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Company : : ﺷﺮﻛﺖ
Refers to one of the related and/or affiliated ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ و واﺑﺴﺘﻪ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ
companies of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ، ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﮔﺎز اﻳﺮان،ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان
such as National Iranian Oil Company, National
.ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮه اﻃﻼق ﻣﻴﺸﻮد
Iranian Gas Company, and National
Petrochemical Company etc.
Purchaser : :ﺧﺮﻳﺪار
Means the “Company" Where this standard is ﻳﻌﻨﻲ "ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻲ" ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺪارك ﺳﻔﺎرش
part of direct purchaser order by the “Company”, ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ آن "ﺷﺮﻛﺖ" ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ و ﻳﺎ "ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎري" ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ
and the “Contractor” where this Standard is a part
. اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺪارك ﻗﺮارداد آن اﺳﺖ
of contract documents.
Inspector : :ﺑﺎزرس
The Inspector referred to in this Standard is a در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺎزرس ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮد ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ اﺗﻼق ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ
person/persons or a body appointed in writing by ﻛﺘﺒﺎً ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات
the company for the inspection of fabrication and
.ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
installation work
Shall: :ﺑﺎﻳﺪ
Is used where a provision is mandatory. .ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن اﺟﺒﺎري اﺳﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻴﺸﻮد
Should: :ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ
Is used where a provision is advisory only. .ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮورت اﻧﺠﺎم آن ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد
Will: :ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ
Is normally used in connection with the action ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن ﻛﺎر ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس
by the “Company” rather than by a contractor, .ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
supplier or vendor.
ENGINEERING STANDARD
FOR
PROCESS DESIGN OF FLARE
AND BLOWDOWN SYSTEMS
FIRST REVISION
DECEMBER 2009
اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ
ﺑﺮاي
وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ اول
1388 آذر
1
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
2
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
0. INTRODUCTION ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ-0
"Process Design of Safeguarding Systems for Oil, ،ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ
Gas and Petrochemical (OGP) Processes" are
broad and contain variable subjects of paramount
ﮔﺎز و ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﺑﻮده و ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ
importance. Therefore, groups of process ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي.و ﺑﺎ اﻫﻤﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
engineering standards are prepared to cover the :ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ
subject.
This group includes the following Standards: :اﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از
In designing safeguarding systems for process ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ،در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي
plants, facilities should be provided for handling, ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ و ﺳﺮاﻧﺠﺎم دﻓﻊ،ﻣﻴﺸﻮد اﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ
directing and ultimately disposal of voluntary and
involuntary gases and liquids. There are several .اﺧﺘﻴﺎري و ﻏﻴﺮ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ و ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ
options available to the process design engineer -ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﻃﺮاح اﻧﺘﺨﺎبﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ
as to the selection of disposal systems. Once a
زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ ﺧﺎص اﻧﺘﺨﺎب.ﻫﺎي دﻓﻊ وﺟﻮد دارد
specific disposal system is selected detail design
is then undertaken. . ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد،ﺷﺪ
3
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
It includes network and related ancillary اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ و ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط و
installations which are to handle and direct fluids ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ/ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻻت ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر و
discharged due to overpressure and/or operational
requirements to a safe disposal system. .اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ اﻳﻤﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
This Standard is primarily concerned with ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ،اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اﺻﻮﻻً در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ
selection of disposal system, sizing of relief ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي،اﻧﺪازه ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ
headers, sizing of flare systems and burning pits.
.ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
Note 1: :1 ﻳﺎدآوري
This standard specification is reviewed and ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻨﻲ1378 اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد در ﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﺎه ﺳﺎل
updated by the relevant technical committee on 1 ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﻣﻮارد ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺻﻼﺣﻴﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره
June 1999, as amendment No. 1 by circular
. اﺑﻼغ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ82 ﻃﻲ ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره
No.82.
Note 2: :2 ﻳﺎدآوري
This bilingual standard is a revised version of the اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد دو زﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
standard specification by the relevant technical ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم و1388 ﻛﻪ در آذر ﻣﺎه ﺳﺎل
committee on Dec 2009, which is issued as
(0) از اﻳﻦ ﭘﺲ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ.( اراﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد1) ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ
revision (1). Revision (0) of the said standard
specification is withdrawn. .اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻨﺴﻮخ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
Note 3: :3 ﻳﺎدآوري
In case of conflict between Farsi and English ﻣﺘﻦ اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ،در ﺻﻮرت اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ و اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ
languages, English language shall govern. .ﻣﻼك ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
2. REFERENCES ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ-2
Throughout this Standard the following dated and در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﻪ آﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ دار و
undated standards/codes are referred to. These
referenced documents shall, to the extent
ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪي ﻛﻪ در، اﻳﻦ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ.ﺑﺪون ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ زﻳﺮ اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ
specified herein, form a part of this standard. For ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از اﻳﻦ،اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ
dated references, the edition cited applies. The وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ، در ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ دار.اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ
applicability of changes in dated references that
occur after the cited date shall be mutually agreed ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻼك ﺑﻮده و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ در
upon by the Company and the Vendor. For ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ و ﻓﺮوﺷﻨﺪه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ،آﻧﻬﺎ داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ
undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced documents (including any آﺧﺮﻳﻦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ، در ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﺑﺪون ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ.اﺟﺮا ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
supplements and amendments) applies. .اﻧﻀﻤﺎم ﻛﻠﻴﻪ اﺻﻼﺣﺎت و ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖﻫﺎي آن ﻣﻼك ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ
4
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
Process Design of Piping Systems (Process ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ )ﻟﻮﻟﻪ
Piping and Pipeline Sizing)",Parts 1-4". ﻛﺸﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﺧﻂ
"4 ﺗﺎ1 ﻟﻮﻟﻪ( ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي
API RP 520 "Sizing, Selection and اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و ﻧﺼﺐ،" ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه API RP 520
Installation of Pressure- -ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر در ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه
Relieving Devices in
Refineries" "ﻫﺎ
API RP 521 "Guide for Pressure- " راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ وAPI RP 521
Relieving and Depressuring "ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر
Systems"
5
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
pressure relief device as a result of pressure in the .ﻓﺸﺎر در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ وﺟﻮد دارد
discharge system .
3.10 Flare Blow Off/Flame Lift-up ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ/ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ10-3
Is the lifting of flame front from the flare tip. .ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ از ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ اﺳﺖ
6
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
AL2 = Vessel segment area occupied by = ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎت اﺷﻐﺎلAL2
condensed liquid, in (m2). ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛
Ap = Pit area required to vaporize and = ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﮔﻮدال ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ و ﺳﻮزاﻧﺪنAp
burn liquid, in (m2). ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛
At = Total vessel cross-sectional area, in = ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺨﺰن )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛At
(m2).
= ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ از ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﻗﺎﺑﻞAV
AV = Vessel cross-section area available
for vapor flow, in (m2). اﺳﺘﻔﺎده اﺳﺖ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛
7
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
Gci = Critical mass flux, in (kg/s.m2). = ﺷﺎر ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊGci
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ؛
h = Depth (maximum distance, that the = ﻋﻤﻖ )ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺪاري ﻛﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ورودي ﻏﻮﻃﻪورh
inlet pipe is submerged), in (m). ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد( ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛
hL1 = Vessel depth occupied by slops = ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺠﻦ و زﻳﺮآب اﺷﻐﺎل ﺷﺪهhL1
and drain, in (m). اﺳﺖ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ(؛
hL2 = Vessel depth occupied by = ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎت اﺷﻐﺎل ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖhL2
condensed liquid, in (m). )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ(؛
hv = Vertical space for vapor flow, in = ﻓﻀﺎي ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐhv
(cm). ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ(؛
k = Ratio of specific heats, Cp/Cv for the ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺎر رﻫﺎ ﺷﺪه؛CP/CV ، = ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ وﻳﮋهk
vapor being relieved.
Lmin = Flare knockout drum minimum = ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻃﻮل ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮLmin
length required, in (m). ﻣﺸﻌﻞ؛
LH = Level high = ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻ؛LH
LHA = Level high alarm = ﻫﺸﺪار ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻ؛LHA
8
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
P2 = Pressure in the pipe at the exit or at = ﻓﺸﺎر داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﺮوج ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﺎP2
any point or distance L downstream ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ، در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺒﻊL ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ
from the source, in (kPa absolute).
ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ؛
P3 =Pressure in reservoir into which pipe = ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در آن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮددP3
discharges, in [101 kPa (absolute) ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ101)
with atmospheric discharge].
ﻣﺤﻴﻂ(؛
PCF = Critical flow pressure, in (kPa = ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ؛PCF
absolute)
ql = Rate of vaporization and burning of = ﻧﺮخ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ و ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪql
liquid, in (kg/s) (selected as equal to )ﻣﺴﺎوي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮخ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ورودي ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮدال
the rate of flashed liquid entering the
pit). اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد(؛
Qv = Heat required to vaporize liquid, in = ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ )ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮﻛﻴﻠﻮQv
(kJ/kg). ﮔﺮم(؛
wHC = Vapor relief rate, in (kg/s). = ﺷﺪت ﺑﺨﺎر ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ(؛wHC
R = Surface distance from the center of = ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ از ﻣﺮﻛﺰ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﻮردR
flare stack to the object under ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛
consideration, in (m).
SR = Linear regression rate of liquid ( mm/min) = ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ؛SR
surface, in (mm/min).
9
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
U = Lateral wind velocity, in (m/s); = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد )ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ( در ﺟﻬﺖ اﻓﻘﻲ؛U
z = Compressibility factor. . = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮيz
(theta) = Liquid particle dropout time, = زﻣﺎن ﺳﻘﻮط ذرات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ؛ (theta)
in (s).
µ (mu) = Viscosity of gas, in (cP=1m = ﮔﺮاﻧﺮوي ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﭘﻮﻳﺰ ﻣﺴﺎوي ﻳﻚµ (mu)
Pa. s); ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ
L (rho) = Density of liquid at operating = ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ L (rho)
3
conditions, in (kg/m ) .ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ
V (rho) = Density of vapor at operating = ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ v (rho)
3
conditions , in (kg/m ). .ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ
(tau) = Fraction of heat intensity = ﻛﺴﺮ ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪه (tau)
transmitted
5. UNITS واﺣﺪﻫﺎ-5
This standard is based on International System of ،(SI) اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ
Units, (SI) as per IPS-E-GN-100 except where ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﮕﺮ آﻧﻜﻪ درIPS-E-GN-100 ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد
otherwise specified.
.ﻣﺘﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﻪ واﺣﺪ دﻳﮕﺮي اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
10
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
6.2 Blowdown System for Vapor Relief Stream ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه2-6
Systems for the disposal for voluntary and ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي دﻓﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري و ﻏﻴﺮاﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﺑﺨﺎر
involuntary vapor discharges are:
:ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از
3) To closed pressure relief system and ( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر و ﻣﺸﻌﻞ3
flare
1) Such disposal is not in conflict with the ( ﭼﻨﻴﻦ دﻓﻌﻲ در ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ1
present regulations concerning pollution and .آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ و ﺻﺪا ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ
noise.
2) The vapor is effectively non-toxic and non- .( ﺑﺨﺎر دﻓﻊ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻤﻲ و ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ2
corrosive.
3) Vapor which is lighter than air or vapor of ( ﺑﺨﺎر ﺳﺒﻜﺘﺮ از ﻫﻮا ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺮم ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ3
any molecular mass that is non-flammable, . ﺑﻲ ﺧﻄﺮ و ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ،ﻛﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل
non-hazardous and non-condensable.
4) There is no risk of condensation of ( ﺧﻄﺮ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﻣﻮاد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه وﺟﻮد4
flammable or corrosive materials. .ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
5) There is no chance of simultaneous release وﺟﻮد،( اﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺻﺮف ﻧﻈﺮ از آب5
of liquid, apart from water. .ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
6) Relief of flammable hydrocarbons direct to ( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا ﺑﻪ6
the atmosphere should be restricted to cases ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ از رﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪن آﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻮا ﺗﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﺣﺪ
where it can be assured that they will be
diluted with air to below the lower flammable . ﻣﺤﺪود ﮔﺮدد،ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
limit. This should occur well before they can ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ،اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎر ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ
come in contact with any source of ignition.
.ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﻴﺮد
The above condition can most easily be met if the
vapors to be released have a density less than that ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ داراي ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﻫﻮا
of air. However, with proper design of the relief ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد در ﻣﻮاد.ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ راﺣﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ
vent adequate dilution with air can be obtained in رﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪن، ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ،ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ
certain cases with higher density vapors. Methods
of calculation are given in API RP 521 section روشﻫــﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒــﻪ در.ﻛﺎﻓــﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻫــﻮا اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد
4.3. . آورده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ3-4 ﻗﺴﻤﺖAPI RP 521
11
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
1) Vapor from depressuring valves shall be ( ﺑﺨﺎر ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻛﺎﻫﻨﺪه ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ1
discharged to a closed pressure relief system. . ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد،ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر
2) Vapor which contains 1% H2S or more by ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮH2S درﺻﺪ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﮔﺎز1 ( ﺑﺨﺎري ﻛﻪ داراي2
volume, shall be discharged to a closed ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ، ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ ﻓـﺸﺎر،ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
pressure relief system.
.ﮔﺮدد
6.2.2 Vapor discharge to lower pressure ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻳﺎ ﺳـﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨـﺪي ﺑـﺎ2-2-6
process vessel or system
ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻤﺘﺮ
Individual safety/relief valves may discharge to a اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﺮد)ﻳﮕﺎﻧﻪ( ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻳـﻚ/ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن
lower pressure process system or vessel capable ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺎﻳﻲ ﭘـﺬﻳﺮش
of handling the discharge.
. ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ،ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه را دارﻧﺪ
Although this type is rarely used, it is effective وﻟﻲ ﺑﺮاي،ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪرت از اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد
for discharges that contain materials which must . ﻛﺎرآ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ،ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاد آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ
be recovered.
6.2.3 Vapor discharge to closed pressure relief ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر و3-2-6
system and flare
ﻣﺸﻌﻞ
In all cases where the atmospheric discharge or در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر
release of vapor to a lower pressure system is not ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻳﻚ،ﻛﻤﺘﺮ اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺠﺎز ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
permissible or practicable, vapor shall be
collected in a closed pressure relief system which - ﺟﻤﻊ،ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد
terminates in a flare, namely flare system. Where ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازهاي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪH2S در ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ.آوري ﮔﺮدد
the concentration of H2S is such that
condensation of acid gas is probable, provision
ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪات ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ،اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻣﻴﻌﺎن ﮔﺎزﺗﺮش ﻣﻴﺮود
for a separate line, heat traced, shall be . ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد،ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه
considered.
In all cases, the installation of a closed pressure ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ، در ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮارد ﻧﺼﺐ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر
relief system shall result in a minimum of air .ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﻮا و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﮔﺮدد
pollution and the release of combustion products.
1) Automatic injection of fuel gas down H2S ( ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺧﻮدﻛﺎر ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﻣﺨﺰن1
stream of H2S pot in order to make the .ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ اﺣﺘﺮاق
combustion stable.
2) Steam injection for smokeless operation ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت،H2S ( ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ2
shall not be considered for H2S flare tip. .ﺑﺪون دود در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد
3) A common pilot igniter may be used to ( ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺑﺮاي روﺷﻦ ﻛﺮدن ﺗﻤﺎم3
12
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
ignite all flare stacks including the acid flare. .دودﻛﺶﻫﺎ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﮔﺎزﺗﺮش ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدد
4) The H2S flare header and subheaders may و اﻧﺸﻌﺎﺑﺎت آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮرH2S ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ4
be heat traced in order to prevent the .ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﮔﺎزﺗﺮش ﮔﺮم ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ
condensation acid gas.
6.3 Blowdown System for Liquid Relief ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ3-6
Stream
Systems for the disposal of voluntary and ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي دﻓﻌﻲ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري و ﻏﻴﺮاﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت
involuntary liquid discharges are: :ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از
1) To onsite liquid blowdown drum. .( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ داﺧﻞ واﺣﺪ1
2) To lower pressure process vessel or .( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ2
system.
3) To oily water sewers only if the ( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺎل ﭘﺴﺎب روﻏﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ در ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ3
material will not cause hazardous .ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﻄﺮزا اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﮕﺮدد
conditions.
4) To pump suction if pump will not ( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ورودي ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﮔﺮم4
overheat or can withstand the
expected temperature rise.
.ﻧﺸﻮد ﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺣﺮارت ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
Thermal expansion relief valves may discharge ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ
small quantities of volatile liquid or vapor into ﻣﺸﺮوط،ﻛﻢ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻓﺮار ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺎرات را ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ
the atmosphere, provided the valve outlet is in a
.ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ در ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ اﻳﻤﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
safe location.
6.3.1 Liquid discharge to onsite liquid blow ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ دور رﻳﺰ داﺧﻞ واﺣﺪ1-3-6
down drum
The liquid shall be discharged to an onsite liquid در اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ داﺧﻞ واﺣﺪ
blow down drum which is capable of retaining ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﮕﻪ داﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮخ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮرد
the liquid discharged at the required liquid relief
rate for a period of 20 minutes. This drum shall ، دﻗﻴﻘﻪاي را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ20 ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺮاي دوره زﻣﺎﻧﻲ
have a vapor discharge line to the closed pressure اﻳﻦ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ.ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد
relief system.
.ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
6.3.2 Liquid discharge to lower pressure ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر2-3-6
process vessel or system ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ
The liquid shall be discharged to a lower pressure ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ
process vessel or system which is capable of
handling the required liquid relief rate plus any ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﻮرد ﻟﺰوم ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ
flashed vapor. ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ،ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺨﺎرات ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
.ﮔﺮدد
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
6.3.3 Liquid discharge to oily water sewer ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب روﻏﻨﻲ3-3-6
Liquid discharge to an oily water sewer shall be ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب روﻏﻨﻲ واﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار و
nonvolatile and nontoxic. The required liquid
relief rate shall be within the oil removal
ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺣﺪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ.ﻏﻴﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
capability of the oily water treating system. .روﻏﻦزداﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ آب روﻏﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
RATIO OF DIAMETERS
ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ
CONTRACTION or ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ __________________________________
ENLARGEMENT 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
CONTRACTION (ANSI)
--- --- 0.21 0.135 0.039
(ANSI) ﻛﺎﻫﺶ
CONTRACTION (SUDDEN)
ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ 0.5 0.46 0.38 0.29 0.12
ENLARGEMENT (ANSI)
(ANSI)اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ --- --- 0.9 0.5 0.11
ENLARGEMENT (SUDDEN)
اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ 1.0 0.95 0.74 0.41 0.11
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
Note: :ﻳﺎدآوري
The above friction factors and conversion factors ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك و ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮق ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻي
apply at high Reynolds numbers, namely, above ﺑﺮاي1 ×10 6 ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل.اﻋﺪاد رﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪز اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ
1 × 106 for DN 600 and larger, scaling down to 2 5
DN 50 ﺑﺮاي2 ×10 و ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ و ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﺎDN600
× 105 for DN 50.
.ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ
Once maximum load and back pressure in each ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺎر و ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ در ﻫﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ
segment have been established, standard pipe از دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده،ﺷﺪ
sizing procedures are used (refer to IPS-E-PR-
440). .( ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮدIPS-E-PR-440 ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد)ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد
In determination of back pressure the following : ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ،در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ
shall be taken into consideration:
1) Flashing of liquid at relief/safety valve اﻳﻤﻨﻲ/( ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺳﻤﺖ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن1
discharge or along the network due to pressure ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪن ﺗﺎ/ﻳﺎ در ﻃﻮل ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر و
drop and/or warm-up to ambient temperatures
should be analyzed. . ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد،دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
2) Solids formation due to auto refrigeration ( ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي و وﺟﻮد2
and presence of high melting point liquids .ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺑﺎ درﺟﻪ ذوب ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ
should be determined.
3) If flashing and auto refrigeration is ( اﮔﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ و ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي وﺟﻮد3
possible, a temperature profile along the ﻧﻤﻮدار ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ دﻣﺎ در ﻃﻮل ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺷﻮد،دارد
network should be established so that proper
piping material selection and construction ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ و ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻧﺼﺐ
practices is undertaken. .اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮدد
4) The network should be self-draining and
should not include pockets. ( ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ داراي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻮده و در آن4
.ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ)ﺗﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ( وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
5) The network should be continuously purged ( ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺪاوم ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﮔﺎز ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻛـﻪ5
by natural gas controlled through an orifice. ،از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ روزﻧﻪ دار )ارﻳﻔـﻴﺲ( ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل ﻣـﻲ ﮔـﺮدد
.ﮔﺎززداﻳﻲ ﺷﻮد
6) High liquid velocities should be watched ( ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺮاﻗﺐ ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت در ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﻮد6
for within the network (refer to IPS-E-PR-
440). .( ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮدIPS-E-PR-440 )ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد
The design should be in accordance with ASME ﻃــﺮاﺣــﻲ ﺑــﺎﻳﺴﺘــﻲ ﻣﻄــﺎﺑــﻖ اﺳﺘــﺎﻧـــﺪارد
B.31.3 Chapter II, Part 2,302.3.5. . ﺑﺎﺷﺪASME B.31.3 Chapter II, Part 2.302.3.5
The design should be in accordance with API- وAPI-RP-521 ﻃــﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑـــــــــﻖ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد
RP-521; and ASME B.31.3 Chapter II, . ﺑﺎﺷﺪASME B.31.3 Chapter II, Part 5.321.2
Part 5, 321.2.
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
2) Safety/relief valves connection when اﻳﻤﻨﻲ وﻗﺘﻲ زﻳﺮ/( اﺗﺼﺎل ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن2
installed below the relief header
ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻴﮕﺮدﻧﺪ
Laterals leading from individual valves ﺧﻄﻮط ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮي
located at an elevation above the header ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ،ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ
should drain to the header. Locating a safety
valve below the header elevation in closed در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﺘﻪ از ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ.ﺷﻮﻧﺪ
systems should be avoided. Laterals from .در ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ از ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﮔﺮدد
individual valves that must be located below ﺧﻄﻮط ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در زﻳﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻗﺮار
the header should be arranged to rise
continuously to the top of the header entry ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﺎً ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺤﻞ ورودي ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ،دارﻧﺪ
point. However, means should be provided to ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ، ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد.آورده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ
prevent liquid accumulation on the discharge
ﻛﻪ از ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺳﻤﺖ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي
side of these valves.
.ﮔﺮدد
In this regard the following should be taken :ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ
into consideration:
a) For the branch header which must be اﻟﻒ( ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ
connected to the main header from a lower ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﻮد ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ
level than the main header, e.g., sleeper flare
piping, a drain pot must be installed. This is ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻇﺮف ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﺼﺐ،در روي زﻣﻴﻦ
shown in Fig. 1. . ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ1 اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد در ﺷﻜﻞ.ﮔﺮدد
b) If a safety/relief valve must be installed اﻳﻤﻨﻲ در زﻳﺮ/ب( اﮔﺮ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن
below the flare header, the outlet line leading
to the flare header shall be heat-traced from ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ،ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدد
the safety/relief valve to their highest point. اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺗﺎ/ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ از ﻣﺤﻞ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ
But the arrangement of safety/relief valve اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن/ اﻣﺎ آراﻳﺶ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ.ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﮔﺮم ﮔﺮدد
must be reviewed, as such, an arrangement is
not permitted for safety/ relief valves which ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد در ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻴﺪﻣﺎﻧﻲ از
discharge a medium which can leave a اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﻛﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮاد آن ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﻳﺠﺎد/ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ
residue. . ﻣﺠﺎز ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ،ﺗﻪﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ ﮔﺮدد
The heat-tracing can be omitted if the در ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺑﺨﺎر ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ در
safety/relief valve in question handles only از،ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺷﺪن ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ
products which vaporize completely, or do not
condense at all, at the lowest ambient ﻣﻴﺘﻮان از ﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه، اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﻮر ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ/ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن
temperature. .ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﻮد
18
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ
ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ
Note: :ﻳﺎدآوري
Diameter the larger between twice the ،DN250 دو ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ
cross-sectional area of the branch
header and pipe of DN 250.
.ﻫﺮﻛﺪام ﻛﻪ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
3) Purge point of gas for dry seal ( ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎزي ﮔﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺧﺸﻚ3
اﻟﻒ( ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎزي ﻣﺪاوم ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي
a) A continuous fuel gas purge shall be
installed at the end of the main header and the ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ و ﻧﻴﺰ در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﻫﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻋﻲ
end of any major sub header. The fuel gas ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎزي ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ.ﻋﻤﺪه ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدد
purge shall be controlled by means of a
restriction orifice. .ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ روزﻧﻪ دار)ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ( ﻣﺤﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﮔﺮدد
b) Purge gas volume shall be determined such ب( ﺣﺠﻢ ﮔﺎز ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎزي ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻃﻮري
that a positive pressure is maintained and air و ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ورود،ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﺪه
ingress is prevented.
.ﻫﻮا ﮔﺮدد
19
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
6) Valves on inlet/outlet line of safety/relief ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ/( ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي روي ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي ورودي6
valve
اﻳﻤﻨﻲ/اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن
Unless otherwise specified by the company all ﻫﻤﻪ،ﺟﺰ در ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه
safety relief valves must have block valves on ،اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮات/ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن
the inlet and outlet to facilitate maintenance. ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺪودﻛﻨﻨﺪه در ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي ورودي و ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ
The block valves must be full bore and locked
ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺑﺎز و.داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ
open. Safety valves discharging to the
ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ.ﻗﻔﻞ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎز ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ
atmosphere shall not have block valves on the
outlet. A bypass line with a valve shall be ﻧﻴﺎزي ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺪودﻛﻨﻨﺪه در،ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ
provided for each safety valve. ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺎرﮔﺬر ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ.ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
. ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد،ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ
7) Provision for installation of drain holes ( ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪات ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﺠﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ7
Where individual valves are vented to the ،درﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﺮد ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ وﺟﻮد دارد
atmosphere, an adequate drain hole [a nominal
pipe size of DN 15 is usually considered
ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻮراخ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ)ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه
suitable] should be provided at the low point ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ( در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮﻳﻦDN15 اﺳﻤﻲ
to ensure that no liquid collects downstream of ﺗﺎ از ﻋﺪم ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ،ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد
the valve. The vapor flow that occurs through
this hole during venting is not generally ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﻛﻪ در ﺿﻤﻦ..ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮔﺮدد
considered significant, but each case should be از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﭼﻨﺪاﻧﻲ،ﺧﺮوج از اﻳﻦ ﺳﻮراخ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ
checked to see if the drain connection should
be piped to a safe location. Vapors escaping اﻣﺎ در ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﻣﻮارد ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ،ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﻧﻴﺴﺖ
from the drain hole must not be allowed to ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﻳﻤﻦ
impinge against the vessel shell, since دﻳﻮاره ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺑﺨﺎرات.اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
accidental ignition of such vent streams can
seriously weaken the shell. زﻳﺮا ﺟﺮﻗﻪ،ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪه از ﺳﻮراخ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد
ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ
.ﺷﺪت ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﮔﺮدد
8) Angle entry into the relief header ( ورودي زاوﻳﻪدار ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ8
The use of angle entry an-entry at 45 degrees رادﻳﺎن( ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ0/79) درﺟﻪ45 اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از زاوﻳﻪ ورودي
(0.79 radian) or even 30 degrees (0.52 radian) رادﻳﺎن( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮر ﺳﺮ0/52) درﺟﻪ30
to the header axis for laterals is much more ﺷﺎﺧﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻏﻠﺐ
common in relieving systems than in most .ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻣﺘﺪاولﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
process piping systems.
20
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
9) Installation of valves and blinds in relief ( ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ و ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﻣﺴﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه در9
headers
ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ
Means (valve and blind) must be provided to ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻫﺮ واﺣﺪ از ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ
isolate each unit from the flare system for اﻳﻤﻨﻲ و اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮات ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ادواﺗﻲ) ﺷﻴﺮ و ﻣﺴﺪود
safety and maintenance.
.ﻛﻨﻨﺪه( ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد
Extreme caution must be exercised in their use در اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ دﻗﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر زﻳﺎدي ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﻳﺮد ﺗﺎ
to ensure that equipment which is operating is اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت از
not isolated from its relieving system. Valves
in the header system, if used should be اﮔﺮ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ.ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺟﺪا ﻧﮕﺮدﻧﺪ
mounted so that they cannot fail in the closed ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻃﻮري ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در،اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ
position (for example, a gate falling into its
)ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ دروازهاي. ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﻮﻧﺪ،ﺻﻮرت ﺧﺮاﺑﻲ
closed position).
.(ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﻘﻮط ﻛﻨﺪ
b) If thermal expansion cannot be absorbed ب( اﮔﺮ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺟﺬب اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ روش ﺑﺎﻻ وﺟﻮد
by the above method, absorption by looped ﺟﺬب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ،ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
pipes shall be considered. Looped parts shall
have no drain pocket. در ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺷﺪه ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ.ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد
.ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ)ﺗﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
12) Absorption of thermal expansion by ( ﺟﺬب اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ12
expansion joints
اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ،اﻟﻒ( ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه
a) As a rule, no expansion joints shall be
used. The use of expansion joints is limited اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻪ.اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ
to the case in which thermal expansion ،ﻣﻮاردي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺑﻮدن ﻣﺴﻴﺮ
cannot be absorbed by pipes alone because of
اﻣﻜﺎن ﺟﺬب اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ
a short route, e.g., the route between the seal
drum ( or knock out drum) and the flare ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺰن آب ﺑﻨﺪ )ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن.ﻣﻘﺪور ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ
stack. .ﻗﻄﺮهﮔﻴﺮ( و دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ
b) Drain pipes shall be installed at bellows or ب( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻓﺎﻧﻮﺳﻲ ﻳﺎ
other concave parts where drain is likely to ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﻌﺮ ﻛﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪن ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت وﺟﻮد
remain.
. ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ،دارد
21
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
c) The conditions for selecting bellows ( ﺟﻨﺲ،ج( ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻓﺎﻧﻮﺳﻲ )ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ
(design condition, materials) shall be .ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ وﺿﻮح ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
specified clearly.
22
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
C (Re) 2
Fig. 2-DETERMINATION OF DRAG COEFFICIENT
ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﺲ راﻧﺶ-2 ﺷﻜﻞ
µ = Viscosity of gas, in (cp=1 m pa.s) = ﮔﺮاﻧﺮوي ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﭘﻮﻳﺰ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪµ
PV =Density of vapor (gas) at operating = ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر)ﮔﺎز( در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮPV
conditions, in (Kg/m3)
ﻣﻜﻌﺐ
PL =Density of liquid at operating conditions, in = ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮPL
(Kg/m3) ﻣﻜﻌﺐ
D =Particle diameter, in (m) = ﻗﻄﺮ ذره ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮD
23
آذر Dec. 2009 / 1388 )IPS-E-PR- 460(1
ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺮدن
از ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي زﻣﻴﻨﻲ و دﻳﮕﺮ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت
24
آذر Dec. 2009 / 1388 )IPS-E-PR- 460(1
ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ
ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ 0/3ﻣﺘﺮ
0/1ﻣﺘﺮ رﺟﻮع ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎدآوري
ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ
ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ آب و ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت
ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب
Fig. 4-QUENCH DRUM
ﺷﻜﻞ -4ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ
25
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
Notes: :ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ
1) It is suggested that the sewer seal be ( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ آب ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﺠﺎري ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺑﺮاي1
designed for a minimum of 175 percent of the
drum’s maximum operating pressure. درﺻﺪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ175 ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ
.ﮔﺮدد
2) Proper destination of liquid effluent ( ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻄﺮزا2
should be investigated in case it contains toxic .ﺑﻮدن ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت آن ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد
or hazardous materials.
3) Criteria for venting to atmosphere should .( ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ3
be considered.
b) Water requirements are normally based on ب( ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻋﺎدي ﻣﻘﺪار آب ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻛﺎﻫﺶ
reducing gas and liquid outlet temperatures to درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد50 دﻣﺎي ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﮔﺎز و ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪود
about 50°C. Selection of the optimum
temperature is based on considerations of اﻧﺘﺨﺎب دﻣﺎي ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﻣﺎ و.ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
temperature and composition of entering ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﺎي ورودي و داﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻴﻌﺎن ﺑﻌﺪي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن
streams, and the extents to which subsequent
condensation of effluent vapors downstream . ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮد،ﺑﺨﺎرات ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ
of the drum can be tolerated.
It is generally assumed that no more than 40- درﺻﺪ50 ﺗﺎ40 ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﻓﺮض ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ
50 percent of the liquid fed will be vaporized. آب ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ از.از ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ورودي ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ
The water supply should be taken from a
reliable water system. If a recirculation اﮔﺮ از ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ.ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﮔﺮدد
cooling water system is used, then the ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪﻫﺎي،ﮔﺮدﺷﻲ آب ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد
circulating pumps and cooling water basin
ﮔﺮدش آب و ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ آب ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ آب ﻣﻮرد
must have adequate capacity to supply the
maximum quench drum requirements for 20 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ20 ﻧﻴﺎز ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺮاي زﻣﺎن
minutes. .ﺷﻮد
The seal height in the liquid effluent line 100 ارﺗﻔﺎع آب ﺑﻨﺪ در ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ )ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮض
(assuming 100% water) is sized for 175% of 3 درﺻﺪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻳﺎ175 درﺻﺪ آب( ﺑﺮاي
the maximum operating pressure, or 3 meters,
whichever is greater. . ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد، ﻫﺮﻛﺪام ﻛﻪ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ،ﻣﺘﺮ
c) Should the quenched hydrocarbons be of a ج( ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪه ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ اﺳﻴﺪي
sour nature; Provisions shall be made for داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪات ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ
proper disposal system and due consideration
be given to material specification. .ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﻮاد در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد
26
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
For treating sour water discharge from seal drums ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ آب اﺳﻴﺪي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه از ﻣﺨﺰن ﻫﺎي ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ
refer to IPS-E-PR-725. . ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﮔﺮددIPS-E-PR-725 ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد
1) Extensive venting during startup or .( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ در ﺣﺠﻢ زﻳــﺎد در زﻣﺎن راهاﻧﺪازي ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ1
shutdown.
.( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ واﺣﺪ2
2) Venting of excess Process Plant gas.
( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﺿﻄﺮاري از ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي3
3) Handling emergency releases from safety ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺧﺎرج،ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻳﻤﻨﻲ
valves, blow down, and depressurizing .ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ
systems.
Designs will vary considerably, depending upon ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮع ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪه و ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ
the type of connected equipment and the ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ.ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪاي ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد
complexity of the overall system. A flare system
generally consists of an elevated stack, means to وﺳﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﻆ،ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ دودﻛﺶ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ
maintain burning conditions at the top of stack ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل در ﺑﺎﻻي دودﻛﺶ و وﺳﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از
and means to prevent flashback within the
.ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ
system.
Since the flare tip is open to the atmosphere, high ،از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎز ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
gas velocities are expected at this point. Very ﺳﺮﻋﺖ.ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﮔﺎز ﺑﺎ در اﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر اﺳﺖ
high tip velocities cause a phenomenon known as زﻳﺎد ﮔﺎز در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮوز ﭘﺪﻳﺪهاي ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﭘﺮش
blow-off where the flame front is lifted and could ً ﻧﻮك ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ آﻣﺪه و ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ،ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ در آن ﻗﺴﻤﺖ
eventually turn into a blow-out. Very low
ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ.ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺧﺘﻢ ﺷﻮد
velocities could damage the flare tip due to high
heat intensities and smoking. In this case ingress ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﺮارت
of air in the system and creation of a flammable در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ورود ﻫﻮا.ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺷﺪﻳﺪ و دود ﻛﺮدن ﺷﻮد
mixture is possible. Therefore, determination of ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ.ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ و اﻳﺠﺎد ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻣﻲرود
the right flare diameter is important as far as ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ داراي اﻫﻤﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت
operation of the system is concerned.
.ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
27
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
The location and height of flare stacks should be ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ و ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه از
based upon the heat release potential of a flare, اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات واﺣﺪﻫﺎي،ﻣﺸﻌﻞ
the possibility of personnel exposure during
flaring, and the exposure of surrounding plant ﺣﺪود ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ.اﻃﺮاف ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد
equipment. There are exposure limitations set اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ و اﺷﻴﺎء را.ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ
forth which must be taken into consideration.
در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه.ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ
This in effect fixes the distance between the
flame and the object. Now if there are limitations در ﻏﻴﺮ. ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد،ﻣﻜﺎن)ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
on the location (distance), then the stack height اﻳﻨﺼﻮرت ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺤﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع و ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ
can be calculated, otherwise an optimum trade off
between height and distance should be applied. .ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد
Wind velocity, by tilting the flame in effect ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻛﺞ ﻛﺮدن ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ و
changes the flame distance and heat intensity. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ آن را ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ.ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻲﺷﻮد
Therefore, its effect should be considered in
determining the stack height. .ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻧﻤﻮد
If the flare is blown-out (extinguished), or if there اﮔﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻳﺎ اﮔﺮ ﺧﻄﺮات ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ در ارﺗﺒﺎط
are environmental hazards associated with the ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ،ﺑﺎ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ وﺟﻮد دارد
flare output, the possibility of a hazardous
situation down wind should be analyzed. .ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﺑﺎد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﮔﺮدد
The formula relating velocity (as Mach ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﻋﺪد ﻣﺎخ
number) to flare tip diameter can be expressed :ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح زﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
as follows:
W T .z
(Eq. 2) Mach = (3.23) (10-5) (2 )ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ
P2 D 2 KM w
Where P2 is flowing pressure at the flare tip in ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐP2 ﻛﻪ در آن
kPa absolute and D is flare tip diameter in ﻗﻄﺮ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮD ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ و
meter.
.اﺳﺖ
Pressure drops as large as 14 kilopascals have ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ﻗﺎﺑﻞ14 اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر
been satisfactorily used at the flare tip. Too ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ.اﺳﺘﻔﺎده اﺳﺖ
low a tip velocity can cause heat and corrosion
damage. The burning of the gases becomes .ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪن و آﺳﻴﺐ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺮدد
28
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
quite slow, and the flame is greatly influenced در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً آرام اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه و ﺷﻌﻠﻪ
by the wind. The low-pressure area on the
downwind side of the stack may cause the
اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ.ﺑــﻪ ﺷﺪت ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑــﺎد ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد
burning gases to be drawn down along the ﻛﻢ ﻓﺸﺎر در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎد ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺸﻴﺪه ﺷﺪن
stack for 3 meters or more. Under these در. ﻣﺘﺮ و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﮔﺮدد3 ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ دودﻛﺶ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪزه
conditions, corrosive materials in the stack
gases may attack the stack metal at an ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه در داﺧﻞ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي دودﻛﺶ
accelerated rate, even though the top 2.4-3 .ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺧﻮرده ﺷﺪن دودﻛﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ
meters of the flare is usually made of
corrosion-resistant material.
ﻣﺘﺮ از ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً از ﻣﻮاد3 ﺗﺎ2/4 ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ
.ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد
b) Height ب ( ارﺗﻔﺎع
The flare height is generally based on the ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﺪه
radiant heat intensity generated by the flame.
.ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد
The following equation may be used to ﺑﺮD ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ زﻳﺮ را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ
determine D in (meter) the minimum distance ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻴﺌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ
from the midpoint of the flare to an object
whose exposure to thermal radiation must be . اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد،ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي آن وﺟﻮد دارد
limited.
FQ
(Eq. 3) D (3 )ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ
4K
The factor F allows for the fact that not all the اﻣﻜﺎن اﻋﻤﺎل اﻳﻦ واﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪهF ﺿﺮﻳﺐ
heat released in a flame can be released as را ﻧﺸﺎن،در ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ آزاد ﮔﺮدد
radiation. Measurement of radiation from flames
indicate that the fraction of heat radiated (radiant اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﻌﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ.ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ
energy per total heat of combustion) increases (ﻛﺴﺮ ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻲ )اﻧﺮژي ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺮارت اﺷﺘﻌﺎل
toward a limit, similar to the increase in the
burning rate with increasing flame diameter. Data ﺗﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺪي )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺷﺪت اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻗﻄﺮ
from the U.S Bureau of Mines for radiation from دادهﻫﺎي داﻳﺮه ﻣﻌﺎدن آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﺮاي.،ﺷﻌﻠﻪ( اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ
gaseous-supported diffusion flames are given in
آورده4 ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ از اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺎزي در ﺟﺪول
Table 4.
.ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
METHANE
0.51 10.3
ﻣﺘﺎن
0.91 11.6
1.90 16.0
4.10 16.1
8.40 14.7
These data apply only to the radiation from a gas. اﮔﺮ.اﻳﻦ دادهﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ از ﻳﻚ ﮔﺎز اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻲﺷﻮد
If liquid droplets of hydrocarbon larger than 150 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ در ﺷﻌﻠﻪ150 ﻗﻄﺮات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از
micrometers in size are present in the flame, the
values in Table 4 should be somewhat increased. ﻣﻘﺪاري4 ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺟﺪول،وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
.اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ
The fraction of heat intensity transmitted, τ is ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊτ ،ﻛﺴﺮ ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪه
used to correct the radiation impact. It can be :اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ از راﺑﻄﻪ زﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
calculated from the following relationship:
Where D is distance from flame to illuminated ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ روﺷﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮD ﻛﻪ در آن
area, in meters. .اﺳﺖ
This equation is strictly applicable under the :اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
following conditions. Luminous hydrocarbon ، درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد1227 ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻧﻮراﻧﻲ در
flame radiating at 1227°C, 27°C dry bulb ambient
temperature, relative humidity more than 10%, رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ، درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد27 دﻣﺎي ﺧﺸﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ
distance from the flame between 30 and 150 m, اﻣﺎ اﻳﻦ. ﻣﺘﺮي ﺷﻌﻠﻪ150 ﺗﺎ30 ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ، درﺻﺪ10 ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از
but it can be used to estimate the order of
در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻗﺎﺑﻞτ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺪود
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
magnitude of τ under a wide range of conditions. اﺛﺒﺎت ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ.اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
This equation should prove adequate for
most flare gases, except H2 and H2S which burn
ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮر ﻛﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺪون ﻧﻮرH2S وH2 ﮔﺎزﻫــﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺟﺰ
with little or no luminous radiation. . ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ،ﻣﻲﺳﻮزد
The allowable radiation level, K is given in Table . داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ5 در ﺟﺪولK ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻣﺠﺎز
5.
Note: :ﻳﺎدآوري
On towers or other elevated structures where در ﺑﺮجﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮار ﺳﺮﻳﻊ اﻣﻜﺎنﭘﺬﻳﺮ
rapid escape is not possible, ladders must be
ﻧﺮدﺑﺎنﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺳﻤﺖ ﺧﻼف ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ،ﻧﻴﺴﺖ
provided on the side away from the flare, so the
structure can provide some shielding when K K ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺧﻮد ﺳﺎزه ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ در زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺪت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ
radiation intensity is greater than 6.31 kilowatts ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ، ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ6/31 ﺑﻴﺶ از
per square meter.
.ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
As for the effect of radiation level on humans it در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺑﺮ اﻧﺴﺎن ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد در ﻧﻈﺮ
should be noted that the allowable radiation level داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ از زﻣﺎن ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي
is a function of length of exposure. Table 6 gives
exposure times necessary to reach the pain ﻣﻘﺪار زﻣﺎن ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺗﺎ6 ﺟﺪول ﺷﻤﺎره.ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
threshold. .رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ درد را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ
The correction for the location of the flame center ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ زﻣﺎن در آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ
will be quite significant when radiation levels are .ﺑﺴﻴﺎر اﻫﻤﻴﺖ دارد
examined.
Information on this subject is limited and is اﻃﻼﻋﺎت در اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻮده و ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس
usually based on visual observations in .ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﻋﻴﻨﻲ در ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺿﻄﺮاري ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
connection with emergency discharges to flares.
Fig. 5 gives flame length versus heat release. - ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ5 ﺷﻜﻞ
.دﻫﺪ
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
A sample calculation has been presented in .ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ در ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )د( ﺑﻴﺎن ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ
Appendix D.
Flame length including any lift off, Meters
ﻣﺘﺮ، ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ
ﻋﻼﺋﻢ
Note: :ﻳﺎدآوري
Multiple points indicate separate observations or ﻧﻘﺎط ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﻣﺠﺰا ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮضﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﻣﻮرد
different assumptions of heat content.
.ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ اﺷﺎره دارﻧﺪ
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
Notes: :ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
The assist medium mass requirements are low ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺑﺨﺎر آب و ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎز
for steam and fuel gas because of their high ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار وزﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮي از آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺎده واﺳﻄﻪ،ﻣﺸﻌﻞ
velocity relative to the flare gas. Typical
ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎز.ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺎز اﺳﺖ
values for steam or fuel gas are from 0.20 to
0.50 kilograms of assist gas per kilograms of ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﮔﺎز ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم0/50 ﺗﺎ0/20 ﺳﻮﺧﺖ از
hydrocarbon flow. .ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
The following equation predicts steam use for ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ زﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ
a given hydrocarbon molecular mass (weight) ﮔﺎزي ﺑﺎ وزن)ﺟﺮم( ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻪ در ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ
gas to be burned in a smokeless flare.
.ﺑﺪون دود ﻣﻲﺳﻮزد را ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ
(Eq. 5) W steam = W HC [0.68 - (10.8/M)] (5 )ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ
2) Flashback protection ( ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ2
The most common method of preventing ﻣﺘﺪاولﺗﺮﻳﻦ روش ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ
propagation of flame into the flare system due ﻧﺼﺐ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ،ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ورود ﻫﻮا
to entry of air is the installation of a seal drum
ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻫﺎ. اﺳﺖ7 ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ
as depicted in Fig. 7. Flame arresters are
occasionally used for flashback protection; ﺑﻌﻀﻲ اوﻗﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ در ﺑـﺮاﺑـﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺷﻌﻠــﻪ
however, they are subject to plugging, and اﻣﺎ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ و،اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ
their application is limited.
.ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻧﻬﺎ وﺟﻮد دارد
Alternatively, continuous introduction of اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﺪاوم از ﮔﺎز ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺎزي،ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ
purge gas can be used to prevent flash back. A در.ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد
safe condition exists in situations involving
ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺷﺪن ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮا اﮔﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻲ از
hydrocarbon air mixtures if a positive flow of
oxygen free gas is maintained, allowing the ﻛﻪ اﺟﺎزه ﻧﺪﻫﺪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن،اﻛﺴﻴﮋن آزاد ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
oxygen concentration to be no greater than 6 درﺻﺪ6 ﻣﺘﺮي از ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از7/6 در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ
percent at a point 7.6 meters from the flare tip.
The injection rate should be controlled by a ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻳﻤﻦ وﺟﻮد ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ،ﮔﺮدد
fixed orifice to ensure that supply remains ﻧﺮخ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﻚ روزﻧﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ
constant and is not subject to instrument
ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪاوم ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ و ﻋﺪم ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ از ﺧﺮاﺑﻲ اﺑﺰار دﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﻳﺎ
malfunction or maladjustment.
.ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮔﺮدد
Molecular seals can be used to minimize purge ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﻴﺰان
gas rates. .ﮔﺎز ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺎزي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
To flare
ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ
Flare header
ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ
Water level
ﺳﻄﺢ آب
ﻳﺎدداﺷﺖ را ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ
See note
Baffle
ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺟﺪاﻛﻨﻨﺪه
Drain
ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ
Note: :ﻳﺎدآوري
It is suggested that the sewer seal be designed for ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ ﻣﺠﺎري ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان
a minimum of 175 percent of the drum’s
maximum operating pressure.
درﺻﺪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ175 ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ
.ﮔﺮدد
Pilot igniter controls are located at a safe ادوات ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن ﺷﻤﻌﻚ در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨﻲ از ﭘﺎﻳﻪ
distance from the base of elevated flares and at ﻣﺘﺮي از ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺎي30 ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ و در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ
least 30 meters from ground flares.
.زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
It is recommended that a low pressure alarm ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻫﺸﺪار ﻓﺸﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﺎز
for the pilot gas be provided so that the ﺷﻤﻌﻚ ﻃﻮري ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﺪي ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ در اﺗﺎق
operator in the control room becomes aware of
pilot blow out. .ﻛﻨﺘﺮل از ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﺷﻤﻌﻚ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﮔﺮدد
Reliable pilot operation under all wind and ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﻤﻌﻚ ﺗﺤﺖ وزش ﺑﺎد و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آب
weather conditions is essential. Flaring ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ اﻏﻠﺐ. ﺿﺮوري ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ،و ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ
operations are for the most part intermittent
and non-scheduled. The flare must be instantly ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ.ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻣﺘﻨﺎوب و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﻳﺰي ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ
available for full emergency duty to prevent ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻤﺎم ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ اﺿﻄﺮاري ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از
any possibility of a hazardous or
ﺧﻄﺮات اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ
environmentally offensive discharge to the
atmosphere. Wind-shields and flame retention ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ. ﻛﺎﻣﻼً آﻣﺎده ﺑﺎﺷﺪ،ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا
devices may be used to ensure continuous ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ از ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات،ﻣﺪاوم ﺷﻤﻌﻚ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ
piloting under the most adverse conditions.
.ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎد و ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد
37
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
Generally, if the heating value of the gas to be ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ اﮔﺮ ارزش ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﮔﺎز ارﺳﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ
flared is less than 4280 kJ/m3 a fired flare with اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺸﻌﻞ، ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ4280 از
a high heating value assist gas may be
required for complete combustion. اﺣﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ارزش ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﻣﻞ
.ﻛﺮدن اﺣﺘﺮاق اﻟﺰاﻣﻲ اﺳﺖ
6) Location ( ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ6
The location of flares in the vicinity of tall ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎ در ﻧﺰدﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه
refinery equipment should be examined. ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت داغ اﺣﺘﺮاق.ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﮔﺮدد
Flames or hot combustion products can be
carried by the wind, which could cause
ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎد ﺑﻪ اﻃﺮاف ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ
problems and create hazards to personnel اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ روي اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻛﺎر
working on these elevated structures at the ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺧﻄﺮاﺗﻲ را در ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﺸﻌﻞ اﻳﺠﺎد
time of a flare release. As discussed in the
، ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ.ﻛﻨﻨﺪ
section on sizing, flare height and distance are
dependent on radiation intensity. When either ﻳﻜﻲ.ارﺗﻔﺎع و ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد
the height or the distance from the plant of a از ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از واﺣﺪ ﻳﺎ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺛﺎﺑﺖ و دﻳﮕﺮي
flare is fixed the other can be determined. ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ.ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﻮد
Usually there are constraints on the distance,
ﻣﺸﻌﻞ از واﺣﺪ وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس آن ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ
therefore stack height is calculated.
.ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد
If there are no constraints on the distance and اﮔﺮ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺘﻲ در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ و ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺸﻌﻞ وﺟﻮد
flare height is to be determined, the following . راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ زﻳﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد،ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
guideline is recommended.
For stack heights less than 23 meters a ﻣﺘﺮي و91 ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ، ﻣﺘﺮ23 ﺑﺮاي ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از
distance of 91 meters, and for stack heights ﻣﺘﺮي از61 ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ، ﻣﺘﺮ23 ﺑﺮاي ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از
greater than 23 meters a distance of 61 meters
from the plant is considered. .واﺣﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد
7) Due consideration should be given to ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻘﺪار7
installation of flow measuring equipment on ﺑﻪ.ﺟﺮﻳﺎن روي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ وﻳﮋه اي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ
the flare system. Specifically sub-headers
handling continuous relief loads from ﺧﺼﻮص در ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ از واﺣﺪﻫﺎي
individual units shall be provided with proper ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺪاوم ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ارﺳﺎل ﻣﻴﺪارﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ
flow elements.
.دﺳﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎي اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد
7.6 Burning Pits ﮔﻮدال ﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﺧﺖ6-7
Burning pit flares can handle flammable liquids ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎي ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي
or gases or mixtures of the two. A typical design ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮح8 در ﺷﻜﻞ.ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط آﻧﻬﺎ را دارﻧﺪ
is shown in Fig. 8. In this figure a circular pit is
illustrated, but any convenient shape may be
در اﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮدال ﻣﺪور.ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ
used. اﻣﺎ اﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ،ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه
.اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ
The burning pit is simply a shallow earth or ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ در واﻗﻊ ﻳﻚ زﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻢ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻳﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ
concrete surfaced pool area enclosed by a dike ﺑﺘﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ دﻳﻮاري اﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﺒﻮر ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻳﺎ
wall, a liquid/vapor inlet pipe through the wall,
and provided with pilot and ignitor. While the .ﺑﺨﺎر از ﻣﻴﺎن دﻳﻮار ﺑﻮده و ﺷﻤﻌﻚ و ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ
design basis flow is adequate for handling ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺿﻄﺮاري ﻛﺎﻓﻲ
emergency releases, a more conservative ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ روش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﺎراﻧﻪ ﺗﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ،ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
approach is recommended for continuous flaring
services, incorporating up to twice the calculated ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه ﮔﻮدال،ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻮزاﻧﺪن ﻣﺪاوم
pit area. .دو ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد
38
آذر Dec. 2009 / 1388 )IPS-E-PR- 460(1
0.65 m min
ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه و ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧﺴﻮز ﺑﺘﻨﻲ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ آب )ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ب را ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ(
ورودي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺨﺎر ﭘﻬﻨﺎي ﻻﻳﻲ = 5ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊﻛﻨﻨﺪه
ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ 0/6ﻣﺘﺮ – ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت اﻟﻒ
)ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ب را ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ(
Base distributor diameter on pressure drop along its length of 0.17 kPa ﻛﻒ ﮔﻮدال
at maximum flow. Base distributor length and number of holes on
pressure drop of 1.72 kPa across the holes at maximum flow
ﻗﻄﺮ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر 0/17ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل در ﻃﻮل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن
ﻃﻮل ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺳﻮراخ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر 1/72ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل از ﻋﺮض
ﺳﻮراخ ﻫﺎ در ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن
ﺑﺘﻦ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﺴﻮز ﺳﻮراخ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ 38 ،ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ
ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت اﻟﻒ
ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺨﺎر
ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﻤﻮل آب ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺳﺮرﻳﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ
ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ آب ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز
39
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
7.6.1 Burning pit flare sizing ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ1-6-7
The burning pit area is sized to provide sufficient ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻃﻮري ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ
surface to vaporize and burn liquid at a rate equal
to the maximum incoming liquid rate. The
ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ و ﺳﻮزاﻧﺪن ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻴﺰان
calculation procedure is as follows: روش ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ.ورودي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
:ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
1) Determine the linear regression rate of the )ﻣﻴﺰان.( ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ1
liquid surface (i.e. the rate at which the liquid ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ رﻓﺘﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در اﺛﺮ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺷﺪن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺮارت
level would fall as a result of vaporization by
radiant heat from the burning vapor above it, ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﺪه از ﺑﺨﺎرات ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻻي آن– ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮض ﻛﻪ
assuming no addition of incoming liquid): :(ﻣﺎﻳﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﮕﺮدد
Q
(Eq. 6) SR=K1 (6 )ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ
QV .q1
2) Determine the pit area necessary to ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ و ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ،( ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﮔﻮدال2
vaporize and burn liquid at a rate equal to the .ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ورودي ﻣﺴﺎوي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
liquid input rate:
l
(Eq.7) AP=K2 (7 )ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ
S R . l
3) The dike wall height above the water level ( ارﺗﻔﺎع دﻳﻮار ﺣﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻃﻮري اﻧﺘﺨﺎب3
is selected to provide hollow capacity for the 30 ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎﻳﻊ آزاد ﺷﺪه در ﻃﻮل
largest liquid release resulting from a single
contingency during 30 minutes, plus 460 mm ﻓﻀﺎي ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻻزم، ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ارﺗﻔﺎع آزاد460 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ و ﺑﻌﻼوه
free board. The liquid rate is based on the ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻘﺪار واﻗﻌﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ.را ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ
actual flashed liquid entering the pit, assuming
no burning or further vaporization in the pit. ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺷﺪه ورودي ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮدال ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮض ﻋﺪم ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ
The height of the dike wall above the water ارﺗﻔﺎع دﻳﻮار، ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد.ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺑﻌﺪي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد
level should not however, be less than 1.20 . ﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ1/2 ﺣﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ از
meters.
7.6.2 Spacing of burning pit flares ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺬاري ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎ2-6-7
FQ
(Eq. 8) D= (8 )ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ
4K
This equation has been described in the section .اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ
on flare sizing.
Note that in this equation absorption of radiation ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ذﻛﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ از ﺟﺬب اﺷﻌﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻮاي
by surrounding air is neglected. .اﻃﺮاف ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ
Also the fraction of heat radiated, as shown in ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﺪه ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ،4 اﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ در ﺟﺪول
Table 4 refers to light gases, but in burning pits اﺣﺘﺮاق ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت، اﻣﺎ در ﮔﻮدالﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﺧﺖ،ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﺳﺒﻚ اﺳﺖ
combustion of liquid is under consideration;
40
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
therefore, good engineering judgment should be ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ.ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﺳﺖ
exercised in evaluating the effect of this factor
when determining the distance.
ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر
.رود
The center of the flame is assumed to be 1.5 pool ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﮔﻮدال از ﻣﺮﻛﺰ1/5 ﻓﺮض ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ
diameters from the center of the pool, in the اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮض.ﮔﻮدال در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
direction of the point where radiant heat density
is being considered. This assumption is used to . ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد دارد،ﺑﺮاي در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﻧﺤﺮاف ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎد
allow for flame deflection by wind.
Although permissible radiant heat densities are 5 ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ ﻣﺠﺎز در ﺟﺪول
given in Table 5, note that its value at the ﻳﺎدآوري ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار آن در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ،داده ﺷﺪه
property line must not exceed 1.60 kilowatts per
square meter. . ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ1/60 ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ از
In addition, the following minimum spacings ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ زﻳﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﻮدال ﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر
apply to burning pits: :ﻣﻲ رود
150 meters from property lines, roadways, or any
ﺟﺎدهﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮع ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺴﺎت، ﻣﺘﺮ از ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ150
process or storage facilities.
.ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي و ذﺧﻴﺮه ﺳﺎزي
60 Meters from any source of ignitable ﻣﺘﺮ از ﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ60
hydrocarbons, such as separators, or floating roof .ﺟﺪاﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺳﻘﻒ ﺷﻨﺎور
tanks.
Valves in the inlet, seal water and pilot gas lines آب ﺑﻨﺪ و ﺧﻄﻮط ﮔﺎز ﺷﻤﻌﻚ،ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي در ﺧﻄﻮط ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ورودي
should be located according to permissible ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻣﺤﻞﻫﺎي ﻣﺠﺎز از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ
radiant heat densities for personnel. Piping to the
burning pit should be suitably protected against ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮدال.ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻞ ﻗﺮار داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ
flame impingement (e.g., by installation below ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد ﺷﻌﻠﻪ
grade).
.)ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻧﺼﺐ زﻳﺮ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ( ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﮔﺮدد
In designing the burning pit all personnel and در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮارد اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن و
equipment safety precautions should be observed. .ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ
41
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺎ
ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺻﻮت
42
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
1) Calculate N (Number Of Velocity Heads) . )ﻣﻴﺰان ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﺎدل ﺳﺮﻋﺖ( را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪN (1
fL
(Eq.A.1) N K (1-)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اﻟﻒ
D
Where: :ﻛﻪ در آن
f = Moody Factor (Dimensionless). .( = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻮدي )ﺑﺪون ﺑﻌﺪf
L = Length of Equivalent Pipe, in Meters. .( = ﻃﻮل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻌﺎدل )ﻣﺘﺮL
P2 = Pressure In the Pipe at the Exit or At = ﻓﺸﺎر داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﺮوج ﻳﺎ در ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪP2
Any Point Distance L downstream From . در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ از ﻣﻨﺒﻊ داردL دﻳﮕﺮي ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ
the Source, In Kilopascals Absolute.
.()ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ
MW 0.5
(Eq.A.2) Gci 6.7 P1 ( ) (2-)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اﻟﻒ
zT1
Where: :ﻛﻪ در آن
Gci = Critical Mass Flux, In Kilograms per
Second per Square Meter. ( = ﺷﺎر ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ) ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪGci
MW = Molecular Weight Of the Vapor. . = ﺟﺮم ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎرMW
T1 = Temperature at upstream low velocity .( = دﻣﺎي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن در ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﻛﻢ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ )ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦT1
source, in Kelvin.
z = Compresibility factor . = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮيz
4) From P3/P1 or P2/P1 and N, Read G/ . را ﺑﺨﻮاﻧﻴﺪG/ Gci ﻣﻘﺪارN وP2/P1 ﻳﺎP3/P1 ( از4
Gci.
5) Calculate G in (Kilograms per Second per را ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪG (5
Square Meter). .ﻛﻨﻴﺪ
6) Calculate w (Actual Flow in Kilograms )ﻣﻘﺪار ﺟﺮﻳﺎن واﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ( راw (6
per Second).
.ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ
Where: :ﻛﻪ در آن
w = G (Cross-Sectional Area of Pipe, In ( ﺿﺮب در )ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊG= w
Square Meters).
43
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
APPENDIX B ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ب
SIZING A KNOCK-OUT DRUM ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ
Sizing a knock-out drum is generally a trial-and- اﻧﺪازه ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺳﻌﻲ و ﺧﻄﺎ ﺑﻪ
error process. First, the drum size required for در اﺑﺘﺪا اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي.دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ
liquid entrainment separation is determined. ذرات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﺪا.ﻣﺎﻳﻊ از ذرات ورودي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد
Liquid particles will separate (a) when the ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ )اﻟﻒ( زﻣﺎن اﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺴﺎوي ﻳﺎ
residence time of the vapor or gas is equal to or
ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از زﻣﺎن ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻃﻲ ﻛﺮدن ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺗﻮﺳﻂ
greater than the time required to travel the
available vertical height at the dropout velocity of )ب( وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ.ذرات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
the liquid particles and (b) when the vertical gas ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺳﻘﻮط
velocity is sufficiently low to permit the liquid اﻳﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ.ﺑﺮاي ذرات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
droplet to fall. This vertical height is usually ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﮔﺎز و.از ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد
taken as the distance from the liquid surface. The
ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازهاي ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ از ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻟﺨﺘﻪ و ورود
vertical velocity of the vapor and gas must be low
enough to prevent large slugs of liquid from
از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل.ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﮔﺮدد
entering the flare. Since the flare can handle ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﺠﺎز در،ﻗﻄﺮات ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ را دارد
small-sized liquid droplets, the allowable vertical ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻗﻄﺮات ﺑــﺎ
velocity in the drum may be based on that ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط. ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد600 ﺗـﺎ300 ﻗﻄﺮ
necessary to separate droplets from 300 to 600
:ﻳﻚ ذره در ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد
micrometers in diameter. The dropout velocity of
a particle in a stream is calculated as follows:
g.D( L V )
(Eq.B.1) U c = 1.15 (1-)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ب
V (C )
Where D is particle diameter in meters. . ﻗﻄﺮ ذرات ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ اﺳﺖD ﻛﻪ در آن
This basic equation is widely accepted for all اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻤﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزيﻫﺎي ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺮي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ
forms of entrainment separation. .ﻗﺒﻮل ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
The second step in sizing a knock-out drum is to در ﻧﻈﺮ،ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ دوم در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ
consider the effect any liquid contained in the ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ اﺳﺖ ﻛــﻪ ﻫـﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه در ﻣﺨﺰن
drum may have on reducing the volume available ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺠﻢ در دﺳﺘﺮس ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪن ﺑﺨﺎر
for vapor/liquid disengagement. This liquid may
result from (1) condensate that separates during a (1) : اﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در اﺛﺮ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﮔﺮدد
vapor release or (2) liquid streams that (2) .ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺿﻤﻦ آزادﺳﺎزي ﺑﺨﺎر ﺟﺪا ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ
accompany a vapor release. It is suggested that ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد.ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛــﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺨﺎر آزاد ﺷﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
the volume occupied by the liquid be based on a
ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ اﺷﻐﺎل ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻘﺪار
release lasting 20-30 minutes. Any accumulation
of liquid retained from a prior release (pressure ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ. دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ30 ﺗﺎ20 آزادﺳﺎزي در ﻃﻮل
relief valves or other sources) must be added to ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه از ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺒﻠﻲ )ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن
the liquid indicated in Items 1 and 2 above to ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ( ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه در،اﻳﻤﻨﻲ
determine the available vapor disengaging space.
ﺑﺎﻻ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻓﻀﺎي در دﺳﺘﺮس ﺑﺮاي2 و1 ﻣﻮارد
However, for situations where the knock-out
drum is used to contain large liquid dumps from ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد ﺑﺮاي زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ.ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﺑﺨﺎرات ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد
44
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
pressure relief valves on other sources where ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﺣﺠﻢ زﻳﺎد ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻛﻪ از
there is not significant flashing and the liquid can ﻛﻪ،ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن اﻳﻤﻨﻲ روي ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ وارد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد
be removed promptly, it would not usually be
necessary to consider these volumes relative to
ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺪا،ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ
vapor disengaging. ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻧﻴﺎزي ﺑﻪ درﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ،ﺷﻮد
.ﺟﺪاﻳﺶ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
The economics of vessel design should be ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد در ﻫﻨﮕﺎم اﻧﺘﺨﺎب اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن و ﺣﺎﻟﺖ
considered when selecting a drum size and may . اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد،ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻳﺎ اﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن
influence the choice between a horizontal and a
vertical drum. When large liquid storage is زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻧﺒﺎرش ﺣﺠﻢ زﻳﺎد ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﺑﻮده و ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر
desired and the vapor flow is high, a horizontal ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﺠﺮاي. ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎديﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ،زﻳﺎد اﺳﺖ
drum is often more economical. Split entry of exit
. اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن را در ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي زﻳﺎد ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ،ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ
decreases the size of the drum for large flows.
As a rule drum diameters over 3.3 meters should ﻣﺘﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده3/3 ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه در ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺑﻴﺶ از
apply split flow arrangements for best economics. ﻣﺨﺎزن.از ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺮاي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻮدن ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد
Horizontal and vertical knock-out drums are
available in many designs, the main differences ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ اﻓﻘﻲ و ﻋﻤﻮدي در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در دﺳﺘﺮس
consisting in how the path of the vapor is ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﺗﻔﺎوت اﺻﻠﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ در ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر
directed. The various designs include the
: ﻃﺮاﺣﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.اﺳﺖ
following:
1) A horizontal drum with the vapor entering ( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ورودي ﺑﺨﺎر در ﻳﻚ ﺳﻤﺖ آن و1
one end of the vessel and exiting at the top of ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺳﻤﺖ دﻳﮕﺮ)ﺑﺪون ﺻﻔﺤﻪ
the opposite end (no internal baffling).
.(ﺟﺪا ﻛﻨﻨﺪه داﺧﻠﻲ
2) A Vertical drum with the vapor inlet nozzle ( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎزل ورودي ﺑﺨﺎر روي2
on a diameter of the vessel and the outlet ﻗﻄﺮ)ﺟﺪاره( از ﻣﺨﺰن و ﻧﺎزل ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ در ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺤﻮر
nozzle at the top of the vessel’s vertical axis.
The inlet stream should be baffled to direct the ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ورودي ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ.ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﺨﺰن
flow downward. .ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺟﺪا ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺷﻮد
3) A vertical vessel with a tangential nozzle. .( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎزل ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ3
4) A horizontal drum with the vapor entering ( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ورودي ﺑﺨﺎر در ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮف ﻣﺤﻮر4
at each end on the horizontal axis and a center .اﻓﻘﻲ و ﻳﻚ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ در ﻣﺮﻛﺰ
outlet.
5) A horizontal drum with the vapor entering ( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ورودي ﺑﺨﺎر در ﻣﺮﻛﺰ و ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ در5
in the center and exiting at each end on the .ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮف ﻣﺤﻮر اﻓﻘﻲ
horizontal axis.
The following sample calculations have been ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎدهﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲﻫﺎ در ﻣﻮارد
limited to the simplest of the designs, items 1 and
ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ5 و4 ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮارد. ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ2 و1
2. The calculations for Items 4 and 5 would be
45
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
similar, with one half the flow rate determining ﻃﻮل ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺼﻒ،ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﺮﻳﺎن
one half the vessel length.
.ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد
The normal calculations would be used for Item 3 ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد داﺷﺘﻪ و در اﻳﻦ ﺟﺎ3 ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻣﺘﺪاول ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮرد
and will not be duplicated here. .ﺗﻜﺮار ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ
Assume the following conditions: A single 25/2 ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺳﻴﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار:ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ را ﻓﺮض ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﺪ
contingency results in the flow of 25.2 kilograms ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ496/6 ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ،ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ
per second of a fluid with a liquid density of
496.6 kilograms per cubic meter and a vapor ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ دو در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ2/9 و ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر
density of 2.9 kilograms per cubic meter, both at ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻧﺴﺒﻲ و دﻣﺎ13/8 ﻓﺸﺎر. ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ،ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ
flowing conditions. The pressure is 13.8
ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﭘﻮآز0/01 ﮔﺮاﻧﺮوي ﺑﺨﺎر. درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد اﺳﺖ149
kilopascals gage, and the temperature is 149°C.
The viscosity of the vapor 0.01 centipoise. .اﺳﺖ
Also the fluid equilibrium results in 3.9 kilograms ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ3/9 ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻓﺎزي ﺳﻴﺎل ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ
per second of liquid and 21.3 kilograms per . ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﮔﺎز ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد21/3 ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و
second of vapor.
In addition, 1.89 cubic meters of storage for ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ از ذﺧﻴﺮه ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪﻫﺎي1/89 ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺣﺠﻢ
miscellaneous drainings from the units is desired. 3 در ﺷﻜﻞ.زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﻪ از واﺣﺪﻫﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ
The schematic in Fig. 3 applies. The droplet size اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺠﺎز ﻗﻄﺮ ﻗﻄﺮات ﻛﻮﭼﻚ.ﻃﺮح ﻛﻠﻲ آورده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ
selected as allowable is 300 micrometers in
diameter. . ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ300
The vapor rate is determined as follows: :ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد
The drag coefficient, C, is determined from Fig. 2 ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ2 از ﺷﻜﻞ،C ،(ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﺲ راﻧﺶ)درگ
as follows: :ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد
The dropout velocity, ud is calculated as follows: :ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط ذرات ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد
0.5
(9.8)( 300 10 6 )(496.6 2.9)
U c 1.15 0.71
( 2.9)(1.3)
Assume a horizontal vessel with an inside را ﻓﺮضL و ﻃﻮل اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪDi ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ داﺧﻠﻲ
diameter, Di and a cylindrical length, L. This : ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ.ﻛﻨﻴﺪ
gives the following total crosssectional area:
(Eq.B.2) At= ( Di) 2 (2-)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ب
4
46
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
Liquid holdup for 30 minutes release from the دﻗﻴﻘﻪ اي ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه از ﻳﻚ اﺗﻔﺎق ﺑﻪ30 زﻣﺎن ﻣﺎﻧﺪ
single contingency, in addition to the slops and .ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪ و ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ
drain volume, is desired.
The volume in the heads is neglected for از ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻠﮕﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺻﺮفﻧﻈﺮ،ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت
simplicity. The liquid holdup required AL1 in )ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ( ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮALI زﻣﺎن ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﻻزم ﻣﺎﻳﻊ.ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ
square meters is therefore calculated as follows:
:ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد
1) The slops and drain volume of 1.89 cubic ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ1/89 ( ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪ و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ1
meters will occupy a bottom segment as اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از ﺗﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺷﻐﺎل
follows:
:ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮد
AL1 ( square meters)= (1.89 cubic meters)/L
2) A total of 3.9 kilograms per second of ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺎ3/9 ( ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﻠﻲ2
condensed liquids with a density of 496.6 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ30 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت496/6 ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ
kilograms per cubic meter accumulated for 30
minutes will occupy a cross-sectional segment :ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺷﻐﺎل ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ
(see above) as follows:
square meters
The cross-sectional area remaining for the ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ
vapor flow is as follows: :ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
The vertical depths of the liquid and vapor spaces ﻋﻤﻖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد
are determined using standard geometry, (see ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪhL1 :ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ )ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ج را ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ( ﻛﻪ
Appendix C), where hL1 = depth of slops and
drains, hL1+hL2 = depth of all liquid accumulation, hv ﻋﻤﻖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺪه وhL1+hL2 ،و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ
and hv = remaining vertical space for the vapor .ﻓﻀﺎي ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر اﺳﺖ
flow.
The total drum diameter is calculated as follows: :ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻇﺮف ﺑﺼﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد
ht = hL1 + hL2 +hv ht = hL1 + hL2 +hv
The adequacy of the vapor space is verified as :ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻮدن ﻓﻀﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺎرات ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد
follows: The vertical drop available for liquid . ﺑﺎﺷﺪhv ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺳﻘﻮط ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻘﻮط ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺟﺪاﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ
dropout is equal to hv. The liquid dropout time is
determined as follows: .زﻣﺎن ﺳﻘﻮط ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد
1 hV
(Eq. B.4) θ = (4-)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ب
c meters per second 100centimeters per meter
U
The velocity of vapor , based on one vapor pass, ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻋﺒﻮر ﻳﻚ راﻫﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ
is determined as follows: :ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد
47
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
1
m/sec
Av square meters
The drum length required is determined as :ﻃﻮل ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد
follows:
Lmin = (Uv meters per second)( seconds) × (N ( ﺗﻌﺪاد راﻫﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺎرN)( ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ()ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪUv)= Lmin
vapor passes) meters ﻣﺘﺮ
Lmin must be less than or equal to the above ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺎوي ﻃﻮل ﻣﺨﺰن اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي ﻣﻔﺮوضLmin
assumed cylindrical drum length, L; otherwise در ﻏﻴﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻃﻮل. ﺑﺎﺷﺪL ﺑﺎﻻ
the calculation must be repeated with a newly
assumed cylindrical drum length. .ﻓﺮﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺨﺰن اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي ﺗﻜﺮار ﮔﺮدد
Table 3 summarizes, the calculations above for ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻓﻮق را ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺨﺎزن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎي3 ﺟﺪول
horizontal drums with various inside diameters to ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻗﺘﺼﺎديﺗﺮﻳﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻴﺎن
determine the most economical drum size. Drum
diameters in 15 centimeter increments are ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺑﺮاي اﻧﻄﺒﺎق ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اﻧﺪازه ﻛﻠﮕﻲ.ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ
assumed, in accordance with standard head sizes. . اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ، ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ15 ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت
Trial Assumed Assumed Cross-Sectional Area Vertical Depth Of Liquid And Liquid Vapor Required
No. Drum Drum (Square Meters) Vapor Spaces (Centimeters) Dropout Velocity, Drum
ﺷﻤﺎره Inside Cylindrical Time, θ Uv Length h.
Diameter Length, L (seconds) (Meters)
ردﻳﻒ Di (Meters)
(ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ)ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺨﺎر per L min
زﻣﺎن (Meters)
(Meters) ﻃﻮل ﻣﻔﺮوض (Second)
ﻗﻄﺮ داﺧﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن A1 AL1 AL2 AV hL1 hL1+hL2 hv ht ﺳﻘﻮط ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻃﻮل ﻣﺨﺰن
ﻣﻔﺮوض ()ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻻزم
ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺨﺎر
)ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ
(ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ
1 22.4 5.79 4.67 0.33 2.45 190 30 140 104 224 1.45 3.9 5.6
2 2.29 6.25 4.10 0.30 227 1.53 29 137 91 229 1.28 4.8 6.2
3 2.13 6.86 3.57 0.28 207 1.23 28 133 81 213 1.13 6.0 6.7
4 1.98 7.62 3.08 0.25 186 0.98 27 128 70 198 0.98 7.0 7.4
Note: :ﻳﺎدآوري
The data in this table are in accordance with the .دادهﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪول ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
example given in text.
48
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
The following conclusions can be drawn from :ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ زﻳﺮ از اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪول ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ
this table:
1) All of the drum size above would fulfill the ( ﺗﻤﺎم اﻧﺪازهﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺰن در ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ1
design requirements. .را ﺑﺮآورده ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ
2) The most suitable drum size should be ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮﻳﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ2
selected according to the design pressure, ، ﻣﻘﺪار ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺠﺎز، اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺟﻨﺲ،ﻓﺸﺎر ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ
material requirements, the corrosion
allowance, and layout, transportation, and . ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮔﺮدد،ﺟﺎﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ
other considerations.
3) The choice of two-pass flow, as shown in ﻧﺸﺎن3 ( اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن دو راﻫﻪ ﻛﻪ در ﺷﻜﻞ3
Figure 3, is optional. . اﺧﺘﻴﺎري اﺳﺖ،داده ﺷﺪه
Now consider a vertical vessel. The vapor ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ.ﺣﺎﻻ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد
velocity is equal to the dropout velocity which is
0.71 meters per second. The required Cross- ﺳﻄﺢ. ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ0/71 ،ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط ﻗﻄﺮات
sectional area of the drum is determined as :ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد
follows:
7.34 cubic meters per second
Cross – sectional area = = 10.3 m2
0.71 meters per second
The drum diameter is determined as follows: :ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد
(4)
D= 10.3 m 2 3.6meters
Thus, a vertical drum is not a logical choice for ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل داده
the example given, unless layout considerations ﺷﺪه ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺟﺎﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ دﻳﮕﺮي را
dictate differently.
.ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ
2) The 20-30 minutes residence time is based دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي آزادﺳﺎزي30 ﺗﺎ20 ( زﻣﺎن ﻣﺎﻧﺪ2
on the release of maximum liquid quantity for ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻀﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﻣﺨﺰن
the liquid space in the knock-out drum
between high level alarm and minimum pump- ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺸﺪار ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﺎﻻ و ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ارﺗﻔﺎع
out level. .ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺮدن اﺳﺖ
3) The pump installed to empty the drum shall ( ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازهاي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ3
be sized to do so in two hours. . ﺳﺎﻋﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم دﻫﺪ2 ﻛﺎر ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ را در
4) The header leading to the knock-out drum ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن4
should be sloped towards it. The header from ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ. ﺷﻴﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺨﺰن داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ،ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ
the drum to the flare stack should slope
continuously back to the drum. ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺷﻴﺐ
.ﻣﺪاوﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮي ﻣﺨﺰن داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
49
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
APPENDIX C ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ج
DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LEVEL IN ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ
A HORIZONTAL VESSEL
One way the liquid depth in a horizontal ﻳﻚ روش ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ را در ﻣﺨﺰن اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي اﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ
cylindrical vessel can be calculated is the روش زﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎده ﺳﺎزي از ﺣﺠﻢ،ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ
following (volume due to heads is neglected for
simplicity): :(ﻛﻠﮕﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ
Liquid volume = (Segment area) (Vessel length) (ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ = )ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ( )ﻃﻮل ﻣﺨﺰن
The segment area is given by: :ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﺑﺎ راﺑﻄﻪ زﻳﺮ داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد
r h
(Eq. C.1) A r 2 . cos 1 (r h) 2rh h
2
(1-)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ج
r
r and h must have similar units. Obviously the arc ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ. ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪh وR
cosine term must be calculated in radians. آرك ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮس ﻛﻤﺎن داﻳﺮه ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در واﺣﺪ رادﻳﺎن ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ
It is worthwhile to note that this equation is r ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ ازh ﺷﺎﻳﺎن ذﻛﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ اﮔﺮ.ﮔﺮدد
applicable even if h is greater than r, i.e., the
vessel is more than half full. ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد، ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻴﺶ از ﻧﺼﻔﻪ ﭘﺮ اﺳﺖ،ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
.دارد
50
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
APPENDIX D ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ د
SAMPLE CALCULATION FOR SIZING A ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه دودﻛﺶ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ
FLARE STACK
Average molecular mass of vapor : 46.1 46/1 :ﺟﺮم ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر
Flowing temperature: 422 K درﺟﻪ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ422 :دﻣﺎي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن
Flowing pressure at flare tip:101.3 kPa (absolute) ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ101/3 :ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ
Design wind velocity : 8.9 m/s ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ8/9 :ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎد
45445
0. 2 = (3.23)(10 5 ) 422 /(1.1)(46.1)
101.3D 2
d = 0.46m
51
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
D.5 Calculation of Flame Distortion Caused by ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ اﻧﺤﺮاف ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد5-د
Wind Velocity
:ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد
The vapor flow rate is dertemined as follows:
The flare tip exit velocity, Uj, may be determined ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ،Uj ،ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺧﺮوج از ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ
as follows: :ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد
Uj = Flow / ( d2/4)
Uj = ﺟﺮﻳﺎن/ ( d2/4)
9.46
Uj = = 56.9 m/s
(0.46) / 4
2
D.6 Calculation of required flare stack height (for ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ )ﺑﺮاي اﺑﻌﺎد6-د
dimensional references see Fig. 9). ( دﻳﺪه ﺷﻮد9 ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺷﻜﻞ
The design basis is as follows: :ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ
Fraction of heat radiated, F, is 0.3. . اﺳﺖ0/3 ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ،F ،ﺟﺰء ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﺪه
Maximum allowable radiation, K, at 45.7 meters ﻣﺘﺮ از دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ45/7 در،K ،ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻣﺠﺎز
from the flare stack is 6.3 kW/m2.
. ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﺳﺖ6/3 ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ
(0.3)(6.3 105 FQ
=48.9m = D
4(3.14)(6.3) 4 K
H H ( 1 )( )
2
R R ( 1 )( X )
2
R' = 45.7 - ½ (44.2) = 23.7 m
D2 = R' 2 + H' 2
48.92 = 23.72 + H' 2
52
Dec. 2009 / 1388 آذر IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
H' = 42.8 m
H = 42.8 - ½(18.2)
H= 33.7 m
ﺑﺎد
xc
D
H′
53