Nishan 14.1 New Template For Microprocessor Assignment #1

AUTOMATION TRAINING UNIT – HND IN INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
ENGINEERING
Assignment Title MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS – Outcome #1
Unit MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS
MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS
Outcome #1: Investigate Microprocessor Systems
SUNGKUR SHASHIDEV
OTHER TEAM
KERSLEY GOVINDEN,
KRISHAN BUNCHOO
Submission Date: 29 Nov 2010
Date 24/11/2010 Name

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ENGINEERING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................3
.....................................................................................................................................................................................6
FIGURE 2 HTTP://UPLOAD.WIKIMEDIA.ORG/WIKIPEDIA/COMMONS/1/18/PIC18F8720.JPG..........6
2. APPLICATION : IPOD NANO ...........................................................................................................................6
2.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF YOUR APPLICATION ..................................................................................................................6
...................................................................................................................................................................................6
FIGURE:3HTTP://WWW.EVERYMAC.COM/SYSTEMS/APPLE/CONSUMER_ELECTRONICS/STATS/IPOD_NANO.HTML.................................6
2.2 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE APPLICATION ....................................................................................................8
2.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE MICROPROCESSOR IN APPLICATION .................................................................................................10
ARM 7TDMI 80MHZ ....................................................................................................................10
..................................................................................................................................................................................11
FIGURE:5 HTTP://WWW.SLASHGEAR.COM/GALLERY/DATA_FILES/7/4/ARM_PROCESSOR.JPG
.....................................................................................................................................................................................11
Click wheel system (User interface)..................................................................................................................15
3 CONCLUSIONS.....................................................................................................................................................21
3.1 TABULATION OF TYPES OF MICROPROCESSORS W.R.T. COMMON FEATURES.......................................................................21
3.2 COMMENT ON PERFORMANCE COMPARISON.................................................................................................................22
3.3 RESEARCH ON ALTERNATIVES.................................................................................................................................22
HTTP://WWW.ABCOFELECTRONICS.COM/MICROPROCESSOR.HTMREFERENCES.......................24
HTTP://WWW.SLASHGEAR.COM/GALLERY/DATA_FILES/7/4/ARM_PROCESSOR.JPG....................24
APPENDIX.................................................................................................................................................................25

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ENGINEERING
1. INTRODUCTION
• Microprocessor Basics
FIGURE: 1a FIGURE1b
http://www.abcofelectronics.com/microprocessor.htm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fa/Pentiumd.JPG
Microprocessor is a microcomputer on a single chip. A microprocessor are of various
types such as 20 pin microprocessor or a 40 pin microprocessor. A microprocessor is a
programmable digital electronic component that incorporates the functions of a central

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ENGINEERING
processing unit (CPU) on a single semi conducting integrated circuit (IC). Advanced
Microprocessors can be said as Microcontrollers like we have 8051 and 8052. The
microprocessor was formed by minimizing the word size of the CPU from 32 bits to 4
bits, so that the transistors of its logic circuits would come onto a single part. One or
more microprocessors typically works as the CPU in a computer system, embedded
system, or in any handheld device.
The microprocessor handles the logic operations taking place inside a computer, such
as adding such as add a,#10h, subtracting, and copying. It can be said as an "The
integrated circuit chip" that performs the data processing and controls the operation of
all of the parts of the system.
A general-purpose logic chip is called a microprocessor, and it processes by executing
instructions.
The microprocessor is a programmable integrated device that has computing and
decision-making capabilities. A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable,
clock-driven, register-based electronic device that reads binary instructions from a
storage device called memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data
according to those instructions, and provides results as an output.
• History
The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 and was invented in 1971. It was only used
in simple calculators. From then microprocessors have evolved (from 8 bit
microprocessor to 64 bit design till the early 2000’s) and have become more and more
powerful. Nowadays there exist the multi-core microprocessors (more than one
microprocessor core on a single chip

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ENGINEERING
What is a microcontroller?
A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit consisting of a
relatively simple CPU combined with support functions. Microcontrollers are designed
for small or dedicated applications. Thus, in contrast to the microprocessor used in a
PC and other high-performance or general purpose applications, simplicity is
emphasized. Some microcontrollers may operate at clock rate frequencies as low as
4 kHz, as this is adequate for many typical applications, enabling low power
consumption (milliwatts or microwatts). They will generally have the ability to retain
functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt; power
consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just
nanowatts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other
microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles, where they may need to act
more like a digital signal processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and power
consumption.
Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices. By reducing
the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory,
and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even
more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating
analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems.

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ENGINEERING
Figure 2 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/PIC18F8720.jpg
2. Application : IPOD NANO
2.1 Brief description of your application
figure:3http://www.everymac.com/systems/apple/consumer_electronics/stats/ipod_nano.html
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ENGINEERING
• SPECIFICATION
• The iPod nano uses a PortalPlayer PP5021C "system on a chip" with dual
embedded 80 MHz ARM 7TDMI processors
• Storage capacity:1GB
• Song capacity: 250 in kbps AAC format Photo capacity:15,000 photos
• USB support: The iPod noon models are capable of charging and syncing by USB
via Connectivity: the dock connector. It also can charge, but not sync via Firewire
"400".
• dock connector" .Ports include the "dock connector [and] stereo minijack
• Housing colour: Available in a two-tone housing with either a "iBook white" front and
a chromed stainless steel back or a "gloss Black" front and a chromed stainless
steel back.
• Built in display: 1.5” 16 –bit LCD Display resolution : 176x132
Details :The iPod nano models have a "1.5-inch (diagonal) color LCD [176x132
(.168-mm dot pitch) with ["blue white"] LED backlight
• Battery Type: Lithium Ion Battery Life (Music): 14 Hours
Battery Life (Photos): 4 Hours Full-Charge Time: About 3 Hours
Apple reports that the iPod nano models charge completely in "about 3 hours"
. and also will "fast charge" in 1.5 hours to 80% capacity.
• Apple Subfamily: iPod nano Apple Model No: A1137

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ENGINEERING
• Dimensions:3.5 inch tall, 1.6 inch wide, and 0.27 inch
• It is compatible with a "PC with USB port or card (USB 2.0 recommended) [and]
Windows 2000 with Service Pack 4 [or later] or Windows XP Home or Professional
with Service Pack 2 [or later]."
• Photo Support: iPod nano syncs iPod-viewable photos in "JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF,
PSD (Mac only), and PNG formats".
• Incl. Accessories: Shipped with "earbud headphones, USB cable, [and] dock
adapter."
2.2 Functional Block Diagram of the application

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ENGINEERING
LCD Audio
Viewing EAR
SCREEN Audio DAC Amplifier
PHONE
Codec
ADC Amplifier Microphone
MS/
DSP
MMC/ Compact flash card Recording system
SD/ Microprocessor
USB 2.0
SDIO
Card
System power On/Off
CLICK WHEEL
Dock Connector
Battery Charger
Figure:4

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ENGINEERING
USB: USB stands for Universal Serial Bus. It is the interface between
devices and computers.
DSP: DSP stands for Digital Signal Processor. As its name says, it deals
only with digital signals.
A codec is a device or computer program capable of encoding and/or
decoding a digital data stream or signal. Codec stands for ‘compressor-
decompressor' or, most commonly, 'coder-decoder'.
Compact Flash Card: It is a mass storage device format used in portable
electronic devices. For storage, Compact Flash typically uses flash
memory.
2.3 Functions of the microprocessor in application
ARM 7TDMI 80MHz

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ENGINEERING
Figure:5 http://www.slashgear.com/gallery/data_files/7/4/ARM_processor.JPG
The ARM7TDMI core is a 32-bit embedded RISC processor delivered as a hard macro
cell optimized to provide the best combination of performance, power and area
characteristics. The ARM7TDMI core enables system designers to build embedded
devices requiring small size, low power and high performance.
The features of ARM 7TDMI are:
• 32/16-bit RISC architecture (ARM v4T)
• 32-bit ARM instruction set for maximum performance and flexibility
• 16-bit Thumb instruction set for increased code density
• Unified bus interface, 32-bit data bus carries both instructions and
data
• Three-stage pipeline

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ENGINEERING
• 32-bit ALU
• Very small die size and low power consumption
• Clock frequency:- 80MHz
• ROM:- 256 KB
• SDRAM:- 160 KB
• General purpose I/O:- 90
• 10 bit ADC channels:- 8
• Power consumption: 0.25 mW/MHz
Explanation of the features

Clock frequency: - 80MHz
It is the frequency at which the ARM 7TDMI executes the data. It means
that this microprocessor processes instructions at every 1.25*10-8 seconds.
ROM: - 256 KB
The ARM 7TDMI have read only memory of 256 Kb. In this memory, the
program of what the microprocessor should do. These data written on this
memory cannot be erased or edited.
SDRAM: - 160 KB
The microprocessor has a synchronous dynamic random access memory
of 160 kB. This RAM accelerates the processing speed of the
microprocessor.

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ENGINEERING
General purpose I/O:- 90
The microprocessors can have a maximum of 90 input and output devices.
10 bit ADC channels: - 8
The microprocessor can have a maximum of 8 10-bit analogue to digital
converter.
Benefits:
• Generic layout can be ported to specific process technologies Unified
memory bus simplifies SoC integration process.
• ARM and Thumb instructions sets can be mixed with minimal overhead
to support application requirements for speed and code density.
• Code written for ARM7TDMI is binary-compatible with other members of
the ARM7 Family
• Small die size reduces overall SoC area, cost and power consumption
• Low power consumption enables battery-powered devices
• Instruction set can be extended for specific requirements using
coprocessors

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ENGINEERING
• ARM7TDMI Block Diagram
Functions of a microprocessor is as follows:

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ENGINEERING
INPUT MICROPROCESSOR OUTPUT
STORAGE DEVICE
It means that the input signals are fed to the microprocessor and the
microprocessor executes the input signal, retrieves information from the storage
device and gives an output signal.
During the process, information can also be stored.
Similarly, the microprocessor used in the IPod Nano is the ARM 7TDMI. The
different systems are:
• Click wheel system
• Recording system
• Data transfer System
Click wheel system (User interface)

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ENGINEERING
Figure 6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ipodwheelwiki.svg
It has five buttons The buttons perform basic functions such as menu, play, pause, next
track, and previous track. Other operations, such as scrolling through menu items and
controlling the volume, are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner.
When the keys are pressed one at a time, an input signal is fed to the ARM 7TMI
microprocessor, it executes this input signal and retrieves information from the
flash memory and gives an output signal.
Output signals from the clickwheel:
 To the LCD screen and the user is able to see information such as a picture,
or name of music playing.
OUTPUT
ARM 7TDMI LCD screen
SIGNAL
 To the DAC, digital-to-analog or D/A conversion, the process of changing
discrete digital data into an analogue form, which is then amplified using an
amplifier. Finally the signal is fed to a earphone and the user listens to his / her
music.

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ENGINEERING
OUTPUT
ARM 7TDMI DAC Amplifier
SIGNAL
Ear Phone
Flash memory
2. The recording system
The IPod Nano can also do recording as it has a microphone (piezo crystal)
.Which converts sound energy into electrical energy. The electrical signal that has
been produced is then amplified since the electric signal is too small . As sound is
in the analogue form, therefore the signal formed is in the analogue form and it
needs to be converted to digital form. Thus an ADC [Analogue to Digital
converter] is used. The digital input is then fed in the microprocessor and the latter
stores the information in the flash memory. During this process the
microprocessor sends an output signal to the LCD screen where it shows how
much time has been recorded, how much time is remained for recording and it
also shows that the IPod is being used for recording.
.
Amplifier ADC ARM 7TDMI LCD screen
microphone

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ENGINEERING
Flash memory
3. Data transfer System: The dock connector
Dock Connector is a small connector attached to a cable, typically with a USB
connector attached to the other end. Dock connectors are used to connect the IPod to
computers or other devices.
The dock connector also brought opportunities to exchange data, sound and power
with an IPod.
Microprocessor Dock connector Battery Charger
Data can be sent or read from the flash memory. During this process data is directly
read, edited, deleted and copied to the memory of the IPod.
However a signal (input) is also sent to the microprocessor which then send an output
signal to the screen showing that devices is connected to a computer.
Figure 7: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apple_Dock_Connector.jpg/180px-
Apple_Dock_Connector.jpg

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ENGINEERING
The Power Management
In order for the device to work, there should be a power management system. The
IPod Nano has a battery which can be charged either by the USB port [when
connected to a computer] or by a charger.
The battery feeds different components found in the IPod such as:
 The microprocessor[ electronic device which needs power to execute (work)
data]
 Flash memory
 Amplifier: in order for a signal to be amplified, an amplifier is used. According
to the conservation of energy, the latter cannot be created nor destroyed.
Therefore energy [electrical] is supplied to the amplifier by the battery
[Lithium Ion].
 DAC(Digital to Analogue converter) and ADC(Analogue to Digital converter)
DAC and ADC exist as small Integrated circuits. This ICs needs power to work.
BRIEF FUNCTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR IN THE IPOD
The microprocessor is the brain of the system, monitoring user
input through playback controls, displaying all the statistics related to the

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ENGINEERING
song playing on the DISPLAY panel and sending instructions to the DSP
chip that tells exactly how to process the audio. For example if the “raise
volume” button is pressed, the microprocessor sends a command to the
DSP which in turn commands the CODEC to raise the volume.
Suppose you want to listen to a song. First, the power button is
pressed to switch it on. While powering up, the microprocessor loads
itself by reading its firmware from the EEPROM.
Then, after you have selected the track you want to listen to, you press the
PLAY button. The DSP withdraws the MP3 file, decodes it and sends it
over to the CODEC chip. In fact it is the software found on the EEPROM
that enables the DSP to do the decoding and the microprocessor to
manage the player tasks.
The CODEC converts the digital sample into an analogue audio
signal, which are amplified and sent to the EARPHONE S. Tracks, can be
added to or removed from the IPOD. When plugged into the USB port of a
PC, the microprocessor communicates with the PC through USB. It
exposes itself over the USB as a mass storage device with the CF card as
its storage medium. Windows shows it as a removable drive in My
Computer. Files can be transferred to the CF card using Windows
Explorer. In this case, the microprocessor transfers files between USB
and CF card. Again it's the software on the EEPROM that does this.
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ENGINEERING
3 CONCLUSIONS
3.1 Tabulation of types of microprocessors w.r.t. common features
Application 1: Application 3:
Application 2:
IPOD

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ENGINEERING
3.2 Comment on performance comparison
Since the early 1970’s, the introduction of microprocessors have increased efficiency in
electrical appliances in terms of energy saving as well as performance. Also, many new
machines and technologies have emerged and are much present on our daily life like
the examples described before in this report. As there is incredible development in
technology, we can say that the use of microprocessor will expand drastically to an
extent that we cannot define today.
From the above tabulation, we can say that the ARM7TDMI is a more robust processor
than the TMP88CS42 and mc68322. ARM7TDMI is far much faster in terms of
processing speed and has a greater amount of ROM to store programming instructions.
It can accept greater amount of input and output devices. Therefore it will be more
appropriate to use in various applications other than a media player.
3.3 Research on alternatives
Alternatives:-

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ENGINEERING
Another microprocessor which could be used to replace the ARM7TDMI
would be the ARM720T. It does form part of the ARM family. The µP has the
following specifications: -
100 MHz
2.4 mm2
0.2 mW (power consumption)
www.arm.com/pdfs/ARM7_thumb_flyer_35_4.pdf
Research

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ENGINEERING
http://www.abcofelectronics.com/microprocessor.htmREFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIC18F8720.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ipodwheelwiki.svg
http://www.abcofelectronics.com/microprocessor.htm
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fa/Pentiumd.JPG
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/PIC18F8720.jp
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Apple_Dock_Co
nnector.jpg/180px-Apple_Dock_Connector.jpg
http://www.slashgear.com/gallery/data_files/7/4/ARM_processor.JPG

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ENGINEERING
APPENDIX
Manufacturers of Microprocessors
AMD, Analog Devices, Atmel, Cypress , Fairchild, Fujitsu, Hitachi IBM, Infineon, Intel,
Intersil, Microchip,
Mitsubishi, Motorola, NXP , Renesas, Samsung, Signetics, Toshiba, TSMC, UMC,

Winbond, Zilog
The ARM7TDMI is a member of the Advanced RISC Machines (ARM)

family of general purpose 32-bit microprocessors, which offer high
performance for very low power consumption and price.
The ARM architecture is based on Reduced Instruction Set Computer
(RISC) principles, and the instruction set and related decode mechanism
are much simpler than those of micro programmed Complex Instruction
Set Computers. This simplicity results in a high instruction throughput and
impressive real-time interrupt response from a small and cost-effective
chip.
Pipelining is employed so that all parts of the processing and memory
systems can operate continuously. Typically, while one instruction is being
executed, its successor is being decoded, and a third instruction is being
fetched from memory.
The ARM memory interface has been designed to allow the performance
potential to be realised without incurring high costs in the memory system.
Speed-critical control signals are pipelined to allow system control
functions to be implemented in standard
low-power logic, and these control signals facilitate the exploitation of the
fast local
access modes offered by industry standard dynamic RAMs.

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AUTOMATION TRAINING UNIT – HND IN INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

Outcome #1: Investigate Microprocessor Systems

Submission Date: 29 Nov 2010

Date 24/11/2010 Name

2. APPLICATION : IPOD NANO ...........................................................................................................................6

2.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF YOUR APPLICATION ..................................................................................................................6

2.2 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE APPLICATION ....................................................................................................8

2.3 FUNCTIONS OF THE MICROPROCESSOR IN APPLICATION .................................................................................................10

ARM 7TDMI 80MHZ ....................................................................................................................10

Click wheel system (User interface)..................................................................................................................15

3.1 TABULATION OF TYPES OF MICROPROCESSORS W.R.T. COMMON FEATURES.......................................................................21

3.2 COMMENT ON PERFORMANCE COMPARISON.................................................................................................................22

3.3 RESEARCH ON ALTERNATIVES.................................................................................................................................22

Date 24/11/2010 Name

Microprocessor is a microcomputer on a single chip. A microprocessor are of various

types such as 20 pin microprocessor or a 40 pin microprocessor. A microprocessor is a

programmable digital electronic component that incorporates the functions of a central

more microprocessors typically works as the CPU in a computer system, embedded

system, or in any handheld device.

all of the parts of the system.

A general-purpose logic chip is called a microprocessor, and it processes by executing

The microprocessor is a programmable integrated device that has computing and

decision-making capabilities. A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable,

clock-driven, register-based electronic device that reads binary instructions from a

according to those instructions, and provides results as an output.

in simple calculators. From then microprocessors have evolved (from 8 bit

microprocessor core on a single chip

Date 24/11/2010 Name

A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit consisting of a

for small or dedicated applications. Thus, in contrast to the microprocessor used in a

PC and other high-performance or general purpose applications, simplicity is

emphasized. Some microcontrollers may operate at clock rate frequencies as low as

Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices. By reducing

and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even

analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems.

Date 24/11/2010 Name

2. Application : IPOD NANO

2.1 Brief description of your application

• Song capacity: 250 in kbps AAC format Photo capacity:15,000 photos

• Built in display: 1.5” 16 –bit LCD Display resolution : 176x132

• Battery Type: Lithium Ion Battery Life (Music): 14 Hours

Battery Life (Photos): 4 Hours Full-Charge Time: About 3 Hours

• Apple Subfamily: iPod nano Apple Model No: A1137

Date 24/11/2010 Name

• Dimensions:3.5 inch tall, 1.6 inch wide, and 0.27 inch

2.2 Functional Block Diagram of the application

Date 24/11/2010 Name

System power On/Off

Date 24/11/2010 Name

devices and computers.

only with digital signals.

A codec is a device or computer program capable of encoding and/or

decoding a digital data stream or signal. Codec stands for ‘compressor-

decompressor' or, most commonly, 'coder-decoder'.

Compact Flash Card: It is a mass storage device format used in portable

electronic devices. For storage, Compact Flash typically uses flash

2.3 Functions of the microprocessor in application

ARM 7TDMI 80MHz

Date 24/11/2010 Name

characteristics. The ARM7TDMI core enables system designers to build embedded

devices requiring small size, low power and high performance.

The features of ARM 7TDMI are: