Unit

4: Cardiovascular Physiology
Lecture 12: Vascular Physiology

Learning Objectives:

1. Name and describe the components of blood.

2. Characterize and differentiate between the various blood vessels.
3. Describe the regulation of blood flow and factors that influence blood flow.
4. Differentiate between turbulent and laminar flow.
5. Define MAP and factors that determine MAP.
6. Contrast the magnitude of blood pressure, resistance, cross-sectional area,
and velocity of blood flow through the cardiovascular (pulmonary and
systemic) system.
7. List five factors that determine fluid movement across the capillary wall.
8. Describe how changes in vascular resistance and protein concentration
impact fluid movement.
1
 Unit 4: Cardiovascular Physiology
Lecture 12: Vascular Physiology

Learning Objectives:

1. Name and describe the components of blood.

2. Characterize and differentiate between the various blood vessels.
3. Describe the regulation of blood flow and factors that influence blood flow.
4. Differentiate between turbulent and laminar flow.
5. Define MAP and factors that determine MAP.
6. Contrast the magnitude of blood pressure, resistance, cross-sectional area,
and velocity of blood flow through the cardiovascular (pulmonary and
systemic) system.
7. List five factors that determine fluid movement across the capillary wall.
8. Describe how changes in vascular resistance and protein concentration
impact fluid movement.
2
Cardiovascular System

Blood

Vessels

Heart
 1) Blood

complex solution of
electrolytes (Na+, Cl-) and
proteins (albumin)

fraction of cell volume

occupied by RBC
1) Hemoglobin (Hb)
 Unit 4: Cardiovascular Physiology
Lecture 12: Vascular Physiology

Learning Objectives:

1. Name and describe the components of blood.

2. Characterize and differentiate between the various blood vessels.
3. Describe the regulation of blood flow and factors that influence blood flow.
4. Differentiate between turbulent and laminar flow.
5. Define MAP and factors that determine MAP.
6. Contrast the magnitude of blood pressure, resistance, cross-sectional area,
and velocity of blood flow through the cardiovascular (pulmonary and
systemic) system.
7. List five factors that determine fluid movement across the capillary wall.
8. Describe how changes in vascular resistance and protein concentration
impact fluid movement.
6
 2) Blood Vessels
Transports blood throughout the body.

7
8
9
2) Blood Vessels

10
2) Arteries and Arterioles
Arteries: “conduit vessels”
- pressure-storing function
- relatively low and unchanging
resistance to flow
- thick smooth muscle wall
- elastic à passive recoil

Arterioles: “resistance vessels”

- resistance function
- thicker walls than arteries
- more smooth muscle than arteries
- less elastic than arteries

11
 2) Capillaries

Capillaries: “exchange vessels”

- no smooth muscles

12
 2) Veins and Venules

Venules/Veins: “capacitance vessels”

- thin smooth muscle wall à
distensable
- contain valves
- contain 2/3 of total blood volume

13
6) Volume and Pressure Differences
Veins can accommodate large changes in volume

14
15
 Unit 4: Cardiovascular Physiology
Lecture 12: Vascular Physiology

Learning Objectives:

1. Name and describe the components of blood.

2. Characterize and differentiate between the various blood vessels.
3. Describe the regulation of blood flow and factors that influence blood flow.
4. Differentiate between turbulent and laminar flow.
5. Define MAP and factors that determine MAP.
6. Contrast the magnitude of blood pressure, resistance, cross-sectional area,
and velocity of blood flow through the cardiovascular (pulmonary and
systemic) system.
7. List five factors that determine fluid movement across the capillary wall.
8. Describe how changes in vascular resistance and protein concentration
impact fluid movement.
16
 3) Regulation of Blood Flow
Blood flow throughout body is highly regulated.

1) Regulation of blood flow assures blood supply to vital

organs of the body

2) Regulation of blood flow coordinates cardiac output

with metabolic needs of the body

17
3) Homeostatic blood flow

18
 3) Flow
Factors that influence flow: Q = ΔP/R
1) Pressure differences at any two points along b.v.
* Flow only occurs if a pressure difference (ΔP) exists
* Resistance changes cause flow through organ to change
 3) Flow
Factors that influence flow: Q = ΔP/R
1) Pressure differences at any two points along b.v.
* Flow only occurs if a pressure difference (ΔP) exists
* Resistance changes cause flow through organ to change

2) Resistance to flow produced by geometry of b.v. R = 8ηl/πr4

 3) Flow
Factors that influence flow: Q = ΔP/R
1) Pressure differences at any two points along b.v.
* Flow only occurs if a pressure difference (ΔP) exists
* Resistance changes cause flow through organ to change

2) Resistance to flow produced by geometry of b.v. R = 8ηl/πr4

Factors that influence vessel resistance:

1) Viscosity (“thickness”) of the fluid that is flowing
2) Length of vessel (inc length à inc R)
3) 4th power of the radius of the vessel

* η and L are not easily manipulated

3) Poiseuille Equation
Q = ΔP/R

R = 8ηL/πr4

Poiseuille Equation:

22
 Review Question
Liquid is flowing through a cylindrical tube with a resistance of 5
Ω and a length of 25 cm. When the pressure difference from
one end of the tube to the other is 100 mmHg, the flow of liquid
through the tube is 20 mL/min.
Given the same pressure difference and tube length, what
would the fluid flow be if the resistance was halved?

a. 10 mL/min
b. 20 mL/min
c. 30 mL/min
d. 40 mL/min
e. 50 mL/min

23
 3) Resistance in Series
Resistance changes as the 4th power of radius
Change resistance à change pressure

24
3) Resistance in Parallel
Rtotal = 1_______ . . .
1 + 1 + 1 + 1_
R1 R2 R3 R4

25
2) Total Peripheral Resistance

26
 Review Question
A vessel with a resistance of 2 divides into three branches
with resistances of 4, 2, and 3. The branches then come
together into a single vessel that has a resistance of 1. What
is the total resistance across this vascular bed?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5

27
 Unit 4: Cardiovascular Physiology
Lecture 12: Vascular Physiology

Learning Objectives:

1. Name and describe the components of blood.

2. Characterize and differentiate between the various blood vessels.
3. Describe the regulation of blood flow and factors that influence blood flow.
4. Differentiate between turbulent and laminar flow.
5. Define MAP and factors that determine MAP.
6. Contrast the magnitude of blood pressure, resistance, cross-sectional area,
and velocity of blood flow through the cardiovascular (pulmonary and
systemic) system.
7. List five factors that determine fluid movement across the capillary wall.
8. Describe how changes in vascular resistance and protein concentration
impact fluid movement.
28
 4) Laminar and Turbulent Flow
streamlined longitudinal flow

Laminar

Turbulent

rapid irregular flow

29
4) Atherosclerosis

30
4) Heart Murmur

31
4) How to Measure Blood Pressure

sounds of korotkoff
= audible vibrations
made by turbulent
flow

32
 Unit 4: Cardiovascular Physiology
Lecture 12: Vascular Physiology

Learning Objectives:

1. Name and describe the components of blood.

2. Characterize and differentiate between the various blood vessels.
3. Describe the regulation of blood flow and factors that influence blood flow.
4. Differentiate between turbulent and laminar flow.
5. Define MAP and factors that determine MAP.
6. Contrast the magnitude of blood pressure, resistance, cross-sectional area,
and velocity of blood flow through the cardiovascular (pulmonary and
systemic) system.
7. List five factors that determine fluid movement across the capillary wall.
8. Describe how changes in vascular resistance and protein concentration
impact fluid movement.
33
5) Arterial Pressure
5) Arterial Pressure

35
 5) PP and MAP

Pulse Pressure = systolic – diastolic

MAP = diastolic + 1/3(pulse pressure)

36
 5) Mean Arterial Pressure
Flow = Q = ΔP/R

MAP = CO x TPR
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) = total resistance in the systemic vasculature

Stroke Volume (SV) = EDV-ESV

= volume of blood ejected by ventricle during systole

Heart Rate (HR) = beats/min

Cardiac Output (CO) = volume of blood ejected by each ventricle/min

= HR x SV

37
 Unit 4: Cardiovascular Physiology
Lecture 12: Vascular Physiology

Learning Objectives:

1. Name and describe the components of blood.

2. Characterize and differentiate between the various blood vessels.
3. Describe the regulation of blood flow and factors that influence blood flow.
4. Differentiate between turbulent and laminar flow.
5. Define MAP and factors that determine MAP.
6. Contrast the magnitude of blood pressure, resistance, cross-sectional area,
and velocity of blood flow through the cardiovascular (pulmonary and
systemic) system.
7. List five factors that determine fluid movement across the capillary wall.
8. Describe how changes in vascular resistance and protein concentration
impact fluid movement.
38
6) Cross-Section Area, Velocity, Pressure

39
6) Systemic vs. Pulmonary Pressure

low P
low R
 Unit 4: Cardiovascular Physiology
Lecture 12: Vascular Physiology

Learning Objectives:

1. Name and describe the components of blood.

2. Characterize and differentiate between the various blood vessels.
3. Describe the regulation of blood flow and factors that influence blood flow.
4. Differentiate between turbulent and laminar flow.
5. Define MAP and factors that determine MAP.
6. Contrast the magnitude of blood pressure, resistance, cross-sectional area,
and velocity of blood flow through the cardiovascular (pulmonary and
systemic) system.
7. List five factors that determine fluid movement across the capillary wall.
8. Describe how changes in vascular resistance and protein concentration
impact fluid movement.
41
7) Fluid Movement Across Capillary Wall

1) Capillary hydrostatic pressure (capillary blood pressure)

2) Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

3) Capillary blood (plasma) oncotic pressure

4) Interstitial fluid oncotic pressure

5) Filtration coefficient
7) Fluid Movement Across Capillary Wall

Hydrostatic force and oncotic force = Starling Forces

Net force for fluid movement = (Pc + πIF) – (PIF + πC)
Kf = filtration coefficient (depends on surface area and hydraulic conductance)
(Hydraulic conductance depends on intrinsic permeability and degree of saturation)

Starling Equation = Net fluid movement = Kf [(Pc + πIF) – (PIF + πC)]

(+) = filtration (–) = absorption
43
7) Fluid Movement Across Capillary Wall

What values have changed?

What values remain constant?

44
7) Starling Forces

45
7) Fluid Movement Across Capillary Wall
7) Fluid Movement Across Capillary Wall
Filtration slightly exceeds absorption (1 L/day).

47
 Unit 4: Cardiovascular Physiology
Lecture 12: Vascular Physiology

Learning Objectives:

1. Name and describe the components of blood.

2. Characterize and differentiate between the various blood vessels.
3. Describe the regulation of blood flow and factors that influence blood flow.
4. Differentiate between turbulent and laminar flow.
5. Define MAP and factors that determine MAP.
6. Contrast the magnitude of blood pressure, resistance, cross-sectional area,
and velocity of blood flow through the cardiovascular (pulmonary and
systemic) system.
7. List five factors that determine fluid movement across the capillary wall.
8. Describe how changes in vascular resistance and protein concentration
impact fluid movement.
48
8) Fluid Movement Across Capillary Wall
Starling Equation = Net fluid movement = Kf [(Pc + πIF) – (PIF + πC)]
(+) = filtration (–) = absorption

NORMAL DEHYDRATION

Distance along capillary Distance along capillary

49
8) Fluid Movement Across Capillary Wall
Starling Equation = Net fluid movement = Kf [(Pc + πIF) – (PIF + πC)]
(+) = filtration (–) = absorption

NORMAL INCREASED VENOUS/

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

Distance along capillary Distance along capillary

50
8) Fluid Movement Across Capillary Wall
Starling Equation = Net fluid movement = Kf [(Pc + πIF) – (PIF + πC)]
(+) = filtration (–) = absorption

NORMAL VASODILATION

Distance along capillary Distance along capillary

51
8) Fluid Movement Across Capillary Wall
Starling Equation = Net fluid movement = Kf [(Pc + πIF) – (PIF + πC)]
(+) = filtration (–) = absorption

NORMAL VASOCONSTRICTION

Distance along capillary Distance along capillary

52
 8) Edema
Fluid accumulation in the interstitial space.

Clinically known as “swelling”.

Two types of fluid:

Exudate – protein is present in the interstitial fluid
– found in areas of lesions or inflammation

Transudate – protein is absent in the interstitial fluid

– caused by disturbances of hydrostatic or osmotic
capillary P

53
 Review Question
In a capillary, Pc is 30 mmHg, Pi is -2 mmHg, πc is 25 mmHg,
and πi is 2 mmHg.

What is the direction of fluid movement and the net driving

force? (Board)

a) Absorption; 6 mmHg
b) Absorption; 9 mmHg
c) Filtration; 6 mmHg
d) Filtration; 9 mmHg
e) There is no net fluid movement

54
 Review Question
In a capillary, Pc is 30 mmHg, Pi is -2 mmHg, πc is 25 mmHg,
and πi is 2 mmHg.

If Kf is 0.5 mL/min/mmHg, what is the rate of water flow

across the capillary wall?

a) 0.06 mL/min
b) 0.45 mL/min
c) 4.50 mL/min
d) 9.00 mL/min
e) 18.00 mL/min

55
 Review Question
Which of the following would cause interstitial fluid
accumulation?

a. Increased venous resistance

b. Increased arteriolar resistance
c. Decreased hydraulic conductivity
d. Increased plasma albumin concentration
e. Decreased extracellular NaCl concentration

56