White town and black town together were called as Madras
During the 17th century, chennai found a steady development, thanks to East India Company
During the governorship of Ehilu Yale, Institution of Mayor & corporation of chennai was
formed .
Confisticated villages of chennai
Madarasapattinam, Narimedu Triplicane Tiruvottiyur Kottivakkam Nungambakkam
Egmore Purasawalkam Tondiarpet Chintadripet Vepery Mylapore Chennapatnam.

In 18th century, Madras became an important British naval base & administrative centre .  
p y
Madras was the capital of the Madras Presidency, also called Madras Province. 
Consequently, they expanded the control of the company by encompassing the 
neighbouring villages of Triplicane, Egmore, Purasawalkam and Chetpet to form the city of 
Chennapatnam, as it was called by locals. 

Development of Trade

The development of a harbour in Madras led the city to become an important centre for 
trade between India and Europe in the 18th century.

Spencer's started as a small business in 1864 and went on to become the biggest 
department stores in Asia at the time. The city’s major economic activity was entirely based 
on the sea and other small scale industries inside the city. 

Development of institutions and public amenities

Development of Railway station, High Court, Educational Institution and other major
administrative and commercial buildings had taken Chennai to its new heights.

In the 1900’s Chennai acquired the status of a city due to its increased population growth and
advancements in terms of infrastructure and aminities.

On the whole, the colonial rule provoked the growth of Chennai to a multi potential city
which attracted people from all over TamilNadu for the past 40-50 years.
General Post Office Building
Senate House - Madras university
Conclusion
The concept of colonialism started in 1492 when Columbus went in search of India,
India but
accidently discovered America.
The colonial rule impacted the whole world, creating a new settlement - the creation of a
new religion - the creation of a new country.
Colonial India had contributed to the modern India & in the growth of Mega cities like
Mumbai, Chennai etc
The Imperialism of the British over the entire world has resulted the tremendous
improvement in trade and commerce
There wouldn’t have been a Megacity like Mumbai or Chennai if colonial rule hadnt
existed.
URBAN SPACES IN MODERN CITIES -

CHANDIGARGH
GANDHINAGAR
BHUBANESWAR

CITY PLANNING CONCEPT -

MADURAI – TEMPLE TOWN

MUGHAL CITY FORM
BHUBANESWAR – CITY PLANNING
CHANDIGARH – CITY PLANNING
GANDHINAGAR – CITY PLANNING
MADURAI – TEMPLE TOWN – CITY PLANNING
SHAHAJAHANABAD – MUGHALCITY FORM
 E N D    O F     U N I T     II

PPT BY S.HARINI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, MCE, KK NAGAR, 2018-2019

 URBAN DESIGN
UNIT - III

PPT BY S.HARINI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, MCE, KK NAGAR, 2018-2019

 INTRODUCTION
IMAGE OF A TOWNSHIP
CONSIDERING
STREETS AND OPEN SPACES
STREETS
OPEN SPACES
HOW TO PERCEIVE A SPACE?

KEVIN LYNCH
GORDON CULLEN
ALDO ROSSI
WILLIAM WHYTE
JANE JACOBS
 KEVIN LYNCH

INTRODUCTION
Image of the city is a book written by Kevin Andrew Lynch a well
known city planner and designer, graduated from MIT
( Massachusetts Institute of Technology), and a professor there after.

Lynchh describes
L d ib a five
fi year study
t d ini his
hi famous
f book
b k „Image
I off the
th
City‟, that reveals about, what elements in a built structure of a city
are important in the perception of the city.

KEVIN A. LYNCH (1918-1984)

( )
Born in the 20th century.
Educated at the Yale university, Rensseleaer Polytechnic Institute and
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Gained professorship in MIT in the year 1963.
Eventually earned professor emeritus status from same.
same
Consulted to the state of Rhode island, new England medical Centre,
Boston redevelopment authority, Puerto Rico industrial development
corp., MIT planning office, and other organizations.

BOOKS

1. What time is this place?

2. 2. City sense and city design : wittings and projects
3
3. Good city form
4. Managing the sense of a region
5. Site planning
6. Wasting away
7. Image of the city
LYNCH’s APPROACH TO READING A CITY

• A city is constructed in space, but of a vast scale.

• A city is described with it‟s surroundings and elements.

• Explains that people‟s perception of the city is important.

• Going through a city from the viewers mind is “image of the city”.

• Elements like nodes, paths, districts, edges, landmarks make a city.

• To make a visual p
plan (map).
( p)

• Analyzing the forms and public areas. Understand problems, opportunities

and use them in designing a city.

CONCEPT OF LEGIBILITY

It is said to be the ease with which people

understand the layout of a place.
To understand the layout of the city, people
make a mental map, which contains mental
images of the city constrains. ( varies from
every individual)

ELEMENTS OF THE CITY DEFINED BY LYNCH :

Along with actual city, mental

representations contain many
man
unique elements.

PATHS, EDGES, DISTRICTS,

LANDMARKS NODES
LANDMARKS,
CONCEPT OF IMAGEABILITY

• It is the q
quality
y of pphysical
y object,
j , which gives
g a observer a strongg
vivid image.
• High imageable city would be well formed if it contain distinct paths.
• They should be instantly recognizable.
• Well formed city is highly dependent upon the elements because, that
would help the viewers make their city imageable.
• Remembering your city on images is meaningful. E.g: Well designed
paths include special lighting, clarity of direction, etc. Similarly with
nodes, landmarks, districts, edges.
• These elements placed in good form, increase human ability to see and
remember patterns and it is these patterns which make easier to learn.

Circles represent the major elements of the city through Which the image
of the city has been derived from the people.
MENTAL MAPPING
CREATING A MENTAL MAP
A person's perception of the world is known as a mental map.
• A mental map is an individual's own map of their known world.
• Mentall maps off individuals
i di id l can be
b investigated
i i d.
• By asking for directions to a landmark or other location.
• By asking someone to draw a sketch map of an area or describe that
area
y asking
• By g a pperson to name as manyy places
p as ppossible in a short
period of time.
MENTAL MAPS CAN BE EVALUATED BY:
• In terms of identity, what makes this particular image unique among cities,
structure.
• How the image is spatially formed and meaning.
• What values are attached to the image through which one can locate himself.
Every person has a different mental map according to his/her understanding of the
city.
PUBLIC IMAGE

• Each individual holds a unique image of his or her city, a visual

representation that guides through daily life and maps out meaning.
• Researching a sample of these images can help planners describe a
“public image” of their city

HOW TO MAKE PUBLIC IMAGE?

The public image of cities was created in two ways:

1. By interviewing several citizens of cities • Verbal Interview • Making
a quick sketch map
2. 2. By Field study on foot by trained observer

Images gained from the public imageability are used to create a “public
image” of the city i.e. the people‟s view of city.

• These depend upon the elements of the city

• Interviewed images
• Field survey
GORDON CULLEN

Introduction:

Born in the year 1914, in calverly, England. died in 1994.

English Architect and Urban Designer.
Principles & Theories:

The concise townscape Theory.

British Theories of Urban Design in the post war period.
Pleasures of Observation
Hereness and Thereness
Serial Vision
Focal Point and Content

Techniques:

His techniques consisted largely of sketchy drawings that conveyed a

particularly clear understanding of his ideas, and these had a considerable
influence on subsequent architectural illustration styles. He also illustrated
several books by other various authors, before writing his own book - based on
the idea of Townscape - in 1961.
Books: Awards
medal from The American Institute of Architects.
The Concise Townscape Honarary Fellow of RIBA 1972
RDI for illustration and Townscape
TOWNSCAPE - DEFINITION
tTown scape is to the effect that one building is architecture but two buildings
townscape. Such problems as relation ship between the buildings and the
space between the buildings immediately assume importance.develop
townscape qualities to the full for the advantages of urban living ,with full
deveopment of urbanity largely deendent upon a degree of compact close
relationship of town elements.
TOWN SCAPE ELEMENTS
To walk from one end of the plan to the another ,set a uniform pace ,will provide a
sequence of serial vision
Theme of the townscape

•Firstly, there is the concept of creating a place. Cullen points out the physical and
visual elements which allow us to canonise public space.
• Secondly, he introduces the concept of serial vision which illustrates that the
individual's reception of spatial information is the constant play off between the
existing view and the emerging view as the observer moves through urban space.
• Thirdly, he formulates a casebook of these design devices such as 'juxtaposition' or
'immediacy' which cause us to interact either emotionally or actively with the
environment

It is for this reason that Cullen developed the concept of serial vision. This
method of representation can be used as a tool for surveying, analyzing and
designing. A serial vision is a series of sketches that represent the changes and
constrasts in the character of the built environment that one experiences when
moving around the city.

OCCUPIED TERRITORY Shade ,shelter amenity and convinience

are the usual causes of possession.this possesion includes
floorscape,posts,canopies,enclaves,focal points and enclosures.
VISCOSITY Where there is a mixture of static possession and possession in
movement- the formation of groups chatting ,of slow window –shoppers people
selling news papers and so on.
ENCLAVE; The interior open to exterior and having free and diret access from
one to other is seen here as an accessible place or room out of the main
directional stream.
ENCLOSURE ; it is uniit of the precinctual pattern outside the noise and speed
of impersonal communication
 Serial Vision

Serial Vision is to walk from one end of the plan to another, at a uniform pace,
will provide a sequence of revelations which are suggested in the serial
drawings opposite, reading from left to right.

Content

Content concerned with the intrinsic quality of the various subdivisions of the
environment, and start with the great landscape categories of metropolis,
town, arcadia, park, industrial, arable and wild nature.

Focal Point

Focal point is the idea of the town as a place of assembly, of social

intercourse, of meeting, was taken for granted throughout the whole of human
civilization up to the twentieth century.

Here and There

The practical result of so articulating

the town into identifiable parts is that
no sooner do we create a HERE than
we have to admit a THERE,
THERE and it is
precisely in the manipulation of these
two spatial concepts that a large part
of urban drama arises.

Man-made enclosure,, if onlyy of the

simplest kind, divides the
environment into HERE and
THERE. On this side of the arch, in
Ludlow, we are in the present,
uncomplicated and direct world, our
world. The other side is different,
having in some small way a life of its
own (a with-holding).
ALDO ROSSI

Introduction:
Born in the year 1931 in Milan, Italy. died in 1997.
Italian Architect, Theorist, Product Designer.

Principles & Theories:

Modernism
Neo Rationalism
Post Modernism

‘Caught between the classical world and the industrial world’

“One can say that the city itself is the collective memory of its people, and like
memory it is associated with objects and places. The city is the locus of the
collective memory.”
He achieved international recognition in four distinct areas: theory, drawing,
architecture and product design.

Books:

The Architecture of the city

A scientific AutoBiography
Aldo Rossi: Architect
Aldo Rossi: projects and drawings
Aldo Rossi: Architecture
Awards:

He was the first Italian to receive the

Pritzker Prize for architecture.
SAN CATALDO CEMETERY Modena Italy
TEATRO DEL MONDO Venice, Italy
SCHOLASTIC BUILDING, Soho NewYork
arch critic Paul Goldberger, for one, has described the
b ildi as one that
building h ""will
ill teachh generations
i off
architects the proper way to respond to historic contexts."
JANE JACOBS

Introduction:

Born on May 4, 1916 in Scranton, US.

Her mother, Bess Robison Butzner a teacher and nurse. Her father, John Decker
Butzner, was a physician.

After graduation, Jane worked for a local newspaper.

American and Canadian writer and activist Jane Jacobs transformed the field of
urban planning with her writing about American cities

Principles:
p

Cities as living ecosystems.

Resistance to replacement of urban communities with high rise buildings
Loss of community to expressways
Founder of the New Urbanist movement (Along with Lewis Mumford)

Books:

The economy off cities

Th iti
Death and life of Great American Cities
Dark Age Ahead
Systems of Survival
The question of Separatism
Ideologies':

• Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only

because and only when,
because, when they are created by everybody.
everybody

• Jacobs four principles for a city as a vibrant system, maintaining sidewalk

ballets:

• A street or district must serve several pprimaryy functions

• Blocks must be short
• Buildings must vary in age, condition, use and rentals.
• Population must be dense.

• To have place based, community centred approach to urban planning.

• Clear demarcation between public and private spaces.
• There must be eyes upon the street, eyes belonging to those we might call
natural proprietors of the street. The buildimgs on the street equipped to handle
strangers and to ensure the safety of both residents and strangers, oriented to
the street.
• Side walks must be fairly continuous and to have users on it.

Jacobs argued for:

-Cities as Ecosystems
-Mixed use Development
-Bottom – up Community planning
-The case for Hogher Density.

THE BOOK:
DEATH AND LIFE OF GREAT AMERICAN CITIES:
• Cities and places that Jane Jacobs discusses:
New York
Boston
Philadelphia
Chicago
WHILLIAM WHYTE

Introduction:

Born on 1 st October 1917, Westchester, pennysylvania, US.

William Hollingsworth "Holly" Whyte.
Died on 12th January, 1999.

American urbanist, organizational analyst, journalist and people-watcher

Principles:

Pedestrian Behaviour and city dynamics.

Street life and human behaviour in urban settings

Belief:

He always believed that the greatest lesson the

city has to offer us is the idea that we are all in
it together, for better or for worse.

Books:

The Social Life of small urban spaces

City: rediscovering the center
The organization man
The last landscape
The Essential
City Of Doha, Qatar
His other
observations

A “sighting map” from William H. Whyte’s The Social Life of Small Urban
Spaces, produced in five minutes by counting each man (x) and woman (o)
sitting in a New York City park
OTHER TERMINOLOGIES
Place

Sense of Place

Genius Loci

City as an Artefact
PLACE & GENIUS LOCI

In Roman mythology a Genius loci was the protective spirit of a place. In

contemporary usage, "genius
genius loci"
loci usually refers to a location's
location s distinctive
atmosphere, or a "spirit of place". The concept of "genius loci" has been discussed
in modern architecture, but still is much underestimated.

While spirit of place/genius loci was originally, and to some people still is, closely
associated with beliefs about the sacred character of places
places, it has been increasingly
secularized.

It is the spirit (or soul) of place as “the unique, distinctive and cherished aspects
off place.”
l ”

The term “sense of place” is often,, used to mean much the sense of place is the
lens through which people experience and make meaning of their experiences in
and with place
HISTORIC READING OF THE CITY AND ITS ARTEFACTS
Discuss / weite
/ about the following:
g

1. Introduction – city as an artefact
2. Geologic/Geographic  / socioeconomic Influences
3. Brief  of landscape and vegetation – picturesque of 
the city
the city
4. Streets  & lanes, roads, avenues , boulevards –
character‐
imageability, legibility – principles of way finding, 
1. Life on streets
2. Urban shards – remains surviving from the past 
which make up the character of that place ‐
permanence
3. Historical monuments / wonders which add to the 
p
sense of that place – serial vision, continuity with 
, y
respect to timeline etc.
4. genius loci and sense of place.
5. City as a collective memory. 

• Justify / explain the above points with a case study
Justify / explain the above points with a case study
• Cite architects name where ever applicable. 
 E N D    O F     U N I T     I I I

PPT BY S.HARINI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, MCE, KK NAGAR, 2018-2019

 URBAN DESIGN
UNIT - IV

PPT BY S.HARINI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, MCE, KK NAGAR, 2018-2019

INTRODUCTION
UNDERSTANDINGAND INTERPRETING
OF URBAN PROBLEMS / ISSUES
Introduction
The promise of jobs and prosperity, among other factors, pulls people to cities.
Half of the global population already lives in cities, and by 2050 two-thirds of
the world's people are expected to live in urban areas. But in cities two of the
most pressing problems facing the world today also come together: poverty and
environmental degradation.
g
Poor air and water quality, insufficient water availability, waste-disposal
problems, and high energy consumption are exacerbated by the increasing
population density and demands of urban environments. Strong city planning
will be essential in managing these and other difficulties as the world's urban
areas swell.

Threats
1. Intensive urban growth can lead to greater poverty, with local
governments unable to provide services for all people.
2. Concentrated energy use leads to greater air pollution with significant
impact on human health
health.
3. Automobile exhaust produces elevated lead levels in urban air.
4. Large volumes of uncollected waste create multiple health hazards.
5. Urban development can magnify the risk of environmental hazards
such as flash flooding.
6. Pollution and pphysical
y barriers to root ggrowth ppromote loss of urban
tree cover.
7. Animal populations are inhibited by toxic substances, vehicles, and
the loss of habitat and food sources

Solutions
1. Combat poverty by promoting economic development and job creation.
2. Involve local community in local government.
3. Reduce air pollution by upgrading energy use and alternative transport
systems.
4. Create private-public partnerships to provide services such as waste
di
disposall andd housing.
h i
5. Plant trees and incorporate the care of city green spaces as a key element
in urban planning.
PLACE MAKING AND IDENTITY
IDENTITY, MORPHOLOGY

JAIPUR – A CASE STUDY

PLACE MAKING AND IDENTITY
Placemaking is a multi-faceted approach to the planning, design and
management of public spaces. Placemaking capitalizes on a local community
community'ss
assets, inspiration, and potential, with the intention of creating public spaces
that promote people's health, happiness, and well being. It is political due to the
nature of place identity.

Placemaking is both a process and a philosophy that makes use of urban design
principles. It can be either official and government led, or community driven
grass roots tactical urbanism, such as extending sidewalks with chalk, paint,
and planters, or open streets events such as Bogotá, Colombia's Ciclovía. Good
placemaking makes use of underutilized space to enhance the urban experience
at the pedestrian scale.

A diagram displaying an artists rendering of different examples of placemaking

that architects and planners use to enhance pedestrian experiences.

MORPHOLOGY
Urban morphology is the study of the form of human settlements and the process
of their formation and transformation.

Urban morphology seeks to understand the spatial structure and character of an

urban area by examining its patterns and the process of its development.
JAIPUR – CASE STUDY
URBAN SPRAWL
URBAN SPRAWL
TYPES OF URBAN SPRAWL
CAUSES OF URBAN SPRAWL

EFFECTS OF URBAN SPRAWL

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
GENERIC CITY AND INCOHERENCE
 THE GENERIC CITY:

“The generic city is the city liberated from the captivity of centre, from the
straitjacket of identity. The generic city breaks with the destructive cycle of
dependence: it is nothing but a reflection of present need and present ability.
It is the city without history."
Rem Koolhaas, 'The Generic City', 1994
The generic structure of urban form is a hierarchy of levels related part to whole
Examples:
Jaipur, Pondicherry, London, Venice

URBAN BLIGHT

Urban decay (also known as urban rot and urban blight) is the process by
which a previously functioning city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair and
decrepitude.

URBAN FRINGE

The rural–urban fringe, also known as the outskirts, rurban, peri-urban or

theurban hinterland, can be described as the "landscape interface between town
andd country",
" or also
l as the
h transition
i i zone where
h urbanb andd rurall uses mix
i andd
often clash.

COHESIVENESS AND INCOHESIVENESS

Generic city - without proper planning principles and urban development

control - Incoherence

Generic city - with proper planning principles and urban development control –
cohesive city

Reason for incoherence- lack of planning controls and lack of proper policy
implementations.
INCOHERENCE IN INDIAN CITIES
Anywhere in India - the unfinished edge –the poor crafting the edge of a road,
the lack of definition of the pavement, have become the emblematic of physical
state of Indian cities.

Lack of urban design controls for

new development
produces incoherent city form and
destroys the structure and identity
of historic city centres
COHESIVE INDIAN CITIES

PUDHUCHERRY

JAIPUR
REASONS FOR INCOHERENCE
PRIVATISED PUBLIC REALM
EFFECTS OF PRIVATISED PUBLIC REALM

TYPES OF PPP
1. Design And Build
2. Build-operate -Transfer
3. Design-build-finance-operate-transfer
4. Build -Own-operate
5
5. Build own operate transfer
Build-own-operate-transfer
6. Build-lease-operate-transfer
7. Finance Only
ROLE OF REAL ESTATE IN
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
E X T R A C T S    F R O M :
GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALISATION
The Concept of Globalisation. Globalisation refers to the process of the
intensification of economic,
economic political,
political social and cultural relations across
international boundaries. It is principally aimed at the transcendental
homogenization of political and socio-economic theory across the globe.

CAUSES OF GLOBALISATION

NEGATIVE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION

POSITIVE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION

PROCESS OF GLOBALISATION
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people,
companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by
international trade and investment .Likewise, for centuries, people and
corporations
i h
have i
invested
d in
i enterprises
i in i other
h countries.
i

IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION
IMPACTS OF GLOBALISATION
• Cities now compete with one another on a global scale to attract financial investment
and the well-educated and mobile workforces. Theyy have become centers for socio-
economic development as well as sites for promoting global commerce.
• The impact of globalization on urban planning is also related to the change in the
realm of politics.

• Urbanization is one of the negative impacts of the globalization and integration of

economies.
economies

• Globalisation leads to urbanisation. According to the United Nations Center for

Human Settlements, in 1900 there were only four cities with a population over 100,000
or more and in 1961 there were 141 cities and today the world urban population is
increasing at the rate of 1.3 per cent per annum in the period 1995-2000 (Oucho, 2001;
Toffler 1970).
Toffler, 1970)

• The increased economic investment and proliferation in infrastructure development

projects are exerting enormous pressure on the existing resources and the capacity of
the cities to accommodate this unprecedented growth.

• Other
h detrimental
d i l consequences include
i l d poverty, housing
h i shortage,
h inefficient
i ffi i andd
inequitable delivery of infrastructure services, economic inequality, social exclusion
and poor quality local environments.

• Globalization has increased the disparities between the developed or the rich and the
poor nations. The developing countries, for example African countries seem to be
excluded from the technologically advanced, information based economy of the world
system. At the same time, there is also an increasing social and economic disparity
within the urban areas in the developed countries- the high skilled workers are in a
better position than before with the advent of high-technology jobs and there has not
been a proportional increase for the low- skilled workforce.

• In terms of spatial geography, there has also been a change in the patterns of
industrial locations.

• There has been a change in the spatial division of labour and techniques of
production where the different stages of production could be divided according to
specific features and specializations of different regions and their workforce.
workforce The
management of this system being administered with the help of telecommunications
and the information technology industries.
GLOBALISATION AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
IDEAS OF SUSTAINABILITY
SUSTAINABLE URBAN DESIGN

Compact, walkable places are the most sustainable form of living. ...
Urban design principles and practices bring together the ideas and plans to
create enjoyable places to live, work and play while greatly reducing energy
use.

Designing away the need for cars is the most important step in
creating
ti sustainable
t i bl places.
l

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A SUSTAINABLE CITY

1) A
Access tto public
bli resources. ...
2) Urban renewal actions. ...
3) Reduction of CO2 emissions. ...
4) Favouring ethical consumption. ...
5) Reduce, reuse and recycle.

What is sustainable urban development?

Sustainable development
p has been defined as development
p that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs. ... Several themes common to all definitions
of sustainable urban development have emerged: A change in the quality of
growth

What is urban sustainability?

Urban sustainability is the idea that a city can be organised without excessive
reliance on the surrounding countryside and be able to power itself with
renewable sources of energy. ... However cities also offer opportunities; humans
are social creatures.
BEST IDEAS FOR SUSTAINABLE CITY LIVING

1.
PEDESTRIAN
POWERED
ELECTRICITY

2.
ARTIFICIAL
TREES
TO SCRUB
THE AIR
3. ALWAYS
ON TRACK
WITH
LOUDSPEAKERS

4. TASTY &
HEALTHY
SHARED DINNER
WITH FOODISCH
5. GET FIT IN
- - AND WITH
- - NATURE

6. TILES FOR
CLIMATE
CHANGE
7. BRILLIANT
BOLLARDS

8. FOOD FOR
THE
ENVIRONMENT
9. CLEANING UP
URBAN TRAVEL

10. FUEL UP AT
LAMP POST
11. ADAPTYNG
TO
SMARTPHONES

12. SMARY PHONE

TRAILS
THROUGH THE
CITY
13.
TRAFFICLIGHTS
EMBEDDED IN
TARMAC
HERITAGE AND URBAN CONSERVATION
A CASE STUDY OF PONDICHERRY
URBAN RENEWAL
URBAN RENEWAL
A continuous process of remodelling older parts of urban areas, including their
central business areas by means of rehabilitation and conservation as well as
redevelopment.
The displacement of an existing low income population, creating space for more
profitable office, commercial and luxury residential development or the provision
of transport facilities.

IMPORTANCE OF URBAN RENEWAL

• urban areas are becoming larger and older, so more and more renewal of urban
fabric has to take place.
• large quantities of urban land and buildings are abandoned and left dilapidated.

ROOTS OF URBAN RENEWAL

Term ‘Urban Renewal’ is American in Origin
It emerged in the late 1940s (post-war) as an attempt to revitalize central cities.
Site clearance p
program
g remained in ppractice until 1960s.
Other emerging approaches came into practice afterwards

BASIC CONCEPTS
• Urban Renewal programs are generally undertaken by public authorities or by
local governments.
governments
• The emphasis is on those parts which have fallen below current standards of
public acceptability. These are commonly to be found in:
1. The residential parts of inner city
2. The Central business district itself.
• Indicators for residential parts of inner cities are:
1. Inadequate housing
2. Environmental degradation
3. Presence of non conforming uses.
• Indicators for Central Business Districts are:
1. Traffic problem
2. congestion
3. Presence of dilapidated buildings
POLICIES/ APPROACHES
Slum Clearance
Demolition of dilapidated
p dwellings
g located in a slum - an area of Sub-
Standard, overcrowded housing occupied by poor immigrants.

Redevelopment
The demolition of an existing building and its replacement by a new building

Rehabilitation
The repair and improvement of existing structurally sound property.

Housing Improvement
Improvements of dwellings by provision of essential basic amenities

Conservation
To retain intact or unchanged. Also meant as “ preservation”

Environmental improvements
Main emphasis is to improve environmental conditions

Economic Renewal
Improvement of econemic condituons of dwellers

URBAN RENEWAL PROJECTS

Redevelopment projects
Economic development strategies
Housing loans and other financial tools
Streetscape improvements
Transportation enhancement
Historic preservation projects
Parks and open spaces
URBAN RENEWAL – FLOW CHART
CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES
TO URBAN DESIGN
1

THE IDEA OF URBAN CATALYST

WHAT IS AN URBAN CATALYST
Urban catalysts are new redevelopment strategies comprised of a series of
projects that drive and guide urban development. ... The difference between
the urban catalyst and these redevelopment strategies is
that catalytic redevelopment is a holistic approach, not a clean-slate approach,
to revitalizing the urban fabric.
PRINCIPLES

EXAMPLES
Temporary use as a catalyst
Architecture as a catalyst

Milwaukee – A case study

CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES TO
URBAN DESIGN
2

TRANSPORTATION & ZONING

TRANSIT METROPOLIS - TOD
 TRANSIT METROPOLIS
A Transit metropolis is an urbanized region with high-quality public
transportation services and settlement patterns that are conducive to riding
public
bli transit.
i Transiti metropolisi is
i a region
i where
h a 'workable
' k bl fit'
fi ' exists
i
between transit services and urban form.

Transit Metropolis is one where enough travellers opt for transit riding, by
virtue of workabletransit-land use nexus, to place a region on a sustainable
course.
WHAT IS TOD ?
A Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is the creation of compact, walkable,
mixed-use communities centered around high quality transit system especially
the BRTs and MRTs.
Factors driving the trend towards the TOD are :
1. Rapidly growing traffic congestion nation-wide
2. Rapidly growing pollution due to motorized vehicle
3. Growing desire for quality urban lifestyle
4 Growing desire for more walkable lifestyles away from traffic
4.
5. Changes in family structures: more singles, empty-nesters, etc
6. Growing national support for Smart Growth
The goals of Transit Oriented Development are to:
1. Reduce private vehicle dependency and promote public transport use
through design, policy and enforcement
2. Provide public transport access to the maximum number of people
through densification and multimodal connectivity

Principles of TOD
The 8 Principles of TOD standard for designing better streets & better cities:

1. Walk - Develop neighborhoods that promote walking

2. Cycle - Prioritize non-motorized transport networks
3. Connect - Create dense networks of streets and paths
4. Transit - Locate development
p near high-quality
g q y public
p transport
p
5. Mix - Plan for mixed use
6. Densify -| Optimize density and transit capacity
7. Compact - Create regions with short commutes
8. Shift - Increase mobility by regulating parking and road use
ADVANTAGES OF TOD
The advantages of Transit Oriented Development are:

Higher quality of life

Better places to live, work, and play
Greater mobility with ease of moving around
Increased transit ridership
Reduced traffic congestion and driving
Reduced car accidents and injuries
Reduced household spending on transportation, resulting in more affordable housing
Reduced pollution to a great extent

Case study – NAYA RAIPUR, INDIA

CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES
TO URBAN DESIGN
3

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
WHAT IS A COMMUNITY?
A Community is a set of people living together with common interest”
who have the following characteristics:
• Live in the same geographical area
• Share common goals or problems
• Share similar development aspirations
• Have similar
H i il interests
i or social
i l networkk or relationship
l i hi at local
l l level
l l
• Are sociologically and psychologically linked.

WHAT IS PARTICIPATION?
Oxford
O o d ddictionary
c o y de defines
es p
participation
c p o ass
“to have a share in ” or “to take part in”.

WHAT IS COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION?

A pprocess
ocess by wwhich
c peop
peoplee aaree eenabled
ab ed too beco
becomee ac
actively
ve y aandd ge
genuinely
u ey
involved in defining the issues of concern to them, in making decisions about
factors that affect their lives, in formulating and implementing policies, in
planning, developing and delivering services and in taking action to
achieve change’

AIMS OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

1. The community develops self-reliance
2. The community develops critical awareness
3. The community develops problem solving skills
4. Inclusive communities
5. Health and wellbeing of the community.

WHY IS COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IMPORTANT?

“As an individual I could do nothing. As a
group we could find a way to solve each other’s
problems”.
Types of Participation:
• Passive – (Manipulation)
• Active – (consultation)
• Involvement – (Community control)

Passive Participation:

In this type of participation, individuals or families are mere spectators

Active Participation:

yp of p
In this type participation,
p , theyy mayy be carrying
y g out some tasks in a pprogramme
g
but are not involved with the final decision making in what is to be done. The final
decision in such cases are made by people who are not members of the community
in such situations, the community does not develop a sense of self-reliance.

Community
y Participation
p and Involvement:

In this type of participation, the community is involved in all aspect of a

programme. This type of approach enables the community to participate willingly
to improve its own status.It is important for a community to participate in every
stage of the programme for it to have long lasting results i.e., thinking, planning,
acting and evaluating.
Community participation and involvement empowers or enables the
community to make informed decisions in matters affecting their development

APPROACH TO COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

Top Down Approach
Bottom Up Approach

bottom - up Approach:
In this approach members of the community make decisions.
Top - down Approach:

• IN traditional approach, the decisions are made by senior persons, the so

called “experts”.
experts .
• Research may be carried out through surveys to what the community thinks
or believes to be the problem, but in the end it’s usually the workers who
makes the decisions on what goes into the programme based on the defined
needs.

TYPES OF COMMUNITY GROUPS

Self help Groups

Run by people for their own benefits e.g. co- operatives, church saccos etc

Pressure Groups
A group of self-appointed citizens taking action on what they see to be the
interests of the whole community putting on pressure to improve the school, get
garbage collected, do something about a dangerous road etc.

Traditional Organizations
E.g Njuri Njeke in (Meru), these are well established groups, usually meeting the
needs of a particular section of the community, others rotary, club, mothers union
parent- teacher associations, and church groups

Welfare Groups
Exist to improve the welfare of a group; merry go round, feeding programmes etc.

DEGREE OF
COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION
DEGREE OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

• Co-option
• Token
T k involvement
i l t off local
l l people
l
• Representatives are chosen, but have no real input or power
• Compliance
• Tasks are assigned, with INCENTIVES
• Outsiders
id decide
d id agenda
d andd direct
di the
h process
• Consultation
• Local opinions are asked
• Outsiders analyze and decide on a course of action.

• Cooperation
• Local people work together with outsiders to
determine priorities
• Responsibility remains with outsiders for directing the process
• Co-learning
• Local people and outsiders share their knowledge to create new
understanding
• Local people and outsiders work together to form action plans with
outsiders facilitation

ADVANTAGES OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

• Justification for community participation come from a variety of sources,
including lessons learned from the failures of conventional top- down
planning as well as the achievement of community based programmes.

• Providing an open forum for the community to discuss its problems and
find indigenous solutions which may be efficient and economical.

• Making people aware of their needs.

• Results in better decisions
• People are more likely to implement the decisions that they made themselves
rather than the decisions imposed on them.
• Motivation is frequently enhanced by setting up of goals during the
participatory decision making process.

• Participation improves communication and cooperation.

• Identification and development of the local resources, thereby generating self

reliance among the community.
community

• To develop local leaders who can further educate and mobilise the people in
the area.
• People may learn new skills through participation; leadership
potential
t ti l may be
b identified
id tifi d andd developed.
d l d
• Higher achievement at a lower cost.
DISADVANTAGES OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
• Participation does not occur automatically. It is a process. It involves time.
Hence it may lead to delayed start of a project.
project

• In a bottom-up participation process, we have to move along the path decided by

the local people. This entails an increased requirement of material as well as
human resources.
• Participation leads to decentralization of power. People at the top
should be ready and willing to share power with the people.
• Participation sometimes develop dependency syndrome.

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION CYCLE

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION - CASE STUDY

Project: Superkilen
Copenhagen,
Denmark

Urban Park
355 000 SQ FT
355,000

Project Summary:
Superkilen is a 355,000 square foot urban park in Copenhagen. It was designed
through an intense public participation process with the surrounding
community, representing the voices of more than 60 nationalities in one of the
most ethnically and economically diverse neighborhoods in Denmark.

The project includes a variety of features to support physical activity and

community gathering, including swings, monkey bars, a boxing ring, slides,
punching bags, skateboard ramps, and a bicycle lane that runs through the entire
site.

Superkilen encourages adults and kids alike to be more active while celebrating
the diversity of the neighborhood.
neighborhood This project was awarded the 2013 AIA
National Award for Regional & Urban Design.
 The park is conceptually divided into three different zones of activity: the Red
Square is an area for sports, cultural activities, and a weekly marketplace; the
Black Square
q is the “urban livingg room” where locals can meet and p playy
chess; and the Green Park is a green landscape and playground where
families with children can meet for picnics, sunbathing, and breaks in the grass.

Active Design Highlights:

•Superkilen
S kil accommodates
d a diverse
di range off ages, interests,
i andd abilities
bili i with
ih
activities ranging from highly active sports (e.g. basketball, boxing, biking), to
more leisurely activities (e.g. picnicking, chess, shopping at the weekly market.)

•The public participation

process ensured that the
space is responsive to the
many cultures represented
in the neighborhood. In an
area that is known for its
wealth
wea t of
o diverse
d ve se
nationalities, the park has
become a peaceful meeting
ground where everyone
can feel proud of their
cultural heritage and
participate in group
activities.

•The site encourages

bicycling. Well-marked
bik lanes
bike l and
d a variable
i bl
terrain help minimize
conflicts between
cyclists and other park
users.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN THIS PROJECT

For the design of the urban furniture and outdoor activities, the design team
proposed public participation as the driving force for design.
design

Instead of designing standard street furniture, local inhabitants were invited

through various channels to propose specific objects for the park, such as
trees, benches, playgrounds, lamps, bins, etc. Given that the majority of local
residents are of Muslim and/or Middle-Eastern background, Superkilen was
not only designed for, but also with the input of, Muslims, in collaboration
with the broader community Because such participatory processes often leave
some groups out, SUPERFLEX took this participatory process a step further;
in five exemplary cases, the artists conducted the “Participation Extreme,”
asking young and elderly people what they would choose for the park if they
could
ld choose
h anything
thi they
th want. t

Subsequently, the artists travelled with residents to Thailand, Spain, Palestine,

USA and Jamaica to research and find these objects. By tapping into local
intelligence, this approach was meant to invite users to articulate their needs.

The public participation was meant to reflect the culturally diverse landscape
of the Nørrebro neighbourhood. Finally, the objects were meant to create
relationships between the residents and visitors, and to promote a sense of
ownership of the park among the residents though emotional connectivity. The
arrangement of selected objects was then curated throughout the three zones
of the park, creating an exhibition of best practices in urban furniture from
different parts of the world.
 E N D    O F     U N I T     I V

PPT BY S.HARINI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, MCE, KK NAGAR, 2018-2019

 UNIT V

PPT BY S.HARINI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, MCE, KK NAGAR, 2018-2019

INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES
1. SEOUL URBAN RENEWAL:
CHEONGGYECHEON STREAM RESTORATION

2. COPENHAGEN,
2 COPENHAGEN DENMARK:
URBAN RENEWAL AND URBAN SUSTAINABILITY
SEOUL URBAN RENEWAL: CHEONGGYECHEON
STREAM RESTORATION

SEOUL , SOUTH KOREA

INTRODUCTION

Cheonggyecheon Stream has been transformed into a 10.9 km (7.0 miles)

modern public recreation space in downtown Seoul.

•Seoul Downtown - economic centre and vibrant business district

•Elevated highway covered the stream - artery for transport and logistics.

•Thee ove
overpass
pass dete
deteriorated,
o ated, many
a y sa
safety
ety issues
ssues were
we e identified.
de t ed.

•There was a need growing for eco-friendly urban renewal strategy to keep up
with social changes, shifting economic focus and changing residential pattern.
•Seoul Metropolitan Government undertook a major urban renewal project
including the restoration of the stream.

•The aim of the project - restore weak public space, create waterfront in downtown
area, restore historical aspects, improve the environment, revitalize the city by
attracting more business activities and in turn private investment and encourage
citizens to relocate.

•The project is highly successful,

successful strengthening the resilience of the eco-system
eco system
and providing a useful green space for the citizens. This project was awarded the
'Sustainable Transport Award' in 2006
CITY INFORMATION

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

1. Safety issue of the elevated highway

•Safety issue triggered the initial discussions

•The structure of the covering road and the elevated highway was deteriorating
causing serious safety risks since the 1990s.
• A study conducted by the Korean Society of Civil Engineers in 1991-92
found corrosion of the steel frame inside the highway and structural flaws in its
upper plate and repair work was conducted for a 2-kilometer
2 kilometer sector of it.
it
•The 30-year-old road covering Cheonggyecheon required substantial amounts of
money for continuing maintenance and repair.
•Another safety checkup conducted from August 2000 to May 2001 revealed that
cracks and exfoliation persisted in the upper slab, while the load carrying capacity
was insufficient due to the worn-out concrete beams.
•As a result, a full-scale reconstruction was inevitable.
•Reconstruction was estimated to cost 93 billion won over three years.
•In 2001, the city government of Seoul annoucned a plan to demolish the elevated
highway and reconstruct it with work commecing in August 2002.
2. Shift from maintaining the elevated highway to restoring
the stream

•Since
Since the 1960s, development, construction, production and efficiency
have been priorities for the Seoul Metropolitan Government.

•However, starting in the 1990s, the urban planning paradigm shifted to focus on
people, history, nature and environment, as the public consciousness changed
over the course of socio-economic development.

•Discussions on justification, necessity and significance of restoring

Cheonggyechon increase in the late 1990s.

•Restoration became a major topic during the mayoral election campaign in early
2002.
2002

•Over the course of political debate, the direction of the initial plan shifted from
reconstruction of the elevated highway to restoration of the stream.

3. Public-private
p partnership
p p issue

•Cheonggyecheon is a public place, the surrounding area were private properties.

•To include the private properties in the project the budget would not only have
to signficantly increase, it would require time to deal with administrative matters
such as revision of urban plans and compensation.

•The Seoul municipality decided that restoration work itself would exclusively
cover the private land within Cheonggye to ensure the feasibility of the project.

•In this approach

approach, the public and private sectors had to take their respective roles

•Firstly, the city government was to demolish the coverage and the elevated
highway, create an eco-friendly waterfront and restore the historical value of the
stream through public investment.

•The ripple effect of restoration would help revitalization of the downtown and
neighboring area, which will be conducted in partnership with the private sector
in a way that both public and private sectors could benefit.
IMPLEMENTATION
Major components of Cheonggyecheon restoration plan

Factors to consider during restoration - historical, structural and functional

•Historical
Restoration of historical landmarks - old bridges, stoneworks

•Structural
The restored stream - to have enough capacity to deal with floods, as
abnormal rain fall has become more frequent due to climate change.
•Functional
To maintain its previous role for transportation and sewage.

Most of all
all, the project had to create a better natural environment,
environment which was the
biggest aspiration of the citizens. To this end, it was imperative to secure water
supply for the stream, which turned out to be a difficult task.

Restoration of historical values

Restoration of historical values was important in justifying the project and

ensuring citizens' support.
The Seoul municipality agreed to preserve all heritage aspects excavated during
the construction.
The stream be restored entirelyy in its originality.
g y
One of the biggest issues was the restoration of Gwangtonggyo bridge.
There was a strong argument to restore it to its original shape, which required an
extensive work.
In order to secure enough cross-sectional area for the water flow, in other words discharge area,
it was necessary to purchase private lands in the bridge's vicinity, but it was practically
impossible. Insufficient area for discharge would lead to failure in safety and flood control.

The city finally decided to rebuild Gwangtonggyo at a spot 150m away from the original
location to the upstream, in a belief that restoration at the original location will be possible in the
future when a better condition is prepared.

Flood prevention and safety measures

•Safety issue- flood prevention became significant during work process.
•The target flood recurrence interval - 200 years.
•Other 2nd-grade local streams were managed based on 50-year interval
•The city also strived to secure discharge areas by excavating beneath both banks.

Sewerage treatment
•A substantial number of sewerage pipes were buried near Cheonggyecheon,
Cheonggyecheon as
sewage water from the downtown area has traditionally gathered along it. Finding
ways to treat such sewage was a precondition to the restoration.
•Since the existing sewerage system was often combined with the rainwater
collection system before it reached the stream, it was practically impossible to
segregate sewage from
f rainwater.
i Separation
S i between
b them
h was also l inappropriate
i i
because the downtown rainwater flowing into Cheonggyecheon was highly
polluted.
•Therefore, the municipality adopted a double-box system. The sewage would be
treated in a combined system and highly-polluted initial rainfall would be
segregated into a separate pipeline to be treated at the treatment facilities, not
flowing into the stream
Water supply and its quality

•Cheonggyecheon was historically a ephemeral stream.

•It was difficult to draw water from the vicinity, because the underground water
level became lower due to urbanization.
urbanization
•Given that there was no valley water from the upstream, an artificial supply of
water was inevitable to maintain the stream. The Hangang (Han River) and the
groundwater discharged from nearby subway stations were selected as water
sources.
•The Korea Water Resources Corporation
p attempted
p to tax the Seoul municipality
p y
for drawing water from Hangang, but it was eventually discounted by 100% on
the grounds that the water would be used for the public interest.
•As for the water quality, the water treatment was decided as secondary treatment
considering relevant conditions and costs.

FINANCING AND RESOURCES

It also saved approximately KRW 100.4 billion by downsizing less urgent projects
and introducing creative work procedures to enhance efficiency of the city
administration.
The amount was approximately 1% of the total budget of the Seoul municipality,
compared to other waterway restoration projects in Korea and abroad, the
Ch
Cheonggyecheon
h restoration
t ti project
j t was highly
hi hl economical
i l
RESULTS AND IMPACTS
1. Improvement of environment:
• The creation of a wind corridor, reduction of heat island effect, better air
quality and restoration of the natural environment,
quality, environment and reduced traffic volume in
the Cheonggyecheon area significantly reduced the concentration of fine dust
(PM-10), NO2, volatile organic compound (VOC) and other air pollutant, shorty
after the restoration.
• The heat island effect in the downtown area also declined.
• The temperature
p of the Cheonggyecheon
ggy area before the restoration was
2.2℃ higher than the average of Seoul, it declined to 1.3℃ after the restoration,
dropping by 8 to 18%.
• The ecosystem was also restored as wildlife fish species, birds, insects and
plants increased.
2. Flood control
• Cheonggyecheon is the lowest-lying area & highly flooding-prone stream.
Overflow occurred for two consecutive years before the restoration began,
causing damage in the downtown area.
• The discharge area of the restored stream was designed on the basis of 200-
year recurrence interval.
• There was no report of flooding due to lack of discharge area after restoration,
which means that the vicinity was made free from flooding damage.

3 Increased public space,

3. space pedestrian-friendly
pedestrian friendly environment,
environment
more floating population and tourists

• The floating population in the Cheonggyecheon area on weekdays and

weekend recorded a significant increase.
• The increase was largerg on weekdays,
y , meaningg that citizens visit the stream
often in their daily lives.
• In the 2013 survey, 89% of respondents were on the fence or satisfied with the
walking trail along the stream.
• 59/% of citizens surveys sighted the biggest contribution of the restoration was
the creation of a place to relax.
• Cheonggyecheon also became a venue for diverse cultural events: 259 events
were hosted in 2005-07, firmly positioning the stream as a place for culture and
recreation.

4. Changes in citizens' consciousness

• Citizen’s Awareness of the value of the natural environment .

• Before the restoration project commenced, people already had interest in the
natural environment, after witnessing the restored stream and its environment,
people's
p p recognition
g of the value further increased.

• According to a survey on citizens' willingness to pay for a natural stream

before and after the restoration project, the annual economic value of a natural
stream appreciated by the citizens jumped from KRW 20,226 to 37,724 per
household.

• The survey confirmed that the citizens of Seoul placed a higher value on the
natural environment after experiencing the restored Cheonggyecheon.
BARRIERS AND CHALLENGES
Technical Challenge
Short construction period, limited budget, and waste
recycling

Cheonggyecheon was planned to be demolished and renovated in three years

commencing in 2002, during which time inconvenience of neighboring
merchants was inevitable.
Si
Since th main
the i complaint
l i t off neighboring
i hb i merchants
h t was to t minimize
i i i theth
construction period, it became a priority to complete the work as soon as
possible. In order to shorten the construction period. the contract for the project
was processed in the "fast-track design-build" system.

LESSONS LEARNED AND TRANSFERABILITY

1. Creative envisioning

"Envisioning"
Envisioning is the keyword in the restoration of Cheonggyecheon.

Eliminating 18 of the busiest lanes in the heart of Seoul was certainly beyond
imagination, given that car usage was continually increasing and traffic jams
were intensifying. Many people strongly opposed the plan.

However, the elimination of roads and the creation of a waterfront made the
downtown area more vibrant and environmentally pleasant and the quality of
lives of citizens improved, Contrary to the prediction of many experts, the
transportation system moved quickly to public transit-oriented, which improved
the downtown traffic conditions.

2. Leadership

Leadership is crucial in such a ground-breaking transition. A leader should be

able to present a clear vision, run the organization and its human resources in an
efficient way,
y, resolve internal skepticism
p and external conflicts,, and
communicate and persuade people.
.
3. Appropriate implementation system and efficient project
management

• citizens
citizens' committee comprised of the general public and experts formed at
initial stage of project for gathering different opinions and building consensus.
• Coordination between different sectors ―water, road, sewerage, civil
engineering, gardening, architecture, urban planning, economics, social affairs and
welfare―was needed.
• The municipality appointed a vice-mayor level official to take responsibility for
organizing and coordinating the project effectively.
• The weekly meeting held at 8am every Saturday played a key role in speedy
decision-making and resolution of conflicts between different city departments.
• As a result, the project was successfully completed within the target deadline
and without exceeding the budget by a large margin.

4. Public-Private partnership, and the triangular

implementation system

• A close public-private partnership contributed to downtown area

transformation.
• The triangular implementation system consisting of the administrative agency
to implement the project, a research body to provide expertise and a citizens'
committee to gather citizens' opinions worked effectively.
• Such a practice paved the way for the emergence of collaborative planning in
the future urban planning of Seoul.

5. Pros and cons of politicalization

Politicalization of the Cheonggyecheon restoration was complex.

While the political momentum certainly drove the restoration project more
powerfully the project became a subject of political controversy,
powerfully, controversy rather than a
factor of urban revitalization.
It also became a matter of political upheaval in the mayoral election every four
years.
Despite the necessity of long-term management, the public sector could not fully
ensure the consistency y in managing
g g the Cheonggyecheon
ggy restoration and urban
revitalization efforts.
It is unfortunate that the task of urban revitalization exclusively fell to private
sector, due to the absence of public intervention
2. COPENHAGEN, DENMARK:
URBAN RENEWAL AND URBAN SUSTAINABILITY
INTRODUCTION
• Copenhagen is a green city surrounded by water, parks, with climate-friendly
citizens growing, just like other cities, but also facing challenges such as carbon
emissions, traffic congestion, and waste accumulation.
• It has looked for smart and practical solutions in other cities.
• Good public transit, attractive public spaces, strong bike-ability, and energy
efficiency
ffi i are the
th core principles.
i i l
• Its goal is to provide an excellent quality of life along with sustainability.
• There is a desire to put community good first and self-interest later.
• It is the European Green Capital for the year 2014 and aims to become the
world’s first carbon-neutral capital by 2025.
• It works on the ground basis of “Copenhagen
Copenhagen Model”
Model stating a unique vision
of city life combing environmental initiatives, economic growth, and quality of
life.

The Critical Aspect of Sustainability

Copenhagen believes reducing carbon emissions is just a small part of being a
sustainable city. It is also about a growing economy and, ultimately, improving the
quality of life of residents.

A sustainable city is also a livable city where people can live and breathe, work
and recreate. Green mobility with the combination of the better living conditions
and efficient and integrated public transportation makes way for green growth and
quality of life.
COPENHAGEN SUSTAINABILITY GOALS:
1. Copenhagenise – to make city more bicycle friendly resulting in reduced
pollution, less congestion, and healthier lives, thereby to become the world
world’ss
best city for cyclists

2. Implement Noise Pollution Act – to allow the peaceful sleep of people by

sound proofing and repairing roads to achieve low traffic noise. Ocean Quay
is the sustainable turnaround port in Copenhagen

3. Integrated transportation to be included – to develop physical and online

integration bet’n bus, train & metro to enable seamless movement of
passengers.

4
4. To maintain drinking water supply based on groundwater – Management
of water resources by the use of new technologies to monitor and prevent
leaks in the groundwater level

5. To maximize usage of the wind energy – by encouraging public support in

the form of community-owned
y facilities and local skills to ggenerate wind
power

6. Work upon retrofitting, to improve quality of work and living, pollution

reduction, and waste recycling to create less waste

7. To become the world’s first CO2 neutral capital, 42% of all energy
consumption produced by windmills, 55% commuters bike use in the city and
90% of building waste to be reused

8. The UN Global Climate Change Conference held in Copenhagen in 2015 is

considered the world first eco-certified
eco certified international political summit

9. Cleaning the harbour lead to attractive urban areas with better quality of
life, increased local business life, jobs and revenue generated in the area.

10. Landfill from waste has been reduced to 1,8%

, of total while heating
g 98% of
the city through district heating.
PLANNING -FINGER PLAN

• The Finger Plan (Danish: Fingerplanen) is an urban plan from 1947 which
provides a strategy for the development of the Copenhagen metropolitan
area, Denmark.
• According to the plan, Copenhagen is to develop along five 'fingers', centred
on S-train commuter rail lines, which extend from the 'palm', that is the dense
urban fabric of central Copenhagen.
• In between the fingers, green wedges are supposed to provide land for
agriculture and recreational purposes.
• By the definition in the Finger Plan the metropolitan area has a population of
1,930,260 (1 October 2011) and an area of 3,030 km2 (1,170 sq mi) over 34
municipalities

The little finger

The northern suburbs form the little
finger of the plan and are
traditionally the wealthiest. In
popular language, the area is known
as "The Whiskey Belt", although the
area is mixed between mansions,
larger houses, garden cities and mid-
size houses.
houses The area has a
population of around 270,000
inhabitants.

The ring finger

The north-northwestern p part of the
suburbs forms the ring finger. The
area is to a large extent formed by
detached middle-class dwellings,
with some exceptions of housing
projects or upper-class areas. The
area has
h a population
l i off aroundd
100,000 inhabitants.
The middle finger
The northwestern suburbs form the
middle finger. It consists of a mixed
area of both detached middle-class
dwellings, widespread garden
cities and large, low-rise public
housing projects. The area has a
considerable part of the industrial
areas of metropolitan Copenhagen,
mostly in the traditional sectors of
manufacturing. The area has a
population of around 110,000
inhabitants.
The
e index
de finger
ge

The index finger forms the western

suburbs, which are those with the
lowest income per capita and the
highest crime rate. Total of 145,000
inhabitants, some 20% are
immigrants of first or second
generation.

The thumb

The southwest suburbs along the coast form the thumb of the plan. While the
central parts of these suburbs are dominated by high-rise housing projects
and low-income inhabitants, the distant part is dominated by detached
middle-class houses. These suburbs have a population of some 215,000
inhabitants, with a sizeable number of immigrants.

SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES
• The city’s airport, rail and suburbs are all connected to the centre by the
metro system.
• In the city centre, a combination of measures has encouraged an increase in
walking and cycling and a decrease in private car use.
• 90 % of all construction waste is recycled and 75 per cent of all household
garbage used for heating.
• Many public squares and
streets are pedestrianised.
• The city has a
programme to graduallyd ll
reduce the number of car
parking spaces by 3 per
cent per year and further
develop cycle lanes and a
free cycle hire scheme.
scheme
• 90% of citizens will be
no more than 15 minutes’
walk from a park or one
of Copenhagen harbour’s
two swimming facilities.
• Cycling has always been
Danish tradition but
Copenhagen has gone
one step further and
made cycling
y g integral
g to
urban planning and
design.

CYCLING: THE FAST WAY FORWARD

In Copenhagen,
Copenhagen urban planners have embraced the widespread bicycle
culture with ambitious solutions that accommodate the city’s many cyclists.
This has inspired urban planners all over the world to ’Copenhagenise‘ their
cities, making them more bicycle-friendly.

Besides pproviding
g a more liveable city,y, reduced carbon emissions and air
pollution in the city, the shift from cars to bicycles also saves time and
money. Looking at the total cost of air pollution, accidents, traffic
congestion, noise and wear and tear on infrastructure when travelling by
bicycle and car, society actually benefits by for every extra kilometre
travelled by bicycle instead of by car.
Solution
– FASTER, SAFER, MORE Convenient
• Cycling infrastructure is central to urban
planning and design.
• Investments in dedicated, uninterrupted cycle
lanes.
• Easy transfer to public transport services.
• Focus on safety and sense of safety.

Benefits
• healthier citizens.
• Low-cost form of infrastructure.
• Short journey times and less congestion.
p
• Improved city
y life.
• Reduced noise, air pollution,CO2 emissions.

GIVING INTEGRATED PUBLIC TRANSPORT

THE GREEN LIGHT
Like many other cities
cities, economic growth in Copenhagen has brought with it
increased traffic congestion. however, by investing in an efficient, reliable
and highly integrated public transport network, it has been possible to
deliver some of the highest levels of mobility in the world. alongside traffic,
congestion and pollution have been reduced to levels that are extremely low
byy the standards of major
j international cities.

Solution

INTEGRATED TRANSPORT SOLUTION

•Developing physical and online integration between bus, train and the metro
services to enable passengers to move seamlessly between different modes.
modes
•Integrating bicycles in the public transport system.

Benefits

•A fall in private car usage reducing CO2 emissions.

emissions
•Improved quality of life from convenient public transport.
•Reduced congestion saves time and money
SWIMMING IN COPENHAGEN HARBOUR

In Copenhagen – the capital city of Denmark – one of the trendiest

spots is the public outdoor swimming facility in the Islands Brygge
area where Copenhageners come to relax during the summer.
Yet only 15 years ago this would have been impossible because the
water was polluted to the extent that it posed a health risk. As a result
of a long
long-term
term effort by Copenhagen municipality, you can swim in
the water in the centre of Copenhagen.

For many years, the discharge of waste water from sewers and
industrial companies polluted the water in Copenhagen harbour, and
o tdoor swimming
outdoor s imming became a thing of the past.
past The water
ater was
as heavily
hea il
polluted with sewage, algae, oil spills and industrial waste.

Today, the situation is vastly improved as a result of Copenhagen

Municipality’s efforts to improve the recreational environment in the
harbour area.

Copenhageners can now enjoy swimming in clean water thanks

to the Municipality’s investments in expanding its wastewater
treatment plants to remove nutrient salts and minimise discharge
of heavy metals, as well as in modernising its sewer system.

Commissioning a strong urban design to create a recreational space.

THE FORCE OF PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR WIND POWER
22% of Denmark's
Denmark s total electricity consumption is produced by
wind turbines, the highest rate in the world.
In Copenhagen a renewable energy infrastructure has been introduced
through a unique partnership based on local ownership.

Like every
e er city,
cit Copenhagen faces
challenges to wind power: limited
space to implement wind energy on
a large scale within an urban
environment, wind turbines are
expensive to build, and there is
public resistance to the perceived
visual and noise impact of wind
turbines in the landscape. The
solution was to encourage public
support for wind power by
creating a community-owned
facilities and using local skills.
Benefits
•Significant
Si ifi contribution
ib i to achieving
hi i carbon-reduction
b d i goals.
l
•Creation of new jobs.
•Boost to the Green Economy.
MAKING THE MOST OF WASTE

PROJECTED OUTCOMES OF COPENHAGEN

•All districting heating and cooling will be carbon neutral by 2025

•Commercial buildings are to lower energy consumption by 20

percent, households by 10 percent, and public buildings by 40 percent
•Street-lighting
S li h i will
ill consume 50 percent less
l energy

•All of the city’s electricity consumption will come from renewable

sources (and production will be greater than consumption)

•Copenhageners will take 75 percent of trips by bicycle, on foot or by

public transport (and 50 percent of trips to work or school will be by
bike, up from 36 percent currently)

Benefits

• Reduced CO2 emissions.

Waste is seen as a resource.
•Waste
•Heat and power generated from residual waste.
 INDIAN CASE STUDIES
1. WALLED CITY OF AHMEDABAD:
URBAN CONSERVATION AND REVITALISATION

2 SABARMATHI RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT

2.
URBAN REJUVENATION & SUSTAINABILITY
2. SABARMATHI RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT
URBAN REJUVENATION & SUSTAINABILITY
INTRODUCTION
NEED FOR RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

CHALLENGES
FEATURES

PLANNING PRECINTS
LANDUSE MAP

STREET NETWORK MAP

DEVELOPMENT SITES

AMENITIES SECTION

RECREATION MAP
LOWER LEVEL PROMENADE

UPPER LEVEL PROMENADE

GHATS

BOATING STATIONS

RIVERFRONT PARK – SUBHASH BRIDGE

RIVERFRONT PARK - USMANPURA

AMUSEMENT PARK

RIVERFRONT PARK - KHANPUR

FLOWER GARDENS

URBAN FOREST - PALDI

PLAZA – VALLABH SADAN

PLAZA – GANDHI ASHRAM

HERITAGE PLAZA
PALDI SPORTS COMPLEX

PIRANA SPORTS GROUND

SHAHPUR SPORTS CENTRE

LAUNDRY CAMPUS

SUCCESS
SUCC SS STORIES
S O S

INFERENCES
 E N D    O F     U N I T      V

PPT BY S.HARINI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, MCE, KK NAGAR, 2018-2019

 Session – I
Getting the City Back to the People
Municipal Initiative in Heritage Conservation - The Case of Ahmedabad
Thiru Debashish Nayak,
Advisor, Heritage Programme, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
State Project Coordinator, Gujarat
National Mission on Monuments & Antiquities, Archaeological Survey of India

Introduction:

Communities live and work in towns and cities; society changes so does urban form,
responding to accommodate and change and growth. In today’s pace of economic development,
such historic resources ate often perceived as inefficient unproductive and even inconvenient.
They are often replaced with buildings that appear contemporary and more efficient. This
neglect has led to decay, depressed economic conditions and dilapidation leading to migration of
the population to newer areas.
Familiarity breeds contempt. The citizens get accustomed with their environment and
gradually become less aware of it. The city becomes a habit. Here in lies the need to make the
citizens aware of the importance of their built environment and to help them develop a
harmonious and contemporary relationship with it. In a sense, urban renewal does not just
rebuild the city, it rebuilds people’s relationship with the city. Their lies a need that the old
buildings and older areas of the city should be looked upon as assets rather than as liabilities
because they represent the history of communities, embodying their tradition, heritage and
culture through architecture and the urban form.
This paper explains the importance of an alternative way of connecting conservation and
community participation for a sustainable process of revival for Historic cities in India.

Role of Municipal Corporations in Heritage Conservation:

The local government plays a very important role in the whole implementation process
and the achievement of the ultimate goal of an integrated heritage conservation effort.
THE AHMEDABAD INITIATIVE

Background

The birth of the Old City settlement dates back to a 10th century AD town known as
Ashaval. In the later part of the 11th century, another city grew adjacent to Ashaval, known as
Karnavati. The present Walled City was created during the Ahmed Shahi period in the 15th
century. A new palace and fort were built near Bhadra, which covered a rectangular area of
around 500 * 800 meters. During the 17th and l8th centuries, the city expanded outwards.
Fortifications were strengthened. The 18th century saw the decline of the city and many suburbs

  55
and even parts of the inner city were abandoned and ruined. During the British rule due to
political stability and later the introduction of textile mills resulted in economic growth and
prosperity. Military and administrative centers, cantonment and railways churches,
administrative and residential buildings were also established during the period. Wholesale
Markets at Kalupur, mechanized industries and worker’s quarters on eastern suburbs, Ellis
Bridge, Residential buildings abd educational institutions were established. For walls were
mostly pulled down in mid 20th century. The absence of any decentralization policy with regard
to economic activities resulted in congestion and decay of Walled city.
Urban Character
Streets and Neighborhoods:
The nucleus of activities at Bhadra and Manek Chowk and the twelve gates on the wall,
created a radial pattern of streets. Puras were connected with wider streets and entered through
gates. Each micro neighborhood around residential streets became typical and is called “pol”
which consists of a street and houses on its both sides. It would have at the most two gates that
bat entry at night.
The city of Ahmedabad has been able to display examples worth replicating in the field
of heritage conservation. AMC and Ford Foundation, New Delhi prepared a report on “Urban
Conservation of Walled City Ahemedabad”. The study concentrated on the essential elements
required in the city’s conservation with a focus on the historical areas. The historical importance
of the city, city form, wall, gates, pols, house patterns and the problems related to old fabric
were analyzed. A list of heritage buildings and precincts was prepared. A conservation and a
demonstration project were also proposed.

Sharing the Concerns:

In the initial phase of intervention an attempt was made to identify the various factors
making conservation of heritage difficult in the Walled City area. Some of these issues are listed
below:

Problems in regulations and policies:

Road Line:
During the British rule a proposal was mooted for widening the roads in the Walled City.
Proposed road boundaries, known as ‘Road Lines’ were demarcated. All new construction was
to be done beyond this line. This created a negative attitude among the community members
with the result that the front portion of the building, coming under road line has been neglected.
This has resulted in the decay of many a valuable building facades.
Floor Space Index (FSI):
The permissible FSI in the Walled City, except for the ‘City Centre’ area was 3.0. The
traditional neighbourhoods normally consume much less. This additional FSI is actually being
used for constructing multi-storied buildings by amalgamating three or tour plots. This used to
  56
destroy the character of the area. Now it has been reduced to 2.0, so the only development
possible is restoration and upgrading the existing property.
Tax Structure:
Certain aspects of the Tax structure do not favour heritage conservation. For example,
Chabutaras (bird feeder) are considered as commercial buildings and are taxed on such rates.
Similarly, vacant properties are taxed less, leading to buildings of heritage value being locked up
and left to ruin.

Changes in the Economy

Closure of Textile mills:
A large part of the residential population in the Walled City consisted tenants working in
textile mills. With the mills closing down, they were rendered jobless and stopped maintaining
the old buildings that they occupied. This led to a variety of heritage properties getting ruined.

Growth of gold and silver units:

The gold and silver industry in the Walled City grew and attracted many skilled persons
into the fabric. This influx of people from outside has disturbed the homogeneity of the social
fabric in pols. This is also suspected to have increased the crime rate in the Walled City.
Commercial ingress in the old fabric, especially after the addition of Relief Road,
created a lot of undesirable changes in the landuse. Warehouses coming up inside the pols
greatly disturbed the residential character.

Social problems leading to migration:

Successive riots and communal problems have forced people to migrate thus weakening
the upkeep of the fabric.
Lack of information
Awareness among the people about conservation is very poor. Also the unavailability of
proper building materials for repair works caused decay. Proper maps and drawings of the
Walled City were not available. This reduces the access of the police, fire force, ambulances,
etc. into the deeper portions of the city.

Strategic Partnerships
The success of any intervention depends on the building of strategic and in stimulating
widespread participation of a variety of stakeholders.
Community Participation
A serious of activities were organized to elicit community participation. Some of these
are described below:

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A meeting at Khadia:

A meeting was held in the Old City ‘Khadia’ area to discuss the possibilities and
strategies of conservation and development of Walled City of Ahmadabad. This was organized
by AMC and attended by many citizen groups, renowned personalities and AMC officials.
World Heritage Week Celebration at Desai-ni-Pol:

The first public programme entitled ‘Preservation of the Past and Glimpses of History’
was launched at Desai-ni-Pol in Khadia area on 19th November 1996 on the occasion of World
Heritage Week celeberation. This was a unique programme where “Heritage” was the main issue
and organized jointly by citizens groups and municipal authorities.

Desai-ni-Pol has a place in history because of its rebellious past during the British rule.
The residents of the pol released a booklet to mark the Heritage Day, listing the historical
houses, personalities who lived there, and a chronicle of important events.

Krantidarshafl Padyatra (Freedom Walk):

On 14 August 1997 a Freedom Walk was organized where several houses, connected
with the history of Indian freedom struggle came to light. Twenty-eight important houses were
identified and the citizens under the leadership of elected and government officials visited the
same.’ Based on this on 2 October 1997, many pol groups celebrated Gandhiji’s birthday and
buildings associated were visited.
Netaji’s birthday celebrated in Bengal Home:

A celebration similar to that in Desai-ni-Pol marked the birthday of Netaji Subhash

Chandra Bose on 23 January 1998. Bengal Home in Dhobi-ni-Pol, established in 1905 was the
center of actions. This is where revolutionaries from Bengal stayed and trained local people in
revolutionary activities during the freedom struggle. During a public meeting on this occasion,
the need for preserving cultural heritage was, stressed.
Kavi Sammelan (Poets’ meet):

A Kavi Sammelan was organized on Kavi Dalpatram’s death anniversary on March

1998, in the pol where he used to live. Organizations like Gujarat Sahitya Parishad also worked
to make it a success.
Revival of Traditional Local Governance System - Panch:

A street play called ‘Pot - Etale molun dahin ne upar katke gor’ was developed with an
intention to create awareness at a larger scale amongst people, which was used as a tool to
initiate a dialogue with the pol people. The play was organized by the collaborative efforts of
CRUTA foundation (Advisor — Heritage Programme, AMC), Theatre Media Centre (TMC) and
Ahmedabad Community Foundation (ACF).

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 The play described the life and culture of the people of the pols. It tried to discourage the
breaking down of the traditional pol house with the otla, chowk, tanka, wooden carved facades
etc., to be replaced by concrete and brick structures. Thus the play was an effort to encourage
people in the pols to revive their effective system of local governance. It was an effort to evoke
the residents to create their ‘panch’ and set strong local governance.

Heritage Walk:

A Heritage Walk was initiated through the old neighborhoods by AMC and the
programme was well publicized through brochures and posters. The community itself came
forward with whatever help they could do. The residents in the route make efforts to keep the
route clean and restored.
Volunteer involvement:

Volunteer involvement is very crucial for long-term sustenance of any movement.

Official recognition of citizen efforts is also vital. AMC has recognized this role and a proper
certification process are also established.
Street signage programme:
Name of an Area, particularly in historic inner city neighborhoods, is very important for
the residents. They closely identify with the name. Unfortunately the street plate recognizing the
identity of those areas has never been a priority. AMC took it up as an issue and has started to
display name plates with municipal symbols and appropriately inaugurated them in the presence
of AMC officials, local political representative and elderly persons of the neighborhood.
Role of media:
In all these activities the role of media is very important to give wide publicity and create
awareness among the common people.

Inter departmental and public private partnerships

City gates:
The AMC in association with ASI (Archeological Survey of India) set out on a
beautification process focusing on the fort wall and city gates. ASI works on the physical
restoration and AMC works on the landscape and lighting around the gates. Astodia gate is the
first gate ready for first touches.

Facade grant:
AMC with the assistance of state government and Gujarat State Archeological
Department is giving 50% grant for facade restoration. This type of inter departmental
partnerships can include citizen groups and NGOs also.

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Kavi Dalpatram Memorial:
AMC and the citizens of Ahmedabad proposed a memorial at the site of the house of the
great poet. In absence of any proper drawings and plans of the poet’s actual house, here the
memories of the old residents were tapped and adjoining studied to bring authenticity into the
creation of the memorial. The memorial comprises the facade of the original house, Tulsi Manch
and a larger than life size 120 kg bronze statue of Dalpatram.

Memorial of Poet Akha Bhagat:

A project has been initiated by AMC Heritage Cell to install the statue of poet Akha
Bhagat at Desai-ni-Pol, based on the painting of him by Late Ravi Sankar Rawal.

Development of the Manek Burj:

The Manek Burj, which stands at the southwest tower of the Old City wall, is associated
to the ceremony of founding of Ahmedabad. A project was initiated for the restoration of the
remains by AMC Heritage Cell. The restoration work was supported by Swaminarayan Temple
Trust.

Transformer design in old city:

Pole-mounted transformers installed by the Ahmedabad Electricity Company (AEC) are
usually eyesores in many parts of the walled city. One of these, located next to a Chabutara was
redesigned by AEC in association with local Architect in such a way as to highlight the
importance of Chabutara.

Panchkuwa ward office:

An old building near Panchkuwa Gate was identified by AMC for conservation. This
building was restored and used for its ward office.

Heritage Gate of the Collectorate:

Inspired by the heritage initiative the Collector of Ahmedabad requested AMC to help
them to design a Heritage gate for their complex and took up renovation of their buildings.

City Museum:
A City Museum has been established with the help of Vastushilpa Foundation.

Involvement of elected representatives:

This is an important factor in the success of any such activities as they have direct
contact with the citizens and influence on them. Their involvement must be assured at all stages.

Establishment of a Heritage Cell:

A heritage cell has been established in the AMC to look after heritage activities and
policies. A separate budget of Rs. 50 lakhs was allocated, as a start up fund.

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Heritage Walk: A key tool for urban reviyal:
Heritage Walk - as the name suggests, behaves as an effective tool whereby the inner areas of
the city shall be explored in terms of the architectural heritage, cultural heritage and the craft
heritage. The walk shall in its due course take the people through specific routes penetrating
through the inner areas and habitats of the people, exploring the beautiful temples, heritage
buildings, ha veils pols, shops and a lot more.

The exploring and exposing of the inner areas of the Walled City requires an initiative
from the Municipal Corporation of the city, which needs to provide some basic infrastructure -
in terms of proper paving, cleaning up of the streets, provision of street lights, signage, public
amenities. The walk carries with it another kind of advantage - the changes it can bring about in
the landuse pattern of the area, by conversion of a part of the heritage building into a cafeteria or
into a paying guest accommodation, whereby the tourists can get the actual feel of the cultural
heritage by staying within the precincts of it. This can allow a total change in the economy of the
area wherein the tourists can stay in and spend at these inner areas.

Preliminary Roles of the Municipal Corporations

To summarize one can list down the following roles of municipal corporations for
heritage conservation

1. lntervene strategically.

2. Start with available resources.

3. Elicit support of local architects, professionals and NGOs.

4. Got support of local people.

5. Identify implement able projects.

6. Involve elected wing.

7. Coordinate with other government and non-government agencies.

8. Establish a heritage unit in the local government.

9. Sensitize all official agencies towards heritage work.

10. Recognize and cooperate with International bodies and coordinate their actions.

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Reaching Out
These experiences and lessons should be used to prepare a comprehensive strategy in a
wider level:

Replicating the model:

The model of Heritage Walk and other initiatives of AMC are getting replicated. With
certain additions as per local characteristics, has already replicated the idea, and among other
cities like Amritsar, Pondicherry, Baroda, Jamnagar, Delhi, Bhuj, Siddhpur, Jaipur, Surat,
Patiala, Jodhpur have already launched their projects.

Sharing experiences:
These experiences are being shared with towns around Ahmedabad like in Dholka,
Dabhoi, Nadiad and Lothal. AMC Heritage Cell officials are helping them to prepare
comprehensive plans for improving physical conditions and heritage conservation. This will lead
to a regional development plan and small town development initiatives. The experiences are also
being utilized for the development of Vadtal village in Kheda district.

The Tera village in Bhuj has been declared as Heritage Village of Government of Gujarat
and establishment of an Interpretation Centre along with Heritage Walk has been proposed for
the development of the village.
HUDCO-AMC Collaboration:
Finance always plays an important role for successful implementation of renewal
projects. Particularly housing finance and building repair loan segment could play an important
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role. On 31st January 2000, HUDCO board has approved the heritage exploration with
investment in the septennial of a Heritage sector. On the l8 of April, on the occasion of World
Heritage day a MOU was signed between AMC and HUDCO to detailing the financial
implication in this sector.

International Collaborations
AMC-French Govt. Collaboration:
International agencies should be contacted to share the experiences of various agencies
working in this field. This will give a wider perspective and awareness of the methods and
approaches. On l4 of January 2000, empowered with 74th comment of our constitution, AMC
signed MOU with French Government for a scientific study of the Walled City. This was
initially for one year and was later extended. A French team along with AMC staff worked
jointly to achieve these goals. MOU was signed between Government of France, AMC and
HUDCO for the implementation of the programme for historic city conservation in Ahmedabad
on 19th December 2001. On 18th of February 2003 an agreement between Government of France
and Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation was signed for the establishment of the Ahmedabad
Heritage Centre. Financial Agreement was signed for Historic City Conservation in Ahmedabad
between Government of France and HUDCO for providing subsidy in building repair loan on
16th June 2003.
AMC-Dutch Govt. Collaboration:
Dutch had a small presence in Ahmedabad in earlier days in connection with trade &
commerce. A Dutch factory and graveyard still reminds their past presence in the city.
Restoration and an interpretation booklet exploring the related history in under way.

The Dutch cemetery, on the east side of the Kankaria Lake is a historic site. On the
cemetery are four types of tombs: domed tombs, pyramids, ‘walled’ tombs and plain
gravestones. The tombs were badly damaged by the earthquake of 2001. The Archaeological
Department with the support of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation restored them to original
shape.
World Monument Fund listing:
Walled City of Ahmedabad was included in the list of endangered heritage sites by the
World Monument Fund during the year 1998-1999. This was used to intensify the conservation
activities in Walled City and generate international attention.

The 300-year-old Dwarkadheesh Temple in Boua ni Pol, partially destroyed in the

earthquake of 2001 received the attention of the World Monument Watch to be listed in its most
endangered 100 sites in the World in the year 2002 and the World Monument Fund has awarded
a sum of $32000 for the renovation of Dwarkadheesh Temple through the World Monument
Fund Robert Wilson Challenge Fund for restoration of the temple which is currently undergoing.

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  64
 Walled City of Ahmedabad

Gates of Walled City of Ahmedabad

  65
Essential Facts

™ Located on the banks of the Sabarmati

river
™ Population of walled city 375,000
™ Population decreased from 500,000 in
1991
™ Area of 5.78 sq.km
™ Density:650 pp/ha

Walled City of Ahmedabad

Plan of Pol
Gate

Black board

Chabutaro

Typical House Plan

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PUBLIC SPACES…

RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOODS

™ Uses in many of these ‘pols’ are now changing to storage/ warehouse

Traditional pols

POL TYPES

Chipa Pol (Planned) Akasheth Kuva Pol (Organic)

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EVOLUTION OF POL

1881 1947 2000

PROTECTION AND REVITALISATION PLAN

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STRUCTURE OF POL HOUSE

Traditional Earthquake Resistance Construction System Built within the Pol Houses of
Ahmedabad
Configuration:
1.Configuration:
Section
Section
Structural integrity:
Structural integrity:

™ Horizontal bonding
™ bonding
•Horizontal Flatter bricks and weak mortar
-  
•Flatter bricks and weak mortar

Configuration:
Section
Firmness:

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WOODEN CARVED BUILDING ELEMENTS

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 Communication Local management CAD training
materials

Participatory
Mapping governance

Employment Heritage Information

dissemination
Walk
Town planning
regulations Trade

CITIZEN PARTICIPATION

LINKING HERITAGE WALK WITH

OTHER PROGRAMMES

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  72
 Childrens’ Game on City Heritage

Book for Children on Traditional Living in Old

Ahmedabad

  73
Artist’s impression of old Ahmedabad

  74
 Restoration of Jamalpur Gate (Walled City Restoration of Fort Wall (Walled City of
Gate of Ahmedabad) Ahmedabad)

Restored house of Mr. Arvind Soni

Before After

Restored house of Mr. Anish Bhatt

Before After
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Restored house of Mr.Nikhil Vyas

Before After
Restored Karanj Chabutro

Before After
Restored Hatkeshver Temple

Before After
  76
Restored Dwarka Dheesh Temple

Before After
Upgrading Community spaces, Poet Akhabhagat Cowk

Adaptive Reuse of Traditional Pol Houses Proposed City Heritage Centre

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 Adaptive Reuse of Traditional Pol Houses Proposed City Heritage Centre

Adaptive Reuse of Traditional Pol Houses Mangaldas Ni Haveli Cafeteria & Craft Centre

People’s Participation

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 Celebrating World Heritage Week in Ahmedabad 2008

Celebrating World Heritage Week in Ahmedabad 2009

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 Celebrating World Heritage Week in Ahmedabad 2010

Heritage Programme: Best practice being transferred to other cities

Bhuj, Lothal, Siddhpur, Surat and Vadodara in Gujarat, as well as Amritsa, Delhi, Jaipur,
Jodhpur, Kolkata, Patiala and Pondicherry have been provided guidance in the process of revival
by initiating Heritage Walks

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 Visit of Nigerian Delegates Visit of Princess of Thailand

Heritage walk by International Kitists

Exhibition of Heritage walk Posters

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Pedestrian and NMT Initiatives…

MOVEMENT NETWORK

OPEN SPACES

PEDESTRAIN AREA

PEDESTRAIN LINKS

IDENTIFIED PARKING ZONES

Source of Satellite images: google earth

Proposed Pedestrian Plaza at Bhadra…

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Proposed Pedestrian Plaza at Bhadra…

Visit of Euro-India Forum Delegation

  83
 Replica of Haveli at Casa De La India, Spain

Ahmedabad Exhibition At Casa De La India

  84
  85
 AHMEDABAD IS STILL ONE OF THE MOST WELL PRESERVED
WALLED CITIES OF INDIA

Revitalization goes on……

*****

  86
 Session – I

Heritage Conservation in Ahmedabad

Thiru. P.K.Ghosh, I.A.S., (Retd),
Chairman, Heritage Conservation Committee, Ahmedabad.

Mr. Nayak spoke about the success story on the implementation and institutionalization
of heritage conservation. While implementing, in the Heritage Conservation Committee we
find lot of problems relating to the legal backup for the entire thing.

As it was happened elsewhere, as Mr. Ravindran has mentioned the list which was
prepared by the A.M.C. officials and the bench experts did not have legal sanction and in the
sense they did not go to legal process of heritage, whether it is standing committee and going to
the Board. A case was filed in the High Court of Gujarat, where as the High Court has asked,
whether we had the list and the list was presented to the High Court and since that time we are
working as if the list is final but it does not have legal sanctity and the Government is not keen
to publish it in the Gazette and invite the objection etc. and therefore there is absolutely
amorphous in character of the list, to share it to the public. The legal factor is very very
important. There are 2 factors here. First point we find is, how to get the legality for the list
and since 1984 we succeeded in keeping quite a number of heritage buildings. Now we have to
have for guidelines provision.

The 2nd point is the Act, while working, I happened to be the Chairman for rising the
public reaction for the Heritage Policy formulated by the Government of Gujarat. There are 7
different authorities under Home, whom these various heritage structures lie - Municipality,
Municipal Corporation, Panchayat, Home Department, Forest department, now it is various
SEZ, and also railways. It is difficult to go through the coordinated approach. Therefore, it is
extremely necessary to have an Act which will be cutting across all these separate areas and
there should be par abound Act about the heritage but every body is fighting shy acting for
having an Act and let us not aim at the Act, because, the Act will be difficult to get passed in
the Assembly. This is the reality. Off late, we find the funds. Now the Municipal Corporation
is allotting some funds it is oddly adequate to really conserve, you see the number 13-14
thousand buildings. So we suggested the TDR, and even if the building does not have any
FSI//FAR left, they consume the entire thing and the building should be granted adhoc FAR out
of which a portion should be given to him which he can sell in the market. A portion should go
to a D mat account of FSI /FAR, which can be auctioned by the authorities and out of that funds
the maintenance of the heritage buildings and the heritage structures will be done. This idea has

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got to be finalized. It is at the nasal stage, there is one point about the so called allegation that
entire heritage movement is the elitist movement, Mr.Nayak is trying best to make it as peoples
movement. In Ahmedabad to some extent, it has become people’s movement. We had 18
meetings in 18 different districts; in the districts it is not perculating.

A beautiful heritage building in Baruch city ,where Shajahan reported to have did his
Namas on a Friday and another beautiful building owned by Parsi gentleman . Both of them
very angrily told us that the heritage is for their grand children and not for your aesthetic benefit.
What you are going to give me? You will be giving 600 rupees or 6 thousand rupees
concessions for municipal tax. If I sell it, I will be getting not less than 40 to 50 lakhs. It is 50
lakhs. What pittance is these 600 rupees? I do not have any answer to be given. I think if you
think in terms of TDR and also which again is highly controversial. My colleagues have not
accepted it. The renewable TDR, the TDR is not once for all. If the building is maintained,
every 30 years you will be giving same right who so ever is the owner at that point of time he
will be getting the TDR. How and whether it is feasible or not feasible. But unless it is renewed
who is going to do? He may do it for 5 years or 10 years not more than that, What is more?
Something has to be thought of. The next point is lack of technical expertise. Now the
expertise, which is really vested to be chunnam and surji structure or in case of Ahamedabad, it
is load bearing cum wooden construction. The timber which is brought in, as Nayak mentioned
have brought from far off places, to-day, and the timber is very very costly. Beyond the scope
of ordinary family and no technique is available who can really do this kind of composition of
structure - load bearing structure with that kind of wood. The expertise is needed to be keeping
it alive and also whatever principles they have adopted it has to be articulated in modern,
engineering tasks, which is being done. In fact I had been to number of Sthapathis. who are
actively doing temples in different parts of Gujarat. In Gujarat temple building is a live art even
today. When I asked one of the old gentleman about load bearing, how exactly they calculated,
he got terribly annoyed. He told me that for 800 years these temples are standing ,if you ask
me about load bearing I do not have any principle . It is a thump rule for us, which makes the
structure stand. It might be true or might not be true. What are all these hidden principles which
are earlier communicated from father to son which have never been recorded? In the southern
part of India, you have all the Aagamas, sanctities and Vasthus, quite few of them, I find lot
rituals and lay out plans .But even we go to construction part, they are highly sensitive, passed
from father to son and that is likely to be get lost. In case of Ahmedabad also, it shows that we
require that kind of principles to be articulated in the terms of modern civil engineering, we have
proposed to Government. I expect how exactly the Engineering colleges will be reacting to it.
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Finally, since all the principles of having a act or having principles and it will take a long time.
In the meantime, number of buildings are being pulled down every day and I get at least 3 letters
every month and Mr. Nayak is getting 4 letters every month stating that these beautiful buildings
are getting demolished. We do not have any means of preventing it. Now we are hoping how
to make it public or people, Government to stop it. It will take time. What is needed a kind of
advocacy, now which will not only in the form of occasional meetings or occasional seminars,
it got to be projected continuously, having it in the mind of individual. We are thinking of
approaching the Municipal Corporations permanently giving us 10-12 hoarding sites in which
the details of heritage of 1or 2 buildings will be depicted. Every quarter, the details of
engineering principle involved in that, associations with that, will be depicted. We are thinking
in terms of 30 or 40 buildings or maximum of 60 buildings picked up which are really explored,
which has monumental value in this context, and to iconize them to the hoardings and allowing
the people to use it in their official letter head or stamp, use a feature of this building as letter
head. By that process making it more attractive making the people more sensitive towards it and
coupled with that we have also in terms of making entire precincts as creative. The boards
which have been talked about is archieve. It is an archieve of its architectural plan, layout plan,
engineering plan, social history, economic history, as well as religious history- with that people
will be aware and till such time it will not be effective. Boards are usually held by various
beams.

When Britishers came in, other people came in for trading, in the same period Patels also
came in for trading for growing cotton and living in cotton. If you go to a fort see the housing
structure, it is of 400 historic years, you can see the economic development since fall of the
world at that time of coming of British are getting reflected in the house layouts, type of houses
and decoration of houses. We should make the community aware and with the people we should
also be able to drive home the importance of these structures.

These are basic points to be discussed. We are struggling, I need your advise.

   

   

  89