1st & 2nd Semester Questions of Different Medical Colleges, Compiled by AIDSO PDF

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Of 1st and 2nd Semester (Batch-2017)

Of All Medical Colleges, WBUHS
Compiled, Edited & Distributed by:

All India DSO, Medical Unit
S8 *Struggle* Unity*Progress*
2
Chapterwise 1st and 2nd semester sorted questions of all medical

colleges (Brought to you by ALL INDIA DSO)
For any queries contact:
 Dr Dipak Giri-9051878399 Dr Supratim Nandy -8961408972 Dr Kabiul Hoque -

9007061979 Dr Anupam Bhattacharya -8697950884 Dr Apurba Mondal -9641322061
Dr Joy Das Barman -8100933483 Dr Bharat Das -9007835699 Dr Rijabul Hossien Mallik
-9748262453
 NRS Medical College: Nilanjan Datta -9831208896 Abdur Rahman -8981020058
Danish Ahamed-8444869725 Riju Mondal -9564444062 Atish Giri-8768476554 Aninda
Mondal -8348816398 Tanup Das -7603066860
 IPGMER AND SSKM HOSPITAL: Dr Aniket Mahata -706345392 Pronit Roy-8145522573
Akshay Mondal-8759535175 Arpan Lohar:8159920557 Trinesh Mondal:7797949354
 Medical College Kolkata: Subrata Dutta:9062702443
 Calcutta National Medical College:Adway Ghosh-801701895 Aniruddha
Maity:9831288087 Arijit Naskar-9903695503 Satyajit Naskar-9007471577
Jhasketan Patel:7441148893 Suparatim Roy-7384655915
 North Bengal Medical :Soumyadip Roy:959330877 Shahriar Alam:9433874844
Mrinmoy Basak-8768068461 Kaushik Bhowmik-9002983824 Joy
Karmakar:8348344766 Sandip Biswas:839198812 Anik Mondal:9051624727 Sayan
Mondal:7908705828 Abdul Malek Seikh:79 08118425 Hasumuddin Seikh:8348257201
Sudipto Naskar:8478074727 Raj Burman:7001546516 Ayan Burman:7980776172
Sayan Roy Pramanik:7044070517 Obaidur Rahman:8371925646 Sounak
Ghosh:7278382621 Sk Abdulla:7001930345 Aritro Mondal:7602626034 Shiblochan
Mandi:7602650704 Subhabrato Ray-844494101
 RG KAR MEDICAL COLLEGE: Sourav Roy:7501161563 Samim Majharul:9831269626
Tamoghna Sen:9474578494 Amal Samanta: 7980229878 Sayeed Sarowar:8167730645
Kankanath Roy:8777656035
 Burdwan Medical College: Soumitra Mallik : 8617337207 Priyankar Mazumdar :
9875645823
 Midnapore Medical College: Dr Biswajit Manna:8348653752 Joydeep Jana-
8001712987
 COM and Sagore Dutta Hospital: Nayan Pathak-7044206619
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INDEX
Anatomy
Sl.No Topic Page No.
1 Superior Extremity 6-10
2 Inferior Extremity 10-13
3 Abdomen 13-20
4 Thorax 21-22
5 Neuroanatomy 23-26
6 Head and Neck 26-31
7 General anatomy and Embryology 31-35
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Physiology
Sl No. Topic Page No.

1 General Physiology 35
2 Haematology 35-36
3 Digestive System 36-37
4 Respiratory System 37-38
5 Neuromuscular Physiology 38-39
6 Cardiovascular System 39-40
7 Endocrine System 40-42
8 Excretory Sytem 42
9 Nervous System 43-44
10 Reproductive System 44-45
11 Special Sense 45-46
5
Biochemistry
Sl No. Topic Page No.
1 General Carbohydrates , Lipids and Amino acids 47
2 Proteins and Enzymes 47-48
3 Vitamins and antioxidants 48-49
4 Cell and biomembranes 49
5 Hormones and receptors 49-50
6 Electron Transport System 50-51
7 Proteins, Haemoglobin, and Jaundice 51-52
8 Genetics 52-53
9 Carbohydrate metabolism 53-54
9 Amino acid metabolism 55
11 Lipid Metabolism 56-57
12 Nucleotide and Mineral Metabolism 57
13 Xenobiotics 58
14 Biotechnology and Newer advances in Biochemistry 58
15 Miscellaneous 58-59
6
ANATOMY
Superior Extremity
Long Questions (12 Marks)
1.Write about the root value , course and branche of median nerve (MMC)
2.A person develops claw hand following an accidental fracture of medial

epicondyle of humerus
Which nerve is involved in fracture b. What is its root value. C.What are the
motor and sensory distributions of the nerve in hand. D. What do you mean by
claw hand. E. which nerve is popularly known as workman’s nerve and
why?(1+1+6+2+2) (MSDMC)
3.Which nerve is involved in fracture of midshaft of humerus ? Describe the

commencement ,course and distribution of the nerve involved.Why wrist drop
may develop in this case ?(1+1+3+5+2) (IPGMER)
4.Enumerate the joints of supination and pronation in both upper and lower
limbs. WRITE ABOUT THE AXES OF SUCH MOVEMENTS WITH RESPECT TO BOTH
LIMBS. State the importance of thes e movements. Name the supinators of
upper and lower limbs(3+3+3+3)(MCK)
“Hold high the noble banner of medical ethics”

7
5.A 56 year old lady complained to her family physician of hard painless lumpin
her right breast. On examination , skin of her right breast appeared peau d’
orange , nipple was retracted and axillary lymph nodes were palpabe. X- ray
showed irregular shadow of T6 vertebrae was diagnosed as a case of breast
cancer . Now answer the following questions:
a.Explain anatomically , the peau d’ orange appearanceof the skin and

retraction of nipple.
b.Which quadrant of breast is commonly affected by cancer?
c.Write the mode of lymphatic drainage of breast.
d.What is the venous route of spread of breast cancer?
e.Name the musle lying deep to the base of the breast and nerve supply of the
muscle.(3+1+3+1+2) (BSMC)
6.A 54 year old man fell down of stairs and cried of pain in his right shoulder. He
came to the doctor with support of right elbow by his left hand. Doctor noticed
that the rounded contour of right shoulder was lost and a hypoesthetic patch
over deltoid region.It was diagnosed as a case of dislocation of right shoulder
joint. Answer the following questions
a.What is the most common type of shoulder dislocation.
b.What was the cause of loss of rounded contour of shoulder.
c.What is ‘ rotator cuff’?
d. What is the cause of loss of skin sensation over deltoid region?
“Say no to NEET and NEXT save medical education”

8
e.Write the structures related to surgical neck of humerus with its importance in
fracture neck of humerus.
f. What is Hiltons law? (1+1+3+1+2+2)(BSMC)
7.A person develops wrist drop following a mid shaft fracture of humerus
a. What is the nerve involved?
b. Write formation of nerve.
c.Describe the course of the nerve.
D, Write notes on brnches of the nerve. (1+2+5+4)(RGK)
8.a. Describe wrist joint under following headings
Bones concerned, Ligaments, Movements
b.What is flexor retinaculum?
c.Mention the structures passing through flexor retinaculum. ((6+3+3)(CNMC)
9 Describe the shoulder joint under following headings a. Bones taking part
b.Type of joint c.mportant ligaments d.Movements with muscles helping such
movements e.Applied anatomy (1+1+4+3+3)(MALDA)
“ Condemn privatization of health and medical education,

SCRAP NMC BILL”
9
LONG (7Marks)
1.Enumerate the intrinsic muscle of hand. Write about the lumbrical muscles
under the heading s of attachment , nerve supply, and function.(2+2+2+1) (
NRS)
2. Describe the lymphatic drainage of mammary gland. Write about Kruken

berg’s tumour.(5+2) (BMC)(MSDMC)
3. Movements and muscles responsible for supination anpronation (3+4) (

CMSDH)
4.Describe Median nerve in hand. Describe carpal tunnel syndrome (5+2) (

KPC)
5.Mention, origin, course ,and branches of ulnar artery. Write note on

superficial palmar arch .(1+2+2+2)( KPC)
6. Furnish a note on attachments of the muscles causing pronation and

supination of the fore arm with their nerve supply.What are the joints
participating in this movements and what are the axis of this movements
(4+2+1) ( MALDA)
Short Notes (3 MARKS)
1.Claw Hand (MMC) 2.Mid palmar space with clinical importance(ESI) 3. Cubital
fossa (ESI) 4. Superficial palmar arch ( CMSDH) 5.lUmbrical muscles of hand
6. Carpal tunnel syndrome. 7. Axillary tail of Spence. (KPC)8. Extensor

retinaculam of wrist (MALDA)
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Explain Why ( 3marks)
1.The shoulder joint has gained mobility at the expense of stability (NBMC)
2.Median cubital veinchoice for aspiration of blood.(MMC)
3.. Ca breast causes Krukenberg’s tumour (MMC)
4.Lacerated injury of supinator muscle often leads to wrist drop.
5.Basilica vein preferred to cephalic vein for cardiac catheterization
6.Klumpeke’s paralysis
7.Dupuytren’s contracture.
8.Enlargement of central group pf axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer may be

associated with pain in medial side of arm.
9.Ulnar paradox.
10.What precaution should be taken during dissection of axillary node in breast

carcinoma(CNMC)
11.Wrist drop
12.Radial nerve injury in cubital fossa does not cause wrist drop.
Unite,Raise your Voice and Stop Ragging

11
Inferior Extremity
Long questions (12 marks)
1.Enumerate the bones forming medial longitudinal arch. Write short notes on
factors maintaining the medial longitudinal arch.Enumerate ligaments of ankle
joint.Write short note on deltoid ligament of ankle joint.( 2+6+2+2) (NRS)
2.Describe the common peroneal nerve under following headings: origin, root
value, course, distribution and clinical relevance.(1+1+4+4) ( BMC)
3. Describe the factors maintaining the medial longitudinal arch of foot.Write a

note on talipes.(4+3) ( BMC)
4.Mention the formation,subdivision, and contents of Femoral sheath. Mention

the course and coverings of femoral hernia. WHY IS FEMORAL HERNIA MORE
COMMON IN FEMALE?(2+2+3+2+2+1)(nbmc)
LONG (7 marks)
1.Prefunda femoris artery with its anastomosis
Answer the following questions on knee joint A. Enumerate the ligaments of

knee joint. B.What are the bursae on anterior aspect of knee joint. C.What are
the components of unhappy triad. (3+3+1) ( MSDMC)
2.Enumerate the ligaments of knee joint. Add a note on locking and unlocking
movements of knee joint (3+4) ( IPGMER)(MCK)
3.Movements and muscle responsible for knee joint. What is unlocking of knee
joint? (5+2) (CMSDH)
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4.A baby was born with congenital talipes equinovarus.Explain the condition
anatomically . Enumerate the muscle involved in inversion and eversion of
foot.(3+2=5) (BSMC)
5.A gatekeeperhas prominent veins in his legs during standing position –What
are the superficial veins in leg?Mention the origin, termination and tributaries
of long saphenous vein.What is varicosity? (1+4+2) (CNMC)
6.Discuss femoral canal . What is femoral hernia ? (5+2) ( kPC)
7.Give an account of the adductor muscles of the thigh with their nerve supply
(4+3) ( MALDA)
Short notes (3 marks)
1.Popliteus muscle. 2. Medial longitudinal arch of foot.(IPGMER)3.Popliteal

fossa and its contents.(ESI) 4.Obturator nerve ( CMSDH) 5. Factors maintaining
the arches of foot. (NBMC) 6.Carpal Tunnel syndrome ( NBMC)7. Arteria Dorsalis
Pedis (CNMC) 8.Medial meniscus of knee joint. 9. Lateral plantar nerve (KPC) 10.
Short saphenous vein.(kpc)
Explain Why (3 marks )

13
1.Tarsal Tunnel syndrome.(NRS)
2.Epiphyses around the knee joint are important medicolegally
3.Fibula violates law of ossification ( BMC)
4.Popliteus is unlocking muscle.(MMC)
5.Inability to dorsiflesxfoot following fracture of the neck of fibula.(MSDMC)
6.Injury to medial meniscus is more frequest than lateral meniscus (IPGMER)(

NBMC)(KPC)
7.Fibula violate law of ossification ( CMSDH)
8.Ankle sprain usually occurs when the foot is plantar flexed.(MCK)
9Congenital dislocation of hip is common in female.
Abdomen
Long Questions(12 Marks)
1.Enumerate the ligaments of Uterus. Boundaries of pouch of Douglas and its

clinical importance. Write the role of Levator Ani muscle as support of
uterus.(4+3+2+3) ( NRS)
“SCRAP NMC BILL, Say no to Bridge course”

14
2. Describe the prostate under following headings
a. situation b. Gross features c.Explain why enlargement of prostate causes

difficulty in micturition. D. How does the cancer of prostate spread to
brain.(1+3+4+4) ( BMC)
3. Describe PERINEAL SPACES with a note on urogenital diaphragm and

pudendal block.(7+3+2)
4. Describe the interior of 2nd part of duodenum with suitable labeled diagram .
Write the blood supply of duodenum. What is duodenal cap ?(4+3+3+2) ( BMC)
5. Describe the shuter mechanism of inguinal canal. Differences between direct

and indirect inguinal hernia(8+4) ( MMC)
6. A middle aged man presents with hematemesis and ascites in OPD : A. What
is the source of bleeding in this case. B. How and where the portal vein is
formed. C. What are the tributaries of portal vein. D. What are the important
sites of portocaval anastomoses.(1+2+3+6)(MSDMC)
7. Write in short about gross anatomy of portal vein.What are the different sites
of porto-caval anastomosis ?What is caput medusa? (5+5+2) ( IPGMER)
8. Write an account of
a. Ligaments of inguinal canal
b. Protective mechanism related to inguinal canal
c. Differences between direct and indirect inguinal hernia 94+4+40 (esi joka)
9. Enumerate the parts of Fallopian tube and mention the site where
fertilization takes place normally. Write blood supply, histological structure,
development of Fallopian tube. Describe the boundary of ovarian fossa
.(2+1+2+2+3+2)(ESI JOKA)
10. Describe the diaphragm under following headings : a. Origin b. Insertion c.

Major opening d. Nerve supply (3+3+3+3) (CMSDH)
11. Describe Extra hepatic billiary apparatus with clinical importance (10+2) (
CMSDH)
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12. Define bladder base and bladder neck. State the importance of bladder
neck. Write with the help of diagram the relation of bladder base in both
sexes.Write about the trigone with its development (2+2+5+3) (MCK)
13. Give an account of the boundary of inguinal canal. What are contents of
inguinal canal in males and females ? Mention the contents and coverings of
spermatic cord? What do you mean by ‘indirect inguinal hernia’(3+2+3+2+2)
(NBMC)
14.A 70 years old man with history of chronic bronchitis complained of

increasing swelling in his right groin. Doctor noticed that the swelling lies above
the right pubic tubercle and expands on coughing. When deep inguinal ring is
occluded by finger the swelling reappeared medial to occlusion. Now answer
the following.
a. What is the clinical condition?
b. What are the boundaries of inguinal canal ?
c.What is position of deep inguinal ring.
d. What are the coverings of this type of hernia?
e.What are the differences between inguinal and femoral ring?
f. What are the boundaries of femoral ring and what is the direction of femoral
hernia? (1+2+1+2+2+2) ( BSMC)
15. A 30 years old man complained of excruciating pain in the left loin which
radiates to groin an also to scrotum and medial aspect of left thigh. X ray
showed a stone iin the left lower quadrant of abdomen . Answer the following
questions.
a.What is the clinical condition?
b. Why the patient complained of pain , initially to loin later on in groin,scrotum

and medial aspect of thigh?
c. What are the sites of constriction of ureter ?
d. What is renal angle?
e. Write coverings of kidney.(1+2+2+2+3=10) (BSMC)

16
16.Describe the peritoneum under the following headings.
a. Lesser sac
b. Epiploic foramen
c.Greater omentum and its content (4+4+4) ( RGK)
17..a.Describe the true and false ligaments of liver.
b.Name the boundaries of epiploic foramen with its importance.
c. Describe intra hepatic billiary apparatus (5+3+4) (CNMC)
18. Mention the formation and contents of Rectus sheath . Write a note on line
of alba ((6+4+2) (KPC)
19. Give an account of origin, termination and course with relations and
branches of 2nd ventral branch of abdominal aorta . Write its embryological
importance.(1+1+3+5+2)(KPC)
20. Describe the uterus under following headings a. Parts and Relations
b.Supports c. Blood supply d. applied anatomy.(MALDA)(3+4+3+2)
21. Give an account of diaphragm under following headings a. Origin b. Major

openings c.Nerve supply d.clinical importance ( 4+4+2+2)(CNMC)
17
LONG (7 MARKS)
1.An elderly lady with complain that something coming out through genitalia
was diagnosed as a case of prolapsed of uterus. Give and account of the factors
which normally prevents the prolapsed of uterus.(7)( BSMC)
2..Write the histological structure of a large intestine with a labelled diagram.(7)

(NRS)
3.Name the arteries and veins of rectum.Clinical importance of drainage of

rectum.(NRS)
4.Feature s of prostatic part of urethra and development of urethra .
5.Describe the histological structure of spleen, Describe the ligaments of

spleen.(4+3)(BMC)
6.Supports of uterus . (MMC)(MCK)
7.Renal circulation (MMC)
8. Extra Hepatic billiary structure.
9. Mention the anatomical factors that prevent gastro oeshophageal

regurgitation. Give relations and arterial supply of abdominal part of
oeshophagus.(3+2+2) (MCK)
9.An adult male presents with inguino- scrotal swelling of right side. A. What is
inguinal canal. B.What is its boundaries. C. Write difference between direct and
indirect hernia. (1+3+3) ( MSDMC)
10. Why direct inguinal hernia is common in elderly person?Draw a labeled

suitable diagram of medial direct inguinal hernia (2+5) ( IPGMER)
11.What are the components OF Pelvic diaphragm?Describe the parts of

pubococcygeus muscle with their functions( of each part). Mention the other
functions of pelvic diaphragm.(2+4+1) ( NBMC)
12. What are the parts of pancreas? Describe the development of pancreas in
short. What do you mean by annular pancreas?What is pseudopancreatic cyst
?(CNMC) (1+5+1) ( NBMC)
18
13.Mention the types of inguinal hernia. Write notes on coverings of inguinal

hernia.(3+4)( RGK)
14. Describe in brief the vertical and horizontal extent of thoracolumbar fascia
(4+3)( MALDA)
15. What are the different parts of fallopian tube ? Give an account of the
microstructure of the fallopian tube . What is ectopic gestation ? (2+3+2) (
NBMC)
16. What are the boundaries and contents of Deep perineal pouch ? What
structures pierce the perineal membrane? What would be the consequences in
perineal body damage?(2+2+2+1) (CNMC)
“Fight against commercialization of health and education,

SCRAP NMC BILL”
19
Short notes ( 3 marks)
1.Hypospadius ( BMC) 2. Rectovescical fistula (IPGMER) 3. Pudendal Canal (

KPC) 4. Ischiorectal fossa ( BSMC)5. Perineal membrane (NRS) 6. Lesser sac 7.
Histology of stomach 8. Deep inguinal lymph nodes. 9. Hepatorenal pouch. 10.
Tertiary villi. 11. Lesser splanchic nerve. 12. The mesentery(IPGMER) 13.Epiploic
foramen (ESI) 14. Urogenital diaphragm (ESI) 15.Physiological Hernia 16.
Flexures and supports of rectum 17.Ligaments of uterus (ESI) 18. Histology of
Testis ( CMSDH)19. Perineal body (MCK)20. Microstructure of pancreas (
MCK)21. Traube’s space (RGK) 22. Trigone of bladder(RGK)
23. Microstructure of suprarenal gland(RGK) 24. Histology of appendix (CNMC)

25. Low power histology of spleen ( MALDA) 26. Age changes of uterus (ESI)
27.Constrictions of ureter. (ESI) 28.Splenic circulation. (ESI) 29. Direct inguinal
hernia (ESI) 30. Spermatic cord ( ESI)
31.Anterior relation of testis ( NBMC)
EXPLAIN WHY : (3 MARKS)
1.Peritonitis is very painful ( IPGMER )
2. Diaphragm is supplied by phrenic nerve from inferior surface ( KPC)
3.Congenital hiatal hernia ( NRS)
4.A patient with cirrhosis of liver with portal hyepertension vomited blood.
5.Ureteric colic radiates from loin to groin. (BMC)(RGK)(NBMC)
6.Extravascation of urine in anterior abdominal wall.
7.Extravascation of urine following rupture of membranous urethra. (BMC)
8.Peritonitis causes empyema thoracic.(MMC)

20
9.Pain of acute appendicitis is often referred to umbilical region ( MSDMC)(NRS)
10.Lesser curvature of stomach is more prone to gastric ulcer (MSDMC)
11.Inflammation of ovary may present with painful knee.(IPGMER)
12.Carcinoma of prostate may present with low back pain (IPGMER)
13.POSTERIOR RELATIONS OF PANCREAS WITH BLOOD SUPPLY(ESI)
14.Inner layer of myometrium acts as living ligature of uterus during

menstruation and parturition.
15.Urethral opening found at the base of glans penis (MCK)
16.Preservation of splenic hilar tissue is essential during splenectomy.(MCK)
17.Abrupt change of mucosa occurs at gastro-oeshophageal junction
18.During surgery, ureter should not be denuded of peritoneum
19.Pectinate line is ‘watershade’ line of anal canal
20.Vermiform appendix is considered abdominal tonsil (NBMC)
21.Greater omentum is considered policeman of abdomen(NBMC)
22.Testis is pulled up towards the superficial inguinal ring while scratching on

the medial side of the thigh on the same side .(RGK)
23.A new born baby presents with a projectile vomiting.(RGK)
24.Gastric pain is felt at epigastric region ( KPC)
25.Caecum with appendix in left iliac fossa (KPC)
26.Fecal matters coming out of umbilicus (malda)
27.Metastatic spread occurs to vertebral column in prostatic ca( NRS)
28.Infection in pulp space is extremely painful. (NRS)
29.Distended urinary bladder can be drained by suprapubic cystotomy.(MALDA)

21
Thorax
1.Describe the Bronchopulmonary Segments and applied importance of

it.(8+4)(RGKMCH)
2.Describe the right atrium with development.(12) (MMCH)
SHORT (7 MARKS)
1.Write down the course and distribution of left coronary artery.What is angina
pectoris?Enumerate the sources of development of coronary sinus?(2+2+2+1)(
IPGMER)
2. Write a note on A. Origin B. Course C. Branches D.Clinical anatomy of

coronary artery.(3+2+2) ( MALDA)
3. What is pericardium ?Describe the oblique and transverse sinuses. (1+3+3) (

RGK)
4. What are the structures related to the medial surface of left lung?Add a note
on costodiaphragmatic pleural recess with its clinical importance.(4+2+1)(
MALDA)
5. Write a note on arch of aorta under heading : Relations, branches,

development. Explain any one congenital defect in relation to arch of aorta.
(2+1+2+2) (NRS)
6. What are the boundaries of typical intercostals spaces?Name their contents.

(7) ( Midnapore)
8. Features of left ventricular inlet and outlet components with brief notes on
mitral and aortic valves.Write a brief note on ductus arteriosus.(5+2) ( MCK)
9.What is Bronchopulmonary segment ?Name them.Clinical importance of the

Bronchopulmonary segments.(CMSDH)/Enumerate the bronchopulmonary
22
segments of both lungs . Describe the microstructure of intrapulmonary

bronchus . (NBMC)
10. Give a brief account of different parts of pleura with its recesses. ( KALYANI)
11.A patient of pleural effusion was admitted in chest department for pleural
tap
a. What is anatomically safe site for pleural tap
b.What are the layers and different parts of pleura and their nerve
supply?(1+3+3)(MSDMC)
Short Notes (3 Marks)
1.Coarctation of Aorta (BMC) 2. Constrictions of oeshophagus .( BMC) 3.

Bronchopulmonary segment (IPGMER) 4. Coronary Sinus (KPC) ( CMSDH)
(KALYANI)5. Patent Ductus Arteriosus (RGK) 6. Typical intercostals space ( RGK)
7. Apex of Lung ( MCK)8. Intercostals vessels and nerves(NBMC) 9.Azygous vein
(CNMC) 10.Carotid sheath (CNMC) 11.Sternal angle (CNMC)
1.Aspiration pneumonia is common in right lung (MALDA) ( RGK)( MCK)
2.Anterior interventricuarl artery , branch of left coronary artery is called the ‘

artery of sudden death ‘( NRS)
3.Transposition of great vessels ( MMCH)
4. Pain felt in neck during acute Myocardial Infarction (BSMC)
5.Chest tube is inserted in 2nd intercostal space during tension

pneumothorax.(BSMC)
6.Middle lobe syndrome (CMSDH)
7.Type of respiration in infants is abdominal whereas in adult females and

thoracoabdominal in adult males (KALYANI)
23
Neuroanatomy
Long Questions(12 MARKS)
1.What are the different parts of Internal Capsule. Mention the fibres passing
and blood supply.What is stroke? (IPGMER)
2.Enumerate the : a. sulci b. gyri. c.functional areas. d.superolateral surface of

cerebrum.(2+2+4+4) ( MALDA)
3.Name the ventricles of brain. Mention the boundaries and communications of

third ventricle. What is Hydrocephalous?(2+8+2) ( MCK)
4.Describe the fourth ventricle with suitable diagram.Mention different

communications of fourth ventricle. (8+4) (BMC)
5.What are the parts of internal capsule ? Give an account of blood supply of
different parts of with suitable diagram.Why does a patient may develop right
sided hemi anesthesia and weakness when left sided internal capsule is affected
by cerebrovascular accident?(2+4+4+2) (NBMC)
6.What are the different parts of Internal Capsule. Mention the fibres passing
and blood supply.Write briefly on circle of willis.(3+3+3+3) (ESI)
7.What is Argyll Robertson pupil? Mention the site of lesion for this
abnormality. Draw a suitable diagram of section of midbrain at the level of
superior colliculus. Describe the pathway of light reflex. (2+1+6+3)( KALYANI)
and Describe pathway of accommodation reflex(CNMC)
LONG (7 marks)
1.Draw a labeled diagram of spinal cord at the mid thoracic region.Mention the
blood supply of spinal cord in brief. Lumbar puncture is done at which level and
why? (2+3+2) ( NBMC)
24
2. What are structures forming the floor of the inferior horn of lateral ventricle.
Describe the projections and commissural fibres arising from the floor. (1+6) (
KPC)
3.Describe the blood supply of superolateral surface of cerebrum with its clinical
importance.(5+2) (RGK)
4.Classify the fibres of brain with example. Describe the internal capsule with its
clinical importance. (3+3+1) ( MALDA)
5.Write the boundary of third ventricle with a labeled diagram .( 7) (NRS)
6.A 70 year old man was brought to OPD with right sided hemiplegia. CT scan of
brain shows lesion in internal capsule of brain.What si internal
capsule?Enumerate its parts . Enumerate the fibres passing through it. Why is it
called internal capsule?(1+1+4+1) (BSMC)
7.What is Circle of Willis?Name the main area of brain supplied by circle of

Willis.( CMSDH)
8.A hypertensive person aged 55 years was undergone sudden collapse and
brought to medical emergency. Afterwards it develops complete hemiplegia
with signs of upper motor neuron type of paralysis. CT scan shows hemorrhage
in internal capsule.
a.What type of fibre is internal capsule?
b.Which artery has probably ruptured to cause hemorrhage?
c.Draw a suitable diagram to show the relations and different parts of internal
capsule.
d.Enumerate the structures passing through the posterior limb of internal

capsule.
e.What do you mean by thalamic radiation and enumerate

them.(1+1+4+4+2)(MSDMC)
9.A baby was born with enlarged head and diagnosed as hydrocephalous
a. What do you mean by hydrocephalous?

25
b. Outline the circulation of CSF from lateral ventricle to the superior sagital
sinus in a flow chart.
c.Draw a labeled diagram of floor of fourth ventricle.(1+3+3)(MSDMC)
1.Paracentral lobule ( BMC) (NRS)(MMC)2.Cross section of midbrain at the level

of superior collicullus ( IPGMER) 3. Blood supply of spinal cord (IPGMER) 4.
Blood supply of internal capsule (KPC) (MCK)5. Otic Ganglion ( MALDA) 6.
Flocullonodular lobe of cerebellum ( RGK) 6. Microstructure of cerebellum
(MMC) 7. Corpus callosum (MMC) 8. Circle of willis (BSMC) (CNMC) 9. Medial
medullary syndrome ( MCK) 10. Central sulcus ( CMSDH)
1.Macular vision is usually spare in lesion of posterior cerebral artery.( IPGMER )

( MALDA)( BSMC)( MCK)
2.Ipsilateral deviation of tongue in lateral medullary syndrome (RGK)
3. Injury at pterion causes motor aphasia (NRS)
4.Optic nerve once damaged cannot be regenerated ( MMC)
5. Abduscent nerve palsy is a common manifestation of increased intracranial

pressure.( MCK)
6.Weber’s syndrome (CMSDH )
7.Lumber puncture (CMSDH)
8.Motor Aphasia (CMSDH)
9.Evolution of cerebellum with functions.(ESI)
10.CSF circulation (ESI)

26
11.Pupillary light reflex( NBMC)
12.Internal strabismus( NBMC)
13.Optic disc of eye is called blind spot.(CNMC)
Head and Neck

Long Questions(12 MARKS)
1.Answer the following questions in reference to facial nerve: A. different

nuclei. B.Components of fibre. C. Extra cranial course. D. Distribution .
Mention the features of Bell’s Palsy.(2+2+2+3+3+) (IPGMER)
2.Mention the muscles of larynx attached to Cricoid cartilage and their role in
movement of vocal fold.Name the joints of cricoids cartilage and types of
movements permitted.Describe the nerve supply of larynx and effect of injury to
Reccurent laryngeal nerve.(6+2+4) (KPCMCH)
3.Describe the tongue under following headings: A. Gross features. B.Muscles

C. Nerve supply D. Developement(3+3+3+3) (MALDA)
4.Explain the soft palate under following headings: a. Anatomical basis of cleft
palate b.Enumerate the muscles forming it. C. nerve supply of soft
palate(6+3+3) (RGKMCH)
5.Enumerate the functional components of trigeminal nerve. Name the nuclei

of central nervous system in respect to location in central nervous system.Name
the parasympathetic ganglia associated with trigeminal nerve. What is cavum
trigeminate? Write a short note on Tie Douloureux.(2+4+2+2+2) (NRSMCH)
6. Name the paired and unpaired venous sinuses. Write the cavernous sinus
under following heading:Formation. Communication. What is danger area of
face.(5+3+2+2) (NRSMCH)
7.Taste sensation from posterior one third of tongue is carried by which cranial
nerve?What are the different nuclei of that nerve?Draw a diagram of different
27
branches of that nerve.What are the functions of that nerve other than taste
sensation.(1+3+5+3) ( MMCH)
8. Following thyroidectomy , a patient may develope hoarseness of voice.

Explain the statement. Give a brief account of the intrinsic muscles of larynx and
their effect on Rima Glottiidis.(2+10)( BSMC)
9.After parotodectomy , a person developed left sided facial weakness. Explain

anatomically the cause of facial weakness, What are the functional components
of the involved nerve? Describe the extracranial course of the nerve .(1+6+5) (
BSMC)
10. Describe the parotid gland under following headings : A. Relations , B,

Structures within it, C, Nerve supply , D.Applied anatomy.(4+3+2+3+) (MCK)
11. Describe the thyroid gland under following headings :A. Development .B>
Relations .C. Capsule with clinical importance.D. Histology.(3+3+3+3) (CMSDH)
12. Describe Parotid gland under following headings. A.Relation. B. Histology. C,

Parotid duct with clinical importance. D. Secretomotor fibres of gland.
(3+3+3+3+) ( CMSDH)
13. Describe the cavernous sinus under following headings : position,

formation,structures passing through it, communications. What is cavernous
sinus thrombosis ? (1+1.5+4+3.5+2) (BMC)
14.What are the parts of tongue?Name the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of
tongue with their motor nerve supply. Give an account of sensory nerve supply
of tongue according to development. What is blood supply of the tongue? What
is ankyloglossia? (2+3+3+2+2) (NBMC)
15.Describe the temporomandibular joint under following the following

headings:
a. Bony configuration b.Ligaments attached c. Muscles acting on the joint d.

Movements permitted. (3+3+3+3) ( ESI)
16. Draw a diagram of palate showing development with congenital anomalies.

Draw a diagram showing muscles of soft palate (4+8) ( KALYANI)
28
17. Following sudden exposure to cold a person attends medical OPD with
swelling of parotid gland of right side and signs of ipsilateral paralysis of facial
muscles:
a. What is the condition called clinically?
b.Which anatomical structure is involved to produce this condition?
c. What is the usual site of involvement of this structure?
d.Explain the different signs and symptoms of this condition from your
anatomical knowledge.
e.What are the functions of components of this structure?(1+1+1+6+3)(MSDMC)
LONG (7 marks)
1.Answer the following about tympanic cavity: A> Features of the medial
wall. B.Nerve supply of tympanic membrane. C.Development in which part of
tympanic membrane myringotomy is done and why? (2+2+2+1) ( IPGMER)
2.What are the parts of vascular coat of eyeball? Describe Iris. (1+6) ( KPC)
3.Describe the Chorda tympani nerve mentioning its component fibres and
nucleus of origin and effects of injury.( 3+2+2) (KPC)
4.Draw a labeled diagram of histological structure of parotid gland .Write the

secretpmptor supply of gland.(4+3) ( RGK)
5.Write the components of lacrimal apparatus.Write secretomotor pathway of

lacrimal gland. Explain removal of palpebral part of lacimal gland causing
dryness.(2+3+2) (NRS)
6.What is the mechanism of deglutition? (7) ( Midnapore)

29
7,Describe the lymphatic drainage of tongue and disscuss its clinical

imotance.(7) ( Midnapore)
8.Write a note on course of maxillary nerve and its branches with reference to
sphenopalatine ganglion.(2+5) (MCK)
9.Write a note on cartilaginous Eustachian tube and sinus of morgagni.(5+2) (

MCK)
10.Name the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue.Explain motor and sensory
innervations of tongue based on embryology.(2+5) (BMC)(IPGMER)
11.Draw diagrams showing relations of auditory tube. (KALYANI)
12.Name the muscles of soft palate and nerve supply with clinical importance
(3+2+2)(CNMC)
1.Cornea (BMC) (NBMC),Structure of Cornea (IPGMER) 2. Articular disc of TM

Joint ( KPC) 3. Levator palpabrae superioris 4. Microanatomy of palatine tonsil (
Description not required only histology )( MALDA( BSMC)) 4. Blood supply of
thyroid gland (MALDA) 5. Littles Area ( MALDA) 6. Tympanic Membrane ( RGK)
7. Safety muscle of larynx. ( RGK)( MCK) 8. Ciliary Body ( NRS)(BSMC) 9. Histology
of tongue with diagram (NRS) 10. Waldeyers ring ( MMCH) 11. Nasal septum
(MMCH) 12. Styloid apparatus ( BSMC)( CMSDH) 13. Pterygopalatine ganglion (
BSMC)14. Trapezoid Body ( CMSDH) 14. Muscle of soft palate and nerve
supply.(ESI) 15.Organ of corti 16. Layers of scalp with clinical importance ( ESI)
17.Muscles of larynx with nerve supply and action (ESI) 18. Extraocular muscles
with nerve supply and action (ESI)19. Lacrimal gland ( KALYANI)20.Inlet of
larynx( KALYANI) 21. Palatine tonsil (NBMC) 22. The lateral wall of nose.(NBMC)
3. Pharyngotympanic tube ( MSDMC)
30
1.Parotid abcess is very painful. ( BMC)
2.Papilloedema (BMC)
3.In myringotomy incision is given in the anteroinferior /psoteroinferior

quadrant ( BMC)( BSMC)
4.Infection of tonsil causes pain in ear ( KPC)
5.Thyroid moves up and down with deggluttion ( KPC)( RGK)
6.Pituitary tumour causes bitemporal hemoanopia (Malda)(MSDMC)
7.Bulbar palsy may cause dysarthria , dysphagia ,and dysphonia ( MALDA)
8.Tearing in Bell’s Palsy ( RGK)
9.Maxillary sinusitis presents with intense pain (RGK)
10.Effects of lesion of right sided third cranial nerve .(NRS)
11.Child suffering from repeated throat infection presents with discharge of pus
through ear ( NRS)
12.Injury to facial nerve causes hyper acusis ( NRS)
.13. RTA causes loss of taste sensation from anterior 2/3rd of tongue ( MMC)
14.Pupillary reflex is absent but accommodation is present in a case of Argyll

Robertson pupil( BSMC)
15.A patient with scalp injury presents ‘ black eye ‘( BSMC)
16.Protrusion of tongue leading to upward movement of thyroglossal cyst(

MCK)
17.Dysphagia lusoria (MCK)

31
18.Prognosis in vocal cord malignancy is better than supra glottis malignancy
19.Otic ganglion (ESI)
20.Clinical importance of auditory tube.
21.Clinical importance of artery and nerve in thyroid.
22.In tonsillectomy blood clot should be removed (KALYANI)
23.Types of joints found in occipital bone(CNMC)
24.Following operation of thyroid gland patient develops hoarseness of voice

(CNMC)
25.Scalp injury may cause black eye. (CNMC)
General Anatomy And Embryology

1.Describe the interim of right ventricle with description of inflowing and

outflowing valves . What are the source of development of right ventricle.(10+2)
(KPCMCH)
LONG (7 marks)
1.Mention the derivatives of first branchial arch.(7) (BMC)
2.Describe the developmental anomalies of kidney.(7) (BMC)
3.A child with foramen ovale was diagnosed to be a case of atrial septal
defect.From your knowledge of anatomy explain this. Discuss briefly the
development of inter atrial septum( 1+6) ( BSMC)/Its clinical importance(CNMC)
4.What is Cleft palate? Name the sources of development of palate.
5.Rotation of Gut (BMC)

32
6.Describe the formation of chorionicvilli with diagram. What is placental

barrier(5+2) (IPGMER)
7.Types of synovial joints with movements (CMSDH)
8.Describe synovial joint. Classify synovial joint with example of each ( 3+4) (
NBMC)
9.What are the two ends of the mid gut?Mention the derivatives and arterial
supply of the midgut. Describe the rotation of midgut . (1+3+3) ( NBMC)
10.A 32 weeks pregnant lady presents painless bleeding through
Vagina.USG reveals placenta previa . What is chorionic villus? What is intervillus

space?(5)(BSMC)
11.Describe the derivatives of vitello-intestinal duct with its applied

importance.(7)( RGK)
12. Describe the different parts of a long bone. Write the reasons the part which
is important from clinical point of view.Write the laws of ossification .(2+2+3) (
RGK)
13. Describe the placenta under following headings a. Formation b. Function c.

abnormalities. (3+3+1)(CNMC)
14. Draw a diagram showing Fallot’s tetralogy ( KALYANI)
15.Congenital defects in soft palate may cause suckling and swallowing

problems in a child.
a.Enumerate the developmental defects of palate with suitable diagram.
b.Enumerate the muscles of soft palate which are supplied by pharyngeal

plexus.((4+3)(MSDMC)
1.Fallot’ Tetralogy (MALDA) 2. Mesonephric tubule ( NRS) 3. Branchial fistuala (

NRS) 4. Meckel’s cartilage ( BSMC) 5. Atrial septal defect ( MCK) 6. cervical
sinus ( CMSDH)6. Cardiac muscle. (NRS) 7. Implantation (NRS) 8. Downs
syndrome (NRS) (IPGMER)(ESI) 8. Symphysis(BMC) 9. Translocation (BMC)( MCK)
10. Decidua(BMC) 11. Ectopic gestation.(BMC) 12, Turner syndrome(NBMC).
33
13.Blastocyst. 14. Capacitation ( MSDMC) 15. Epiphysis 16. Klinefelter’s

syndrome.( MSDMC) 17. Transitional epithelium ( IPGMER) 18.barr body(
NBMC) 19.Karyotype and any two clinical features.(ESI)(RGK) 20. Derivatives of
Neural crest cells.(ESI) (MALDA)21. Zona pellucida (ESI) 22. Classification of
simple epithelium with diagram and one example.(ESI) 23. Somite (CMSDH) 24.
Law of ossification (CMSDH)25. Adipose tissue ( MCK) 26. Primitive streak (
MCK) 27. Descent of testis. 28.Tertiary villi of placenta 29. Different positions of
vermiform appendix 30. Annular pancreas (RGK) 31. Metaphysis(CNMC) 32.
Fibro cartilage (CNMC) 33. Placental barrier (MALDA)34.Developement of
interatrial septum. 34. Branchial apparatus.35.Lacrimal gland
36. Bicornuate uterus(CNMC) 37.Ectopic testis(MSDMC) 38. Enumerate

derivatives of cloaca (MSDMC) 39.Patent ductus arteriosus (MSDMC)
1.Parathytoid is variable in position
2.Inferior Parathyroid gland is developmentally superior( IPGMER)/ Inferior

parathyroid is known as parathyroid lll(KALYANI)(MSDMC)
3.A new born baby passes urine through umbilicus (IPGMER)
4. Branchial cyst ( KPC)
5.Left Recurrent Laryngeal nerve hooks round the ligamentum arteriosum

where as right hooks around right subclavian artery.( IPGMER)(
BSMC)(KALYANI)(MSDMC)
6.Placenta praevia cause difficulty in labour.
7.Monozygotic twins are identical where as dizygotic twins are non

identical(IPGMER)(NBMC)
34
8.MECKEL’S DIVERTICULUM (ESI)
9.Polycystic kidney(ESI)
10.Parental age is important in genetic disorders.
11.An elderly female of 38 years gave birth to a baby who is examined to have a
round face , epicanthic eye fold and characteristic single palmar crease –Explain
the genetic cause (CNMC)
12.Horse shoe kidney cannot ascend upto its normal position .( CNMC)
13.Branchial fistula ( NBMC)
14.Descent of testis (NBMC)
15.Tracheo oeshophageal fistula (CNMC)
“ Hold High the banner of Medical Ethics, Protest against

WBCEA 17”
35
PHYSIOLOGY Chapterwise questions of 1st and 2nd semester

(Brought to you by ALL INDIA DSO)
SECTION 1: GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
SHORT NOTE (3 MARKS)

a)Facilitated diffusion (BMC) (MALDA )
b)Gibbs Donnan equilibrium (BMC) (MMC) (MCK)
c)Na+-K+- ATPase (IPGMER)(KPC)(NBMC)(R.G.KARMC)
d)Cell Adhesion Molecules (COMSD)
e)Secondary active transport across cell membrane(CNMC) (BSMC)
f)Second messenger(BSMC)
SECTION 2:HEMATOLOGY
LONG QUESTION (12 MARKS)

a)What is erythropoiesis? Give a brief account of the steps and mention the factors regulating erythropoiesis.
1+6+5(BMC)(CNMC)
b)What are the advantages of biconcavity of erythrocytes? Discuss briefly the stages of erythropoiesis. What are
the hormonal factors that affect this process?2+4+4=10(Kalyani)
c) What is hemostasis?what are the events involved in hemostasis? Discuss the role of platelets in
hemostasis.How does low dose aspirin help in preventing stroke?1+3+5+3
d)Define erythropoiesis. Give an account of stage wise development of erythrocyte.State the role of different
factors influencing it. Write a note on Megaloblastic Anaemia.1+4+4+3(COMSD)
e)Discuss the role of Neutrophils in defence. What is innate immunity?8+4(KPC)
f) What is hemostasis?Enumerate the basic stages of hemostasis.Briefly state the role of platelets in hemostatic
process. Why vit K-antagonists may act as anticoagulants.

a) How Prothrombin activator is generated? What is the role of Thrombin in anticlotting?5+2(NRS)
b) Enumerate the factors affecting Erythropoiesis.Write about the phases of erythropoiesis.2+5(MMC)
c)State Landsteiner’s Law .Describe the ABO system of blood grouping.Add a note on ‘cross matching’ of blood
before Transfusion.1+4+2(ESI JOKA)
d)Discuss the anti clotting mechanism in blood.7(BSMC)
e) What is erythropoiesis?Discuss the stapes of erythropoiesis with diagram.1+4(NBMC)
f)Give the stages of erythropoiesis with its characteristic features.What is the fate of haemoglobin.4+3(R.G.KAR
MC)
SHORT NOTES (3 MARKS)

a) Humoral immunity(BMC)
b)NK cell(NRS)
c)Respiratory Burst(NRS)
d)Haemoglobinopathy
“ Hold high the banner of medical ethics “

36
e)T lymphocyte
f) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESI JOKA)(KPC)
g)Helper T lymphocyte(MCK)
h)Bleeding time and Clotting time(NBMC)
i)Foetomaternal Rh-incompatibility
EXPLAIN WHY (3 MARKS)
a) Aspirin in low doses prevents intravascular coagulation (BMC)(ESI JOKA)(KPC)
b) Normal plasma protein prevents oedema. (BMC)(CNMC)
c) Foetus, being a foreign body ,is not rejected by the maternal immune system.(NRS)
d) Oedema occurs in hypoproteinemia. (NRS)(BSMC)(NBMC)
or
Oedema occurs in chronic liver disease. (MMC)
e) Eosinophil count rises in allergic reaction (MCK)
f)Anaemia occurs after gastrectomy(CNMC)(KPC)
g) Venous blood has increased hematocrit.(BSMC)
h) Immune system does not normally react with body’s own antigen.(Malda)
SECTION 3:DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

a)Enumerate the physiological actions of cholecystokinin and secretin. What do you understand by the trophic
action of gastrin?Identify the causes and remedies of the following disorders
i)Achalasia ii)Paralytic ileus 4+1+2+3=10(kalyani)
b) Describe the mechanism of HCl secretion.What are the phases of gastric secretion. What is Dumping
syndrome?4+4+2(NBMC)

a) What is meant by gastric mucosal barrier? What are the changes in it that lead to peptic ulceration? 2+5
(BMC)
b) What are the different bile salts? Describe the functions of bile. Discuss the different types of
jaundice.1+3+3(NRS)
c )Name the various types of cells present in the stomach. Explain why stomach is not digested by acid
pepsin.3+4(MMC)
d) Describe the composition and function of bile .3+4(ESI JOKA)
e) How digestion of carbohydrate is brought about in the GI tract? What is Malabsorption Syndrome?
5+2(COMSD)
f) What is the fate of heme in the body ?How will you differentiate between haemolytic and obstructive
jaundice.2+5(MCK)
g) What is gastric barrier? Describe the mechanism of HCl formation and factors controlling its
secretion.2+3+2(CNMC)
h) Write about the different types of intestinal movements .What is adynamic ileus?5+2(KPC)
i)Discuss the mechanism preventing auto digestion of stomach.(BSMC)
j)describe the mechanism and regulation of HCl acid secretion by parietal cells.7(R.G.KAR MC)
i)Briefly describe the formation, metabolism and excretion of bilirubin. What is a Cholagogue? 6+1(Malda)
“Fight against privatisation of medical education, SCRAP NMC BILL”
37

a) Post prandial alkaline tide (BMC)
b) Secretin(NRS)
c) Migrating Motor Complex(COMSD)
d) Gastrin(CNMC)(KPC)(NBMC)
e) Law of gut (ESI JOKA)
f)Enterohepatic circulation(MCK)
g)Gallstones(KPC)
h) Dumping syndrome (BSMC)
i) Movement of small intestine.(R.G.KAR MC)
j)Gastric emptying(Malda)
EXPLAIN WHY(3 MARKS)
a) Alcoholics ingest fatty food before consuming alcohol.(NRS)
b) Bleeding tendency occurs in obstructive jaundice.(MMC)
Or
Obstructive jaundice may be associated with coagulation defect.(COMSD)(KPC)
Or
Coagulation time is prolonged in obstructive jaundice.(CNMC)
c )Mucosal barrier protects Gastric Epithelium from damage.(ESI JOKA)
d)Diet habit must be changed after total gastrectomy.(MCK)
e)Steatorrhoea occurs in case of obstructive jaundice.(NBMC)
f) Urine becomes alkaline after heavy meal. (NBMC)
g) Auto digestion of pancreas does not occur. (R.G.KAR MC)
h)Parasympathetic innervations is the most potent physiologic regulator of gastric HCl secretion.(Malda)
SECTION 4: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

a)What is Bohr effect? Describe the factors shifting O2-Hb dissociation curve. Comment on the oxygen binding
affinity of HbF. What is the role of oxygen therapy in different types of hypoxia.(Kalyani)2+4+2+2=10
b) Describe the mechanism by which CO2is transported in blood. Which form of CO2 transport is most important
and why? What is Haldane effect.6+3+3(NRS)
c)Describe in details the transport of oxygen from lungs to tissues .Explain the concept of P 50with its
significance.9+3(ESI JOKA)
d)With the help of a diagram state the physiological organisation of Respiratory Centres including the different
groups of respiratory neurons and their relationships.Write briefly about the role of different chemical stimuli in
the regulation of respiration.What is breaking point? 4+6+2(COMSD)
e)Describe different types of hypoxia.Discuss the mechanism of acclimatization.9+3(BSMC)
f)Discuss briefly how gaseous exchange occurs across the alveolo-capillary membrane.What is hypoxia and
hypercapnia. How they affect respiration?4+2+4(NBMC)
g)Give an account of chemical regulation of respiration. Define apnoea and its physiological
causes.10+2(R.G.KAR MC)

a) Describe the oxygen dissociation curve and the factors influencing it. 3+4(BMC)(KPC)
b) What is V-Q ratio? Explain the distribution of ventilation and perfusion in different regions of lungs in erect
posture. Why is tuberculosis more common at the apex of the lungs?
c)What is the cause negativity of Intrapleural pressure? With a suitable diagram contrast the changing patterns
of intra alveolar pressure, intrapleural pressure and tidal volume during the phases of respiration.2+5(MCK)
38
d)what is pulmonary surfactant? Explain the role of pulmonary surfactant in the maintenance of the alveolar
stability.2+5(CNMC)
e) How CO2is transported in blood?What is Haldane effect?6+1(Malda)
a) Alveolo capillary membrane (BMC)
b) Role of oxygen therapy in hypoxia (MMC)
c) Oxy-Hb dissociation curve
d)Functional residual capacity(ESI JOKA)
e)Timed vital capacity(COMSD)(CNMC)
f) Central chemoreceptors(MCK)
g)Double Bohr Effect(MCK)
h) Peak expiratory flow rate(CNMC)
i) Surfactant(KPC)(NBMC)
j) Caisson’s disease.(NBMC)
k) Vital capacity (R.G.KAR MC)
l)Acclimatization(Malda)
a) In anaemic hypoxia oxygen therapy does not produce much help.(BMC)
b) Oxygen may be harmful in patients with chronic pulmonary disease.(NRS)
c)24-32%O2 is given in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease having CO 2 retention.(IPGMER)
d) Polycythemia occurs at High Altitude.(ESI JOKA
e)Incresae in pulmonary ventilation continues even after the exercise is over.(COMSD)
f)Terminal flow rate during expiration is effort independent.(MCK)
g)Arterial pO2 is lower than alveolar pO2.(BSMC)
h)Cyanosis does not occur in severe anaemia.(NBMC)
i)Normally lung alveoli are kept dry(R.G.KAR MC)
j)Tuberculosis commonly affects apical part of the lungs.(Malda)
SECTION5:NEUROMUSCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

a) Define resting membrane potential. How RMP is generated? ? What is Donnan effect?1+6+3(NBMC)
a)Describe briefly the molecular basis of muscular contraction. Add a note on Rigor Mortis? 5+2(BMC)
b)Draw a diagram of Action Potential of nerve. Explain it from ionic basis.3+4(MMC)
c)Describe action potential in skeletal muscle with their ionic basis.What is electromechanical coupling and how
does it differ from electro-chemical coupling?
e)Define resting membrane potential.Explain the mechanism of resting membrane potential.Add a note on
‘Gibb’s Donnan membrane equilibrium’.1+4+2(ESI JOKA)
or
Define RMP. How it is generated? What is Donnan effect?1+3+3(COMSD)
f)What are the properties of nerve action potential? Mention differences between Action Potential and
Electronic potential.5+2(MCK)
g) Outline the differences between action potential curves of skeletal muscles and working myocardial
cells.7(CNMC)
h) Write about the molecular basis of muscular contraction. Write a note on Neuromuscular blockers.4+3(KPC)
“ Condemn NEET and NEXT examination”
39
i)Write a note on Myasthenia Gravis.What is Eaton-Lambert syndrome.5+2(BSMC)

j)Describe excitation contraction coupling in skeletal muscle. What is Myasthenia Gravis.4+1(NBMC)
k)Draw well labelled diagram of neuro-muscular junction and describe the transmission of impulse through
it.7(R.G.KAR MC)
l)Define and describe excitation contraction coupling in skeletal muscle.(Malda)
a)Sarcomere(NRS)
b) Neuromuscular blocking agents(ESI JOKA)
c)Myoglobin(BSMC)
d)Fatigue(Malda)
a)Hypocalcaemia increases excitability of nerves.(BMC)
b) Relaxation of muscle is an active process.(MMC)
c)A decrease in extra cellular calcium ion concentration increases the excitability of nerve.
d)Relaxation of skeletal muscle requires injury.(COMSD)
e)Low plasma calcium level causes tetany.(NBMC)
SECTION6: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

a)What do you understand by the term “Cardiac output ” and ‘Cardiac Index’? Describe the factors that regulate
Cardiac Output. What is Ejection fraction? 3+6+3(BMC)(CNMC)
b) With a suitable diagram describe the conducting system of heart. What is A-V nodal delay? What is its
importance? Why sub endocardial region of left ventricle is prone for myocardial infarction?2+2+1+2+3(Kalyani)
c) Define Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP).Outline the mechanisms which help to maintain the MAP at
physiological levels.2+10 (NRS)
d) Define cardiac output (CO).Enumerate the factors affecting CO. Write down the role of heart rate on CO. How
Fick’s principle determines CO. 1+2+3+6(MMC)
e)Define electrocardiogram. How augmentation occurs in augmentation leads? What is PR interval? How you
can diagnose various types of heart block from ECG.1+4+2+5(MMC)
f)What is cardiac cycle ?Describe with suitable diagram the pressure –volume changes in left ventricle in
different phases of cardiac cycle. Why is coronary blood flow to left ventricle is more in diastole than in
systole.2+6+4(IPGMER)
g) Define cardiac output (CO) with normal value. Enumerate the various methods for measurement of cardiac
output. Describe in details the various factors regulating cardiac output .Add a note on ejection
fraction.2+2+6+2(ESI JOKA)
h)Describe with schematic diagram the basic pathways involve d in the medullary control of heart rate and
blood pressure. Explain the mechanism of Sinus Arrythmia.10+2(MCK)
i) Enumerate the different properties of cardiac muscle..With suitable diagram , describe the action potential of
cardiac muscles along with their ionic basis. What are the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic
stimulation on membranes of SA Node?3+7+2(MCK)
“ Protest against commercialisation of health and education”

40
j) Describe the different waves of ECG and segments with a neat diagram its. Mention their importance.What is
heart block?6+4+2(KPC)
k) Describe briefly the types of cardiac action potential. Discuss the genesis of pacemaker potential.8+4(BSMC)
l) ) Define cardiac cycle. Describe various mechanical events of cardiac cycle. What is ‘j point’ in the electrical
events of cardiac cycle.2+8+2(R.G.KAR MC)
m) Name the Junctional tissues of heart. Explain the ionic basis of the two types of Action Potentials seen in
cardiac muscle with suitable diagram. What is meant by ‘hierarchy of pacemakers’?2+8+2(Malda)
a) Define cardiac cycle. Enumerate the different phases of cardiac cycle with time. Draw and describe the
Pressure Volume loop of left ventricle and indicate the phase of maximum.1+3+3(NRS)
b)Define cardiac cycle. Describe the events occurring during the cycle in the left ventricle.1+6(COMSD)
c)Mention briefly the various factors controlling cardiac output. What are the various methods for measurement
of cardiac output.4+1(NBMC)
a) Cushing reflex (NRS)
b) Normal ECG waves (NRS)
c) Sino aortic reflex (MMC)
d)Differences between First and Second heart sound(ESI JOKA)
e)Junctional tissues of heart(COMSD)
f)Triple response of Lewis(COMSD)
g) PR interval in ECG(CNMC)(R.G.KAR MC)
h)CNS ischaemic response(BSMC)
i)Vasomotor center(NBMC)
j)Monro Kellie Doctrine(BMC)
a) Net blood flow to the skeletal muscles increase hugely during exercise despite generalised sympathetic
stimulation. (NRS)
b) Heart cannot be tetanised.(MMC)
or
Cardiac muscle shows no sign of fatigue.(R.G.KAR MC)
c) Fainting may follow a violent spell of cough. (IPGMER)
or
Bradycardia occurs with increased Intracranial Pressure (ESI JOKA) (BSMC)
d)β blocker is given to treat the cardiac symptoms of hyperthyroid patients.
e)Systolic BP rises in old age but diastolic BP falls.(CNMC)
f)Diastolic pressure rises on assuming the standing posture from supine posture.(KPC)
g)Normal ECG shows T wave as upright and positive.(NBMC)
h)Upon auscultation, there is splitting of second heart sound during deep inspiration.
SECTION7:ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

a)What are the hormones which affect the plasma calcium concentration ?Briefly describe the functions of
those hormones in calcium metabolism.(NBMC)
b)Enumerate the hormones secreted from the thyroid gland. Describe the physiological effects of thyroid
hormone. What is thyroid storm?2+7+3(Malda)
41
c) Enumerate the hormones of the pituitary gland. Describe in brief the functions of growth hormone.
Write briefly on the important clinical features of acromegaly. How will you differentiate between a
25 years old acromegalic and a giant.2+4+4+2(R.G.KAR MC)
d)what is the normal plasma calcium value? Mention the importance of Calcium in the body. Describe
how the blood calcium value is maintained. What is osteoporosis?1+3+6+2(BMC)
e) Describe the mechanism of action and functions of Growth hormone. What is
acromegaly.3+6+3(BSMC)
f) What are the hormones secreted by adrenal cortex?Describe the principal functions of
minerelocorticoids.What is Conn syndrome?3+7+2(KPC)
g) Enumerate the different types of hormones secreted by pituitary gland. Describe the functions of growth
hormone. Write a short account on dwarfism . ( MSDMC)(3+6+3)
i)Enumerate various hormones released fromdifferent layers of adrenal cortex.What are the
physiological actions of glucocorticoids? Why long term treatment of glucocoticoid should not be
withdrawn abruptly( Kalyani)
j)Describe with proper flow chart the steps of thyroid hormone biosynthesis.What are effects of
thyroid hormone on cardiovascular system? What are the differences between critinism nd adult
hypothyroidsm?(6+3+3)(CNMC)
Long Questions (7Marks)
a)What are the hormones secreted from islets of Langerhans ? State briefly the physiological actions of insulin.
What are the clinical features of hypoglycaemia?2+3+2(IPGMER)
b)Enumerate the hormones secreted from different layers of Adrenal cortex? Describe the functions of
cortisol.(IPGMER)
c) Name 2 natural and 2 synthetic glucocorticoids. What is the role of cortisol in stress and as an anti
inflammatory agent? Name the test that helps to distinguish between Cushing’s disease and Cushing’s
syndrome.2+4+1(NRS)
d) List different hormones of adrenal cortex and schematically represent their biosynthetic pathway. What is
Addison’s disease.3+3+1(MCK)
e)Write about the steps of Thyroid hormone formation.Explain why carbimazole may be used in
Hyperthyroidism.(MMC)
a)Glucagon(NBMC)
bConn syndrome(NBMC)
c)Tetany (IPGMER)
d)Action of insulin on lipid metabolism(Malda)
e)Myxoedema(R.G.KAR MC)
f)Grave’s Disease(NRS)(MCK)
g) Addison’s disease.(MMC)
h)Acromegaly(KPC)
i) Permissive action of glucocortocoids (MSDMC)
j) Addison’s disease(CNMC)
a)Truncal obesity occurs in Cushing syndrome.
b)Regular exercise is beneficial for Diabetes mellitus(NBMC)
c)Oral glucose intake causes more insulin secretion than intravenous infusion.(NBMC)
“No to bridge course, no to NEXT, SCRAP NMC BILL”
42
d)Prolonged steroid therapy should not be withdrawn suddenly.(Malda)

Or
Glucocorticoid dosage should be tapered off before stoppage.(BSMC)
e)Hyper pigmentation is seen in Addison’s disease.(R.G.KAR MC)
f)Thyroidectomy causes tetany. (R.G.KAR MC)
g)The action of growth hormone depend on normally functioning liver.(NRS)
h)Polyphagia occurs in Diabetes mellitus.(BSMC)
i)Cholinergic Autonomic nerves are said to be anabolic system.(KPC)
j)Goitre is seen in both hypo and hyperthyroidism (MSDMC)
k)Oedema is absent in primary hyperaldosteronism(MSDMC)
SECTION 8:EXCRETORY SYSTEM

a) Describe the juxta-glomerular apparatus and state the important regulator of rennin secretion. Describe the
mechanism of formation of Angiotensin II and its physiological effect.3+2+5(NBMC)
a)How loop of Henle and vasa recta help in concentrating urine? What is the role of urea in maintaining
medullary concentration gradient? 5+2(IPGMER)
b) Describe the mechanism of glucose reabsorption in renal tubules. What is splay phenomena ?4+3(Malda)
c) Define GFR. State the major factors controlling it. How is it measured?1+4+2(R.G.KAR MC)
d)what is counter current multiplier system in kidney.7(NRS)
e)Draw and depict the graphical representation of the relation between increasing Plasma glucose level and
tubular transport rate. What is TmG? Mention its value.(BMC)
f) Describe the tubular reabsorption of glucose. Discuss splay phenomenon with explanation ?3+4(BSMC)
g) What is GFR. Name the factors affecting GFR.Explain why Inulin clearance test is as same as GFR.(MMC)
h)What is the role of kidney in maintenance of acid- base balance in the body ?7(KPC)
i)What is GFR? Describe the factors controlling GFR.(2+5)(MSDMC)
j) Explain the role of urea in the establishment of medullary hyperosmotic gradient of kidney with proper
diagram (7) (CNMC)
a)Diabetes insipidus (NBMC)
b)Tubulo-glomerular feedback(IPGMER)(MMC)
c)Oral glucose tolerance test.(NRS)
d)JG apparatus(BMC)
e)Diabetes insipidus(BSMC)
f)Cystometrogram(MMC)
g)Rennin –angiotensin system
a)pH of urine cannot be less than 4.4 even in severe acidosis.(IPGMER)(MCK)
b)Tubular reabsorption of 80% filtered water load is independent of hydration status.(Malda)
c)Creatinine clearance gives appropriate measure of GFR.(MCK)
d) Counter current mechanism helps n formation of medullary concentration gradient.(MCK)
e)Renal medulla is sensitive to hypoxia.(BMC)
f) Oedema does not occur in Hyperaldosteronism.(MMC)
g)Routine examination of urine is the simplest test to assess the excretory system especially in poor people(KPC)
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SECTION 9: NERVOUS SYESTEM

a)Name the components of Basal Ganglia. Describe their chief inter nuclear connections and functions .Briefly
state the features of Parkinsonism.2+2+3+3(NBMC)
b) List the receptors and afferent nerve fibres that subserve vibration, discriminative touch ,joint-position sense,
thrmoreception and nociception. Trace the pain pathway from nociceptor to cortex. What is Referred pain?
5+5+2(IPGMER)
c) What are the functional divisions of cerebellum? Mention its afferent and efferent connections. Describe the
clinical manifestations of right sided cerebellar lesion.2+6+4(IPGMER)
d) Describe the connections of cerebellum..Enumerate the functions of cerebellum. Enlist the clinical features of
cerebellar dysfunction.5+4+3(Malda)
e) Name the pathways carrying touch sensation. Trace the pathways carrying touch from the receptors to the
sensorium. Write briefly on dissociated sensory loss.3+7+2(R.G.KAR MC)
f) Trace out the pathway of conscious Proprioceptive sensation from the knee joint to the centre with the help
of neat, labelled diagram. What is Tabes Dorsalis?8+4(NRS)
g) Describe the pathway of corticospinal tract with a diagram. What are features of upper motor neuron
lesion.7+5(NRS)
h) List various components of basal Ganglia. Draw and describe the pathway that interconnect them.Describe
the role of basal ganglia in regulating somatic motor function. Explain the feature of Akinesia in Parkinson’s
disease.2+4+3+3(MCK)
i)Define Visceral Function. What are the various components of Central Regulation of Visceral Function?List the
various functions of hypothalamus. Explain how the feeding behaviour is regulated. 3+3+3+3(MCK)
j)Outline the physiologic subdivisions of cerebellum. Briefly describe the functional significance of internal
circuitry. Describe the clinical features of non-cerebellar disorders.3+4+5(BMC)
k)Describe pain pathway with diagram.Define referred pain with examples.7+2+3(BSMC)
l)Write about the functions of cerebellum.Draw a diagram of its circuit and describe clinical features of
cerebellar lesion.3+5+4(MMC)
m) What structures form Basal Ganglia? Draw a diagram of its circuit and describe the features of hyper and
hypokinetic features of Parkinsonism. 2+5+5(MMC)
n)Describe the nuclei, connections and functions of Basal Ganglia.What are the features of
Parkinsonism?7+5(MMC)
o)Describe with diagram the neural pathway for pain sensation. Explain endogenous pain inhibiting system.
Mention the physiological basis of phantom limb.(6+4+2)(MSDMC)
p) Classify the functional divisions of cerebellum and disscuss the function of each of them.What are the signs of
cerebellar lesion.(5+5)(KALYANI)
q) What are the functional divisions of cerebellum?Show the to and fro connections of cerebellum with proper
diagram.Enumerate the functions of cerebellum and clinical manifestations following its
lesion.(2+3+3+4)(CNMC)

a) Mention briefly the different normal EEG waves. What is alpha block? 3+2(NBMC)
b)Define stretch reflex.Draw and describe the reflex arc, with special reference to the receptors. What is
fusimotor drive.2+3+2(MCK)
c) Describe the structure of muscle spindle. What is α-γ coactivation.(BSMC)
d) What is Stress analgesia?Explain how that occurs.2+5(MMC)
e) What is decerebrate rigidity? Give its physiological explanation.(2+5) (MSDMC)
f)What are the features of REM sleep?Why REM slep is known as paradoxical sleep ? (3+2)(KALYANI)
g) Explain with suitable diagram the clinical features of Brown –Sequard syndrome(CNMC)
h)Describe the pathway of light reflex and accomoation refle .What is Argyll Robertson pupil?(3+3+1)(CNMC)
44

a)Referred pain(NBMC)
b)Regulation of appetite(IPGMER)
c)conditioned reflex(Malda)
d)Brown-sequard syndrome(Malda)
e)Blood brain barrier(R.G.KAR MC)
f)Phantom limb(R.G.KAR MC)
g)Paradoxical sleep(NRS)
h)Synaptic plasticity and learning(MCK)
i)categorical and representational hemisphere of cerebral cortex.(MCK)
j)Dissociated anaesthesia(BMC)
k)Stress analgesia(BSMC)
l)Clasp knife rigidity(BSMC)
m)Renshaw cell inhibition(MMC)
n)EEG waves(KPC)
o)Fluent Aphasia(EEG)
p) Stretch reflex (MSDMC)
q)Parkinson,s disease(MSDMC)
r) Gate control theory of pain .(CNMC)
a)Gentle massage at the site of pain reduces its intensity.(NBMC)
b)Hypokinesia occurs in Parkinson’s disease.(IPGMER)
c)Visceral pain is often referred to a somatic structure.(Malda)
d)Muscle spindle afferent discharge goes inversely with alpha motor discharge.(NRS)
e) Use of carbidopa is commonly done with L-DOpa in treatment of parkinsonism(cnmc)
f) After amputation of limb patient sometimes c/o pain and other sensation in the amputed limb.(cnmc)
g)Dissociation of sensation occur in syringomyelia (cnmc)
SECTION 10:REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

a)How do you confirm the normal Pregnancy? Name the different contraceptive methods.2+3 (NBMC)
b)Describe spermatogenesis. Outline the role of sertoli cells in spermatogenesis.5+2(Malda)
c)What is puberty? How is the onset of puberty is controlled? State the pubertal changes in a
boy.1+3+3(R.G.KAR MC)
d)Describe the changes taking place in the endometrium during menstrual cycle along with their hormonal
basis.7(NRS)
e)Describe the ovarian changes during menstrual cycle.What is anovular cycle?5+2(BMC)
f)What are the functions of placenta?Discuss about the hormones secreted from Placenta.Even though
genetically different,why foetus is not rejected by the mother immunologically?2+3+2
g) Describe the hormonal control of menstrual cycle. ( MSDMC)
h) Explain different phases of menstrual cycle with suitable diagram(KALYANI)
a)signs of ovulation(IPGMER)
b)LH surge(Malda)
c)Ovulation.(R.G.KAR MC)
d)The two cell model of ovarian steroidogenesis.(MCK)
45
e) Adreno genital syndrome(BMC)

f)Blood testis barrier(BSMC)
g)Oral contraceptive pills(KPC)
h)Spermatogenesis(KPC)
i) JG apparatus (MSDMC)
j) Feto placentl unit (CNMC)
k)Milk ejection reflex(CNMC)
a) Amenorrhoea occurs during lactation.(NBMC)
b) Prolonged use of Dopamine antagonists leads to galactorrea.(IPGMER)
c) SRY gene is essential for development of male gonad.
d) Testosterone hormone has been suggested for male contraception.(R.G.KAR MC)
e) Lack of LH surge causes anovulatory cycle.(R.G.KAR MC)
f) Chances of development of male gonad are higher than female gonad.(NRS)
g) β-HCG is used to confirm pregnancy.(MCK)
h)Though prolactin level remain elevated throughout the pregnancy, initiation of lactation does not start before
parturition. (BMC)
i)Ovariectomy before 6 weeks leads to abortion.(BSMC)(KPC)
j)Maternal blood oestrogen is an indicator of foetal health.(MMC)
k)Female Pseudohermaphroditism occurs in Adrenogenital syndrome.(MMC)
l)Osteoporosis is more common after menopause(MSDMC)
m)Pregnancy usually does not occur during lactation (CNMC)
SECTION 11: SPECIAL SENSES

a)Briefly describe the photo transduction mechanism of the retina. What is dark adaptation?3+2(NBMC)
b)Trace the course of visual pathway with labelled diagram. Show the path for light reflex. What is homonymous
hemianopia?3+2+2(IPGMER)
c)What are the receptors of audition .Briefly describe the mechanism of sound transduction.1+6(Malda)
d)Outline the pathways by which auditory impulse generated in the cochlea reach the auditory cortex. What is
masking and tympanic reflex?5+2(R.G.KAR MC)
e)What is dark current. Describe the mechanism of photo transduction of vision.2+5(MCK)
f)Briefly describe how pitch of the sound is discriminated by ear. Trace the auditory pathway from the hair cell
to the auditory receiving area in the cortex.(BMC)
g)What are the errors of refraction.Explain what happens in hypermetropia and presbyopia.1+3+3(BSMC)
h)With a suitable diagram ,explain the effects of lesion in the visual pathway at various levels.What is Argyll-
robertson pupil(5+2(KPC)
i)Describe the mechanism of photo transduction (KALYANI)
j) Explain renal handling of glucose in proximal convoluted tubules.(kALYANI)
a)Organ of corti (NBMC)(NRS)(BSMC)
b)Vestibulo-ocular reflex(IPGMER)
c)Taste buds(Malda)
d)Colour blindness(R.G.KAR MC)

46
e)Accomodation reflex(NRS)
f)Dark adaptation(BMC)
g)Presbiopia(MMC)
h) Colour vision (MSDMC)
i) Sound transduction pathway in human ear.(CNMC)
a)One has to speak loudly to be audible in a noisy atmosphere. (NBMC)
b)Radiologists spend some time in red goggles before starting their work.(Malda)
c)Cone cells in retina help to perceive different colours.(BMC)
d)Visual acuity is highest in Fovea centralis.(BSMC)
e)Patient on ototoxic drugs are advised not to swim underwater.(KPC)
“ Hold high the banner of Medical ethics , Protest against

WBCEA 17”
47
BIOCHEMISTRY 1st and 2nd semester Chapterwise sorted Question

Papers (Brought to you by ALL INDIA DSO)
SECTION 1: Chemistry of Carbohydrates, Lipid and Amino acids

a) Discuss different types of isomerism exhibited by monosaccharide.(BMC) (MSDMC)
b)The Glycosidic linkages stabilize various metabolic and structural biomolecules. Explain schematically.7(MMC)
c)Define Isomerism. Mention the types of isomerism in relation to carbohydrates.2+5.(MCK)
d) Write down the structural components of proteoglycans .Enumerate the differences between proteoglycans
and glycoproteins.(3+4)(CNMC)

a)Gangliosides(MMC)
b)Glycosaminoglycans.(COMSD) (Malda)
c)Disaccharides of clinical importance(R.G.KAR MC)
d)Short chain fatty acids(R.G.KAR MC)
e)Invert sugar
a)Sucrose is regarded as invert sugar(NRS)
b)Glycine solution cannot rotate the plane of plane polarized light. (Murshidabad MC)
c)Arachidonic acid may not be an essential fatty acid. (MSD MC)
d)Intake of fish oil is beneficial.
e)Sucrose does not give positive response Benedict’s test. (Malda)
SECTION 2: PROTEIN AND ENZYMES

a)Describe the different level of organization of protein structure. Write a note on protein folding.8+4(BMC)
b)Write about Michaelis Menton equation.List the differences of competitive and non competitive inhibition of
enzyme action.What are the role of enzymes in diagnosis?2+6+4(MSD MC)
c)Classify enzymes as per IUB classification.Explain allosteric regulation and covalent modification of enzyme
activity with suitable examples.6+6(MCK)
d) Write down the Michaelis Menton equation indicating the precondition to be satisfied for its validity.State the
significance of Km.Classify inhibitors and express their kinetic characters graphically.State two practical uses of
enzyme inhibitors.
e)Indicate how proteins and peptides are purified prior to its analysis.Describe in detail how number and
sequence of amino acid in a polypeptide chain is determined.
f)Write down the classification of enzyme inhibitors.Explain the effects of different reversible inhibitors on the
Km and Vmax values of enzyme activities with the help of Line Weaver Burk plot.(4+8)(CNMC)

a)Define isoenzymes.Compare and contrast the properties of LDH1 with that of LDH5.2+5.(COMSD)
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48
b)Enumerate the structural organisation of protein.Mention the factor stabilising the α-helical
structure.4+3(MCK)
c)Metabolic pathway is finely tuned by allosteric regulation and covalent modification-elucidate with suitable
example. What do you mean by long term regulation of enzyme. 5+2(R.G.KAR MC)
d)Discuss the effect of enzyme concentration & substrate concentration on rate of enzyme catalyzed
reaction.Draw a double reciprocal plot and mention its superiority over.Michaelis Menten curve.With atleast
two sets of example discuss allosteric regulation of enzyme.4+4+4
e)What are functional and non functional enzymes.Define isoenzyme and write the significance of isoenzyme in
cardiac disorder.4+3
f)What are isoenzymes?Describe various isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatise and its clinical
importance.2+5(Kalyani)
g)Describe the role of various isoenzymes of LDH in various organs. 7(MMC)
h)Draw the Line-weaver Burk plot and state kinetic changes in each type of inhibition. Explain clinical application
of each type inhibition with examples.4+3(IPGMER)
a)Sanger’s method of protein sequencing(MCK)
b)Allosteric enzyme(KPC)
c) Markers of cell organelles,(CNMC)
a)Isoenzymes in clinical diagnosis(BMC)
b)Transitional metals serve essential role in various enzymes.(MMC)
c)Co-enzymes are cosubstrates in enzyme catalyzed reactions.(COMSD)
d)Iodoacetic acid is an irreversible inhibitor of glyceraldehyde3 phosphate dehydrogenase.(COMSD)
e)Proline and Glycine are helix destabilising amino acids(MCK)
f)Antibody can act as enzyme -explain(R.G.KAR MC)
g)Cyclo oxygenase is a suicide enzyme(NRS)
h) Km value signifies the affinity of substrate with its enzymes(CNMC)
SECTION 3:VITAMINS AND ANTIOXIDANTS

a)How does Vit D controls Calcium and Phosphorus metabolism. What is the role of lipids in Vit D
absorption?5+2(MMC)
b)What is the role Vit B12 in metabolism of odd chain fatty acids?How is Glycine metabolism linked with Folate
metabolism?4+3(MMC)
a)Wald’s Visual cycle.(BMC) (Malda)
b)Vitamins acting as antioxidants
c)Metabolic roles of vitamin -C(Kalyani)
d)Folate trap.(MCK) (NBMCH)
e)Role of Vit B6 amino acid metabolism(MMC)
f)Metabolic role of Pyridoxine(R.G.KAR MC)
a)Pyridoxine deficiency causes convulsion.(BMC)
b)Vitamin A has anti cancer role. .(MCK)
c)Vitamin B12deficiency treated with only Folic acid supplementation causes severe deterioration of neurological
symptoms. (MCK)
“SCRAP NMC BILL”

49
d)Pyridoxine actively connected with transamination process. (KPC)

e)superoxide dismutase prevents free radical damage. (Malda)
f)Maize and sorghum eaters show signs of Niacin deficiency. (MMC)

g)Chronic alcoholics are prone to vitamin deficiencies (IPGMER)
h)Vitamin B6 deficiency leads to reduced niacin products (IPGMER)
i)VitK is necessary for maturation of clotting factors. (R.G.KAR MC)
j)Hyper homocystinemia is treated by Vit B12 and Folate.(R.G.KAR MC)
k)Selenium is regarded as antioxidant micronutrient. (NRS)
l)Deficiency of Vit B12 deficiency can cause deficiency of folic acid.(BSMC)
m)Pellagra can occur despite adequate intake of niacin and tryptophan(BSMC)
SECTION4:CELL & BIOMEMBRANES

a)Discuss the different types of transport of small molecules across the cell membrane.What is liposome
.Mention its clinical significance.8+2+2(BMC)
b)Amphipathic nature of lipid makes them suitable for cell membrane –in favour of the statement explain lipid
compositionof cell membrane.Discuss structure & function of any two membrane transport protein .What are
lipid rafts.5+6+1
c)Mention different classes of membrane lipids.Explain the role of cholesterol in regulation of membrane
fluidity.Outline the structure of lipid rafts.Write the differences of integral and peripheral protein.Enlist the
function of integral proteins.2+3+3+3+1(BSMC)
a)Discuss briefly the membrane fluidity is controlled by fatty acid composition and cholesterol content.7(NRS)
b)Write down the structure of three membrane phospholipids.Mention the role of different types of membrane
lipids for maintenance of fluidity of membrane.(COMSD)
c)Describe the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane.Add a note on the Active transport.5+2(KPC)
a)Integral membrane protein and hydropathy index(NRS)
b)Liposomes are used as drug deliverymolecule.(NRS)
c)Membrane lipid rafts.(COMSD)
d)Lysosome(R.G.KAR MC)
e)Primary and secondary active transport. (Malda)
f)Receptor mediated endocytosis(Kalyani)
g) Amphipathic lipids .(CNMC)
h)Na+ k+ATPase(IPGMER)
SECTION5:HORMONES AND RECEPTORS

a)Discuss the role G protein, adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C in signaltransduction.4+4+4(MSDMC)
“Condemn privatisation of Health and Medical Education “

50
a) Discuss the role G protein, adenylate cyclase in signal transduction pathway.(Malda)

b)Mention the second messengers through which Group II hormones act.How epinephrine exerts its
action.4+3(NBMCH)
c)Classify hormones .What is second messenger.Describe the mechanism of action of hormone through anyone
second messenger.3+1+3(KPC)
d)Mention the normal level of serum calcium .Outline the role of cholecalciferol and parathormone in
maintaining calcium hemostasis.(2+5)(BSMC)
a)G-protein coupled receptor(MCK)
b) cGMP as second messenger(CNMC)
a)Insulin receptor has enzymatic activity.
b)Calcium is mediator of hormone action . (MCK)
SECTION6:ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM

a)Mention the different components of ETC.Discuss the endogenous and exogenous uncouplers of oxidative
phosphorylation.8+4(NRS)
b) Explain the chemiosmotic hypothesis of oxidative phosphorylation.Mention its inhibitors and uncouplers and
their site of action.4+3(MSDMC)
c)Outline the path through which electron flows in the mitochondrial respiratory chain.Q cycle effectively
explain proton transfer through the mitochondria-Elucidate.ATP synthatase or Complex V-the smallest
molecular motor-Explain.Mechanism of uncoupling by UCP-1-describe(flow chart preferred).3+3+3+3(R.G.KAR
MC)
d)Assuming NADH to be the electron donor, describe the different complexes of respiratory chain up to oxygen
with a schematic diagram (12)(CNMC)
e)Describe the chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP synthesis.Indicate diagrammatically the site of ATP generation in
the mitochondrial respiratory chain.Enumerate the inhibitors of different complexes in the respiratory
chain.5+3+4(IPGMER)
a)Discuss the mitochondrial ETC and the inhibitors of various sites in this chain.4+3(KPC)
b)In respect to electron transport chain elaborate the following
i)a quinnone derivative electron carrier
ii)a heme containing oxidase
iii)an uncoupling protein present in brown adipose tissue. 2.5+2.5+2
c)What is proton gradient &how is it formed?Describe how proton gradient drive the synthesis of
ATP.3+4(Malda)

a)Uncouplers(BMC) (COMSD) (MCK)(CNMC)
b)cAMP(IPGMER)
“Protest against WBCEA 17”

51

a)Cytochrome oxidase causes four electron reduction of O2.(COMSD)
b)Barbiturates are respiratory poison.(COMSD)
c)Brown adipose tissue promotes thermogenesis. (MSDMC)
d)TCA cycle is called amphibolic in nature(Kalyani)
e)Brown adipose tissue produces heat(Kalyani)
f) Cyanide is one of the most potent inhibitors of the respiratory chain (CNMC)
SECTION 7:PROTEIN,HEMOGLOBIN & JAUNDICE

a)Describe the Oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve .Explain the role of 2,3BPG in oxygen binding of
haemoglobin. Explain the molecular mechanism of Sickle cell anaemia.6+3+3(MCK)
b)Protein folding is dictated by primary sequence-explain. Compare myoglobin and haemoglobin –mentioning
their secondary and tertiary structures.Quarternary structure of haemoglobin is responsible for oxygen binding
and release-Explain.Give a brief account of importance of super secondary structures of
protein.3+3+3+3(R.G.KAR MC)
c)Describe the structural and functional similarities and dissimilarities of haemoglobin and myoglobin.Explain
the role of 2-3BPG in oxygen binding of haemoglobin.Indicate the molecular mechanism of sickle cell
anemia.7+2+3(BSMC)
a)Write down the differences between secondary and tertiary structures of protein.Describe how tertiary and
quarternary structure of haemoglobin determine its function as a transport protein for oxygen2+5(NRS)
b)Indicate the changes that take place in Hemoglobin on oxygenation.Describe the difference and functional
significance of oxygen binding curve in Hemoglobin & Myoglobin.4+3(Malda)
c)What are the metabolic fates of unconjugated bilirubinin hepatocytes?Describe the mechanism of action of
Insulin through insulin receptor(Reff: hormone). 3+4(Kalyani)
d)Write the steps of bile acid synthesis.Name one bile acids sequestrant .6+1(R.G.KAR MC)
e)Give an account of Porphyrias mentioning their level of inheritance.6+1(R.G.KAR MC)
f)Give a brief account of conjugation of serum billirubin in hepatocyte.What is neonatal physiological
jaundice.5+2(NRS)
g)Trace the pathway of heme degradation.What is Crigler Nazzar syndrome.Mention its urinary findings.3+2+2
k) An one year old female child presented with complains of passage of redish urine with blisters on skin which
increases on exposure to sunlight. Tests for detection of porphyrin in the blood , urine and stool were
undertaken which revealed presence of uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin
i) What is your most probable diagnosis
ii) Mention the metabolic pathway involved
iii) Mention the step at which metabolic defect occurs.(2+2+3)(CNMC)
a)HbS(BMC)
b)Oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin.(COMSD)
c)Acute intermittent porphyria(MMC)
d)Supersecondary structure of proteins.(CNMC)
52

a)Some hemoglobinopathies results in polycythemia.(NRS)
b)HbF shifts oxygen dissociation curve to left.(COMSD)
c)Structural difference between Myoglobin and Haemoglobin determine their biological function. (KPC)
d)Hbs variant often suffer from anemia. (Kalyani)
e)Heme synthesis is regulated by feedback mechanism. (NBMCH)
f)Phototherapy is used for the treatment of hyperbillirubinemia in neonates. (NBMCH)
g)Defective heme metabolism leads to Porphyria(BSMC)
h)Urinary urobilinogen is increased in hemolytic jaundice. (Malda)
SECTION 8:GENETICS

a)Describe the structure of DNA.How do DNA and RNA differ?What is Tm?7+3+2(Murshidabad MC)
b)Describe the translation process in Eukaryotes.What are the post transcriptiponal modification7+5(Kalyani)
c)Describe the process of Prokaryotic transcription.Enumerate different types of Post transcriptional
processing.8+4(MCK)
d)Explain the Mechanism of repression and derepression of ‘Lac’ operon in the following situation with diagram.
i)In the absence of Inducer(Lactose)
ii)In the presence of inducer & no Glucose.(NBMCH)
e)Describe the role of DNA binding proteins in regulation of gene expression.What is the role of HAT in
regulation of gene expression.Describe the various types of intron splicing.5+2+5(MMC)
f)In lac operon model of gene expression (prokaryotes).Give an account of model of repression and mechanism
of derepression.What are various levels of gene expression control?What is polycistronic mRNA.4+4+4(R.G.KAR
MC)
g)Give an brief account of protein involved in DNA replication.Enumerate the types of DNA damage?How a cell
sense DNA damage?How a cell control DNA damage?4+4+2+2(R.G.KAR MC)
h) Discuss the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes in reference to Lac operon.Specify the inducers and
repressors of LAC operon.8+4(NRS)
i)Enumerate the different types of DNA dependent polymerase in eukaryotes.Mention their functions.Explain
the principle of polymerase chain reaction.What are the application of PCR in medical sciences.2+3+4+3
j)Outline the role and application of Reverse transcriptase ,Restriction endonuclease,Eukaryotic RNA
polymerase,Telomerase.3x4(BSMC)
k)Write down Watson crick model of D-DNA?Why DNA replication is semi conservative in nature with
illustration (4+8)CNMC)
l)Enumerate the enzyme involved in DNA replication in E Coli with their role with the help of a diagram. Mention
the difference among E.Coli DNA Polymerases.8+4(Malda)

a)Compare and contrast the three types of conformation of DNA.Justify the statement that unlike DNA,RNA is
alkali labile.5+2(COMSD)
b)A woman claims a person to be father of a child and it is administered in the court of law.Enumerate the
technique which might be applied to solve the above problem.7(ESI JOKA)
c)Mention post translational modification and enumerate their importance. (ESI JOKA)
d)Enumerate the different types of mutations in DNA? What are the ways by which they are repaired? (ESI
JOKA)
e)Describe the Lac operon concept for regulation of gene expression with suitable diagram.7(MCK)
53
f)Write the elongation steps of protein synthesis with diagram.Mention two antibiotics with their site of action
which inhibit the elongation process of translation.5+2(NBMCH)
g)Describe why DNA is more stable than RNA?Why does DNA have Thiamine not Uracil as its base5+2(MMC)
h)Mention the post translation al modifications of newly synthesized proteins with suitable
examples.Enumerate the inhibitors of translation in prokaryotic and eukryotic cells (5+2)(IPGMER)
f)Describe the process of transcription in details for eukaryotes.Add a note on post transcriptional
modification.8+4(KPC)
g) Write down the characteristics of genetic code . Explain why it is known as degenerate.(5+2)(CNMC)
a)Synthetic nucleotides(MSDMC)
b)Types of RNA.(MCK)
c)Structural features of A,B and Z DNA(KPC)
d)Sn RNA, Mi RNA & Si RNA(Malda)
e)DNA probe(Kalyani)
f)Replication fork(ESI JOKA)
g)Nucleotide excision repair(NBMCH) (BSMC)
h)Lac operon (IPGMER)
i)DNA polymerase (IPGMER)
j)Nucleotide incision repair (IPGMER)
k)Cosmid(R.G.KAR MC)
l)Post transcriptional modification of hn RNA(NRS)
m)Taq polymerase(NRS)
n)tRNA
o)Splicing(BSMC)
p) Post transcriptional modifications
q)Genetic code(Malda)
a)Edman sequential degradation is utilized for sequencing of polypeptides.(COMSD)
b)Mitochondrial genome is different from typical nuclear genome.
c)DNA is much more stable than RNA.
d)RNA can act as an enzyme(Malda) (NBMCH)
e)Reverse Transcriptase(ESI JOKA)
f)Xeroderma pigmentosa ocuurs due to defect in DNA repair mechanism. (NRS)
g)Point mutation may not always lead to deleterious effect.
h)DNA denaturation is essential for hybridisation. (KPC)
i) Genetic code is degenerate and un ambiguous(KPC)
j) The overall direction of replication is same in leading and lagging strands (MSDMC)
k) Prions disease is an exception to central dogma (CNMC)
l) Streptomycin and tetracycline act as antibiotics. (Malda)
SECTION 9:CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

a)Discuss how the concentration of blood glucose is regulated within narrow limits.What is impaired fasting
plasma glucose level.10+2(NRS)
b)What is Gluconeogenesis? Why is not possible to obtain glucose from Acetyl CoA?What are the key enzymes
and reaction of Gluconeogenesis?2+2+8(MMC)
c)Write the metabolism of fructose and galactose in the body.State the different types of enzymopathies
associated with the metabolism of galactose and fructose. (COMSD)
54
d)What is the normal Blood Glucose level?How is it regulated in the body and discuss the disease caused by its
alteration.1+7+4(KPC)
e)Explain how covalent modification of enzyme helps to maintain regulation of glycogen metabolism?Give the
clinical features and laboratory findings in defect in debranching enzyme.6+6(ESI JOKA)
f)What is normal value of fasting and post prandial blood glucose .How blood glucose levels are maintained in
fasting and fed state.2+5+5(NBMCH)
g)Describe how the Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is regulated represent schematically.What are the
different glucogenic amino acids which enter TCA cycle as various intermadiates. What are the different fates of
Acetyl CoA?Explain schematically the cause of ketogenesis in uncontrolled diabetes.4+3+2+3(MMC)
h)Define gluconeogenesis.Enumerate the neoglucogenic substrate and enzymes with coenzymes required in this
pathway.Explain why malate aspartate shuttle should operate for gluconeogenesis to continue
(2+2+4+4)(IPGMER)
i)Mention the normal plasma glucose level .Outline in brief how normal blood glucose is regulated.Outline the
mechanism of action of insulin.2+7+3(BSMC)
a)Enumerate different types of regulation of enzymatic activity.(Reff : ENZYME)Describe how PFK-1is
regulated.(BMC)
b)Name some important animal polysaccharides and outline the synthesis of glycogen in liver starting from
glucose.2+5(KPC)
c)Describe the HMP pathway.What are the usefulness of NADPH?5+2(R.G.KAR MC)
d)Enumerate the gluconeogenic molecules.Write down the coenzyme,regulation &reaction catalyzed by
Pyruvate carboxylase.Name the pathways where you find oxaloacetate.2+4+1
e)Briefly write down the uronic acid pathway and it’s clinical importance.What are the factors that regulate
normal serum glucose level.
f)Mention the biochemical function of pentose phosphate pathwayin the body.Explain why impairment of
pentose phosphate pathway leads to haemolytic anemia. (MCK)
g)Describe schematically how lactate may be use for gluconeogenesis.What are the vitamins essential for
gluconeogesis?5+2(MMC)
h) Draw a detailed flow diagram of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis in muscle.(7) (MSDMC)
i) Discuss galactose metabolism and disorders related to it. (CNMC)
j)Enumerate the substrate for Gluconeogenesis.Describe the regulation of Gluconeogenesis.2+5(IPGMER)
k)Describe the reaction of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.How is the entry of Acetyl CoA into the TCA cycle
regulated at this complex?4+3(Malda)
a)Glycemic index(NRS)
b)Von-Gierke’s disease(BMC)
c)Fructose metabolism(MMC)
d)Intestinal absorption of glucose(COMSD)
e)Rappaport Leubering cycle
f)Possible fates of pyruvate in our body.
g) Oral glucose tolerance test (IPGMER)

a) G-6PD deficiency may lead to haemolytic anemia.(BMC) (Malda)
b)Both fluoride and oxalate are required for collection of blood sample during estimation of glucose.(BMC)
c)The enzymes AST and ALT are essential for Gluconeogenesis.(MMC)
d)The Bifunctional role of PFK-2 regulate blood glucose level.(MMC)
e)Cori’s cycle is incomplete in Von Gierke’s disease(KPC)
f)Explain –glycemic index.
g)High fructose containing beverages make you obese
i)Glucose is necessary component of oral rehydration therapy.
j)Routine examination of urine helps in diagnosis of Diabetes ketoacidosis(NRS)
k) Glucuoronic acid is required for xenobiotic metabolism(CNMC)
l)PDH is a multienzyme complex. (IPGMER)
m)For estimation of plasma glucose, sample should be collected in fluoride containing bowl. (IPGMER)
55
SECTION 10:AMINO ACID METABOLISM

a)Describe tryptophan metabolism with a flow chart.What are the metabolic roles of glycine and nitric oxide.
6+3+3(Kalyani)
b)Discuss the metabolism of tyrosine.What are the biological important compounds derived from tyrosin.What
are the inborn errors associated with the amino acid.6+3+3(KPC)
c)With the help of a flow diagram discuss the steps initiation, elongation and termination phases of protein
synthesis.(5+4+3)(MSDMC)
d)Describe the urea synthesis with a diagram. Mention the step that links the urea cycle with TCA
cycle.8+4(IPGMER)
a)Name the sources of amino group in a urea molecule. Write the steps of urea synthesis in a flow
chart.Mention the causes of ammonia toxicity.1+3+3 (NBMCH)
b)Briefly outline any two pathways for the synthesis of biologically important compounds from aromatic amino
acids (3.5+3.5)(IPGMER)
c)Discuss the sign ,symptoms molecular defect and management of phenylketonuria. (NRS)
d)Describe the process of transamination and oxidative deamination of amino acids in the body.4+3
e)Explain why ammonia is toxic to the body.Outline the process of its detoxification.2+5(BSMC)
f) Write about transamination and oxidative deamination of amino acids (MSDMC)(4+3)
g)Indicate how ammonia is released from amino acid.Discuss the fate of ammonia in our body.Why is ammonia
toxic?4+6+2(Malda)

a)Role of one carbon metabolism in Nucleotide synthesis(MMC)
c)Transamination(Kalyani) (IPGMER)
d)Lysch Nyhan syndrome(ESI JOKA) (Malda)
e)Phenylketonuria.(NBMCH)
f)Malate -Aspartate shuttle(MMC) (IPGMER)
g)Neurotransmitters synthesised from amino acids(MMC)
h)Pacemaker enzyme of urea synthesis(NRS)
i)Alkaptonuria(BSMC)
j) S-adenyl methionin (CNMC)
a)Amino acids are essential for synthesis of Nucleotides(MMC)
b)Role of Glycine in the synthesis of different compounds. (ESI JOKA)
c) Methionine and choline are beneficial for fatty liver (IPGMER)
d)Patients of alkaptonuria may exhibit positive urine Benedict test.
e) Lysch Nyhan syndrome can produce hyperurecemia and gout.
f)Glutamate dehydrogenase is a critical enzyme in the metabolism of amino acid. (KPC)
g) Early detection and treatment of phenylketonuria is important. (MSDMC)

56
SECTION 11:LIPID METABOLISM

a)Write down the steps of beta oxidation of CoA derivatives of long chain fatty acids(Acyl CoA).Describe the role
of Carnitine in beta oxidation process.8+4.(COMSD)
b)Write about the De novo fatty acid synthesis and how is it regulated.8+4(KPC)
c)Explain with suitable diagram the metabolism of LDL and HDL. Name any four types of disorders associated
with lipoprotein metabolism mentioning the underlying biochemical defects in each case.4+4+4(MCK)
d)Mention the steps of cholesterol biosynthesis with regulation. Write down the technique of separation of
serum lipoproteins.8+4(NRS)
e)Describe the committed steps of fatty acid synthesis. How it is regulated? Outline a schematic diagram
representing fatty acid synthase complex with labelling of each complex.3+4+5
f) Describe the steps of cholesterol synthesis upto mevalonate.How the cholesterol synthesis is regulated
.(5+7)(CNMC)
a)What are prostaglandins?Classify and mention their functions.(MCK)
b)Discuss the role of carnitine in fatty acid metabolism.Mention its chemical nature.5+2
c)State the fatty acids location of different types of fatty acid oxidation. Mention briefly the regulation of β-
oxidation (2+5)(IPGMER)
d)Give a brief outline of digestion ,absorption and transport of dietary fat in liver.7(BSMC)
e) Describe the regulation of lipolysis in adipose tissue (7)(MSDMC)
f)Write down the steps of fatty acid biosynthesis in humans.Explain why fatty acid synthase is called as a
multienzyme polypeptide.5+2 (CNMC)
g)Elucidate the role of Carnitine in β oxidation .Calculate the number of ATP produced when palmitic acid
undergoes β oxidation.Enumerate the differences between β oxidation of odd chain fatty acid and even chain
fatty acid.2+3+2(IPGMER)
h)Illustrate the formation and metabolism of HDL(Malda)
a)Carnitine(KPC)
b)Ketogenesis(KPC)
c)Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis
d)Laboratory diagnosis of ketosis
e)Fatty acid synthatase complex. (Kalyani) (NBMCH) (IPGMER)
f)Regulatory enzyme of β-oxidation. (ESI JOKA)
g)Nieman Pick disease. (Malda)
h)HDL cycle
i)Eicosanoids(BSMC)
j) Role of carnitine in beta oxidation(MSDMC)
a)HDL Cholesterol is called as good cholesterol.(COMSD)
b)Both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia may produce ketosis.
c)Metabolism of Arachidonic acid produces various compounds of physiological significance. (Malda)
d)Impaired oxidation of fatty acids gives rise to diseases often associated with hypoglycaemia. (MCK)
e)Cholesterol is essential for digestion of lipids(MMC)
57
f)How PUFA decreases serum cholesterol. (R.G.KAR MC)

g)Ketosis of starvation is less severe than the diabetes mellitus. (R.G.KAR MC)
h)Fatty acid synthase complex is a multienzyme complex. (NRS)
i)Liver can produce ketone bodies but cannot utilise them.
j) Chronic consumption of alcohol can cause fatty liver (MSDMC)
k)Essential fatty acid cannot be synthesised in our body. (IPGMER)
SECTION 12:NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM

a)Describe the salvage pathway for purine nucleotide synthesis.Give a brief account of salient features of purine
metabolism.
b)Outline the defects in biochemical pathway resulting Primary metabolic Gout.Mention the mechanism of
action of Allopurinol used in treatment of Gout.5+2(MCK)
c)Draw a diagram of purine ring.Indicate the sources of various carbon and nitrogen atoms of the ring with
numbering of each atom.How the ring is attached to ribose moiety of RNA.2+3+2
d) Describe the purine salvage pathway and any one of its disorders.(5+2)(MSDMC)
a)Gout(NRS)
b)Nucleotide analogue(IPGMER)
a)Allopurinol can be used in the treatment of gout.(BMC)
b)Nucleotides have diverse physiological function.
c)Role of Xanthine oxidase(ESI JOKA)
d)Acute gout attack is precipitated by alcohol intake(NBMCH)
e) Increased alcohol consumption causes gout (CNMC) (Malda)
f)Nucleotide serve important physiological function besides forming nucleic acid.
SECTION 13:MINERAL METABOLISM

a)Enumerate the different iron binding proteins in iron metabolism.Discuss the role of serum iron and
TIBC.4+3(NRS)
b)Describe in detail the metabolism and absorption of iron. (KPC)
c)List the factors influencing absorption of calcium from gut.Disscuss in details how calcium metabolism is
controlled by calcitriol and parathormone .(3+9)
d)Role of calcitriol and parathyroid hormone in the metabolism of calcium.
a)Menke’s syndrome(R.G.KAR MC)
b) Hepcidin ( IPGMER) (R.G.KAR MC)

a)Ferritin and transferrin are reciprocally regulated. (MMC)
58
SECTION 14: XENOBIOTICS

a)Cytochrome P450(Malda) (BSMC)
b)Phase II reaction of xenobiotics metabolism
c)Phase I xenobiotic reaction
SECTION 15: BIOTECHNOLOGY & NEWER ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMISTRY

a)Explain the principle of the thin layer chromatography. Mention its application.5+2(NRS)
b)Describe the different modes of Conversion of proto oncogenes into oncogenes.(CNMC)
a)HPLC
b)Electrophoresis(MSDMC) (KPC)
c)Diagnostic and therapeutic role of radioisotopes.
d)Radioactivity in madicine
e)What is a tumor marker?Give four examples and their clinical importance. (ESI JOKA)
f) Cloning vectors(MCK)
g)Proto oncogene(NBMCH)
h)Monoclonal antibody
i)Tumor marker
j)Immunoglobulins(KPC)
k)Radioisotopes(KPC)
l) Oncogene (MSDMC)(CNMC)
m) Biologically active peptides(CNMC)
n) Blood group substances(IPGMER)
o)PCR(Malda)
a) Synthetic nucleotide cytarabine is used as anticancer and antiviral drug.(NRS)
b)UV rays can cause cancer.(Malda)
c)Role of P53 as antioncogene.
Or
P53 is known as the Guardian of genome. (MCK) (BSMC)(IPGMER)
d)IgM is the first line of defence and IgG is the second line of defence in immune mechanism. (KPC)
SECTION 16:MISCELLANEOUS

a)Describe schematically the buffer systems of kidney.The transport function and buffering action of
haemoglobin are interlinked .explain schematically.6+6(MMC)
b)Mention the different Blood Buffers .Name the most important blood buffer and explain the reason
thereof.Explain the role of kidney in removal of H + and alkali reabsorption from glomerular filtrate.8+4.(COMSD)
59
c)State briefly the steps required for construction of chimeric DNA molecule. Mention four applications of the
above technology.Outline the underlying principle of DNA finger printing and DNA foot printing
.(6+2+4)(IPGMER)
a)How does lungs regulate pH of blood?Write briefly about anion gap.5+2(Murshidabad MC)
b)Compare the alpha helix of keratin and triple helix structure of collagen with the help of a
diagram.4+3.(COMSD)
c)Derive Handerson-Hasselbach equation.Describe in brief how the bicarbonate buffer system helps to maintain
pH of blood.3+4(BMC)
d)How metabolic acidosis is counteracted by lung and kidney.Give the titration curve of histidine.5+2(R.G.KAR
MC)
e)Outline the structure of collagen.Explain the process of Edman degradation for determination of primary
structure of protein.3+4
f)How creatin and creatinin is formed in our body.Why creatinin is chosen as good marker of GFR.What do you
mean by eGFR.5+1+1(R.G.KAR MC)
a)Marker enzyme(NRS)(MSDMC)
or
Role of marker enzyme in subcellular fractionation.
b)Renal regulation of blood pH(NRS)
c)Major and minor bases(NRS)
d) Handerson-Hasselbach equation(MSDMC)
e)Oral glucose tolerance test(Murshidabad MC)
f)Lipoprotein lipase.(COMSD)
g)Collagen(KPC)
h)Anion Gap(KPC)
i)Ehler-Danlos syndrome(R.G.KAR MC)(CNMC)
j)Role of anion gap in establishing diagnosis of acidosis
k)Triple helical structure of collagen
l)Role of lungs in regulation of acid base balance.

m)High anion gap in metabolic acidosis. (MMC)
n)Creatinin clearance(KPC)
o) Renal function tests.( MSDMC)
p)Bicarbonate buffer system.
q)LFT(Malda)
a)Heparin is an efficient endogenous anticoagulant(NRS)
b)Proteins are good buffers(Murshidabad MC)
c)Positive Benedict’s test in urine is not confirmatory for diabetes mellitus. (Murshidabad MC)
d)Cellulose can be digested by ruminants but not by human beings. (MCK)
e)Dementia can be due to protein misfolding. (R.G.KAR MC)
f)Flippage pattern of LDH-explain. (R.G.KAR MC)
g)Histidine residues of protein acts as physiological buffer.(Malda)
or
Histidine has the best buffering capacity among all amino acids in our body. (CNMC)
h)Normocytic Normochromic anemia is seen in CRF. (Kalyani)
i)Isotope switching occurs during Humoral response. (MCK)
j)Raised Alkaline phosphatase may be physiological(MMC)
k)Transfusion of O positive blood to the patients having Bombay blood group may lead to severe hemolysis
60

1st & 2nd Semester Questions of Different Medical Colleges, Compiled by AIDSO PDF

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1st & 2nd Semester Questions of Different Medical Colleges, Compiled by AIDSO PDF

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Of 1st and 2nd Semester (Batch-2017)

Compiled, Edited & Distributed by:

Chapterwise 1st and 2nd semester sorted questions of all medical

 Dr Dipak Giri-9051878399 Dr Supratim Nandy -8961408972 Dr Kabiul Hoque -

Sl No. Topic Page No.

Long Questions (12 Marks)

2.A person develops claw hand following an accidental fracture of medial

3.Which nerve is involved in fracture of midshaft of humerus ? Describe the

“Hold high the noble banner of medical ethics”

a.Explain anatomically , the peau d’ orange appearanceof the skin and

b.Which quadrant of breast is commonly affected by cancer?

c.Write the mode of lymphatic drainage of breast.

d.What is the venous route of spread of breast cancer?

a.What is the most common type of shoulder dislocation.

b.What was the cause of loss of rounded contour of shoulder.

c.What is ‘ rotator cuff’?

d. What is the cause of loss of skin sensation over deltoid region?

“Say no to NEET and NEXT save medical education”

f. What is Hiltons law? (1+1+3+1+2+2)(BSMC)

a. What is the nerve involved?

b. Write formation of nerve.

c.Describe the course of the nerve.

D, Write notes on brnches of the nerve. (1+2+5+4)(RGK)

8.a. Describe wrist joint under following headings

Bones concerned, Ligaments, Movements

b.What is flexor retinaculum?

c.Mention the structures passing through flexor retinaculum. ((6+3+3)(CNMC)

“ Condemn privatization of health and medical education,

2. Describe the lymphatic drainage of mammary gland. Write about Kruken

3. Movements and muscles responsible for supination anpronation (3+4) (

4.Describe Median nerve in hand. Describe carpal tunnel syndrome (5+2) (

5.Mention, origin, course ,and branches of ulnar artery. Write note on

6. Furnish a note on attachments of the muscles causing pronation and

Short Notes (3 MARKS)

6. Carpal tunnel syndrome. 7. Axillary tail of Spence. (KPC)8. Extensor

Explain Why ( 3marks)

2.Median cubital veinchoice for aspiration of blood.(MMC)

3.. Ca breast causes Krukenberg’s tumour (MMC)

4.Lacerated injury of supinator muscle often leads to wrist drop.

5.Basilica vein preferred to cephalic vein for cardiac catheterization

8.Enlargement of central group pf axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer may be

10.What precaution should be taken during dissection of axillary node in breast

Unite,Raise your Voice and Stop Ragging

Long questions (12 marks)

3. Describe the factors maintaining the medial longitudinal arch of foot.Write a

4.Mention the formation,subdivision, and contents of Femoral sheath. Mention

1.Prefunda femoris artery with its anastomosis

Answer the following questions on knee joint A. Enumerate the ligaments of

6.Discuss femoral canal . What is femoral hernia ? (5+2) ( kPC)

Short notes (3 marks)

1.Popliteus muscle. 2. Medial longitudinal arch of foot.(IPGMER)3.Popliteal

Explain Why (3 marks )

1.Tarsal Tunnel syndrome.(NRS)

2.Epiphyses around the knee joint are important medicolegally

3.Fibula violates law of ossification ( BMC)

4.Popliteus is unlocking muscle.(MMC)

5.Inability to dorsiflesxfoot following fracture of the neck of fibula.(MSDMC)

6.Injury to medial meniscus is more frequest than lateral meniscus (IPGMER)(

7.Fibula violate law of ossification ( CMSDH)

8.Ankle sprain usually occurs when the foot is plantar flexed.(MCK)

9Congenital dislocation of hip is common in female.