IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
FOREWORD
The Iranian Petroleum Standards (IPS) reflect the
views of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum and
are intended for use in the oil and gas production
facilities, oil refineries, chemical and
petrochemical plants, gas handling and processing
installations and other such facilities.
IPS is based on internationally acceptable
standards and includes selections from the items
stipulated in the referenced standards. They are
also supplemented by additional requirements
and/or modifications based on the experience
acquired by the Iranian Petroleum Industry and
the local market availability. The options which
are not specified in the text of the standards are
itemized in data sheet/s, so that, the user can
select his appropriate preferences therein.
The IPS standards are therefore expected to be
sufficiently flexible so that the users can adapt
these standards to their requirements. However,
they may not cover every requirement of each
project. For such cases, an addendum to IPS
Standard shall be prepared by the user which
elaborates the particular requirements of the user.
This addendum together with the relevant IPS
shall form the job specification for the specific
project or work.
The IPS is reviewed and up-dated approximately
every five years. Each standards are subject to
amendment or withdrawal, if required, thus the
latest edition of IPS shall be applicable
The users of IPS are therefore requested to send
their views and comments, including any
addendum prepared for particular cases to the
following address. These comments and
recommendations will be reviewed by the relevant
technical committee and in case of approval will
be incorporated in the next revision of the
standard.
Standards and Research department
No.19, Street14, North kheradmand
Karimkhan Avenue, Tehran, Iran .
Postal Code- 1585886851
Tel: 88810459-60 & 66153055
Fax: 88810462
Email: Standards@nioc.org
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﺎر‬
‫( ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه دﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎي‬IPS) ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬
‫وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺖ‬
،‫ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ و ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬،‫ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬،‫و ﮔﺎز‬
‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﻓﺮاورش ﮔﺎز و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬
.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺰﻳﺪهﻫﺎﺋﻲ از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎت ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻛﺸﻮر‬.‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻮاردي‬،‫و ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻻ از ﺑﺎزار داﺧﻠﻲ و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻴﺎز‬
.‫ﺑﻄﻮر ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ و ﻳﺎ اﺻﻼﺣﻲ در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻮاردي از ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺘﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ آورده ﻧﺸﺪه‬
‫اﺳﺖ در داده ﺑﺮگﻫﺎ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺷﻤﺎره ﮔﺬاري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان آورده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﺷﺪه‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ‬.‫اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺎ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻧﻴﺎزﻣﻨﺪيﻫﺎي ﭘﺮوژه ﻫﺎ را ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮارد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي ﺧﺎص آﻧﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ‬.‫را ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ و ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ آن ﭘﺮوژه و ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎر ﺧﺎص را‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬
.‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ داد‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻫﺮ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﺎل ﻳﻜﺒﺎر ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و روزآﻣﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردي ﺣﺬف و ﻳﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪاي ﺑﻪ آن اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﻮد و ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬
.‫ﻫﻤﻮاره آﺧﺮﻳﻦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻼك ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ درﺧﻮاﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎ و‬،‫از ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات اﺻﻼﺣﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮارد ﺧﺎص‬
‫ ﻧﻈﺮات و ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات‬.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ زﻳﺮ ارﺳﺎل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮدهاﻧﺪ‬
‫درﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ در ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و در ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ‬
.‫در ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎي ﺑﻌﺪي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻮﭼﻪ‬،‫ ﺧﺮدﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﻛﺮﻳﻤﺨﺎن زﻧﺪ‬،‫ ﺗﻬﺮان‬،‫اﻳﺮان‬
19 ‫ ﺷﻤﺎره‬،‫ﭼﻬﺎردﻫﻢ‬
‫اداره ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ‬
1585886851 : ‫ﻛﺪﭘﺴﺘﻲ‬
66153055 ‫ و‬88810459 - 60 : ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ‬
88810462 : ‫دور ﻧﮕﺎر‬
Standards@nioc.org :‫ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
General Definitions: : ‫ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
Throughout this Standard the following .‫در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ زﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲ رود‬
definitions shall apply.

Company : : ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬
Refers to one of the related and/or affiliated ‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ و واﺑﺴﺘﻪ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ‬
companies of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum ‫ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬،‫ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﮔﺎز اﻳﺮان‬،‫ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬
such as National Iranian Oil Company, National
.‫ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮه اﻃﻼق ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
Iranian Gas Company, and National
Petrochemical Company etc.

Purchaser :
Means the “Company" Where this standard is
part of direct purchaser order by the “Company”,
and the “Contractor” where this Standard is a part
of contract documents.
:‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪار‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ "ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻲ" ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺪارك ﺳﻔﺎرش‬
‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ آن "ﺷﺮﻛﺖ" ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ و ﻳﺎ "ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎري" ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ‬
. ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺪارك ﻗﺮارداد آن اﺳﺖ‬

Vendor And Supplier: :‫ﻓﺮوﺷﻨﺪه و ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬

Refers to firm or person who will supply and/or
fabricate the equipment or material.
Contractor:
Refers to the persons, firm or company whose
tender has been accepted by the company.
Executor :
Executor is the party which carries out all or part
of construction and/or commissioning for the
project.
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ و ﻳﺎ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات و ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎي‬
. ‫ﻣﻮرد ﻟﺰوم ﺻﻨﻌﺖ را ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
:‫ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎر‬
‫ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ وﻳﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدش‬، ‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ‬
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺼﻪ وﻳﺎ ﻣﺰاﻳﺪه ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
: ‫ﻣﺠﺮي‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮي ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ اﺗﻼق ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻳﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از‬
.‫ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ و ﻳﺎ راه اﻧﺪازي ﭘﺮوژه را اﻧﺠﺎم دﻫﺪ‬

Inspector :
The Inspector referred to in this Standard is a
person/persons or a body appointed in writing by
the company for the inspection of fabrication and
installation work
:‫ﺑﺎزرس‬
‫در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺎزرس ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮد ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ اﺗﻼق ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺒﺎً ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬
.‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

Shall: :‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
Is used where a provision is mandatory. .‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن اﺟﺒﺎري اﺳﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬

Should: :‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬
Is used where a provision is advisory only. .‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮورت اﻧﺠﺎم آن ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬

Will: :‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ‬
Is normally used in connection with the action ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن ﻛﺎر ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس‬
by the “Company” rather than by a contractor, .‫ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
supplier or vendor.

May: : ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬

Is used where a provision is completely . ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن اﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
discretionary.
 IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

ENGINEERING STANDARD
FOR
PROCESS DESIGN OF FLARE
AND BLOWDOWN SYSTEMS

FIRST REVISION
DECEMBER 2009

‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬

‫ﺑﺮاي‬

‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬

‫وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ اول‬

1388 ‫آذر‬

This Standard is the property of Iranian Ministry of

0

‫ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺣﻘﻮق آن‬.‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان اﺳﺖ‬

Petroleum. All rights are reserved to the owner. Neither
whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed to
‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ آن ﺑﻮده و ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪون رﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺘﺒﻲ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ‬
any third party, reproduced, stored in any retrieval ‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﺎ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬، ‫ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬،‫اﻳﺮان‬
system or transmitted in any form or by any means ‫ ﻳﺎ روش دﻳﮕﺮي در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر‬،‫ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬،‫ ذﺧﻴﺮه ﺳﺎزي‬،‫ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬
without the prior written consent of the Iranian Ministry
of Petroleum. .‫اﻓﺮاد ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

CONTENTS: Page :‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

No.
0. INTRODUCTION ............................................. 3
3..............................................................‫ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬-0
1. SCOPE................................................................ 4
4......................................................‫ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬-1
2. REFERENCES .................................................. 4
4............................................................. ‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬-2
3. DEFINITIONS & TERMINOLOGY .............. 5
5................................................‫ ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ و واژﮔﺎن‬-3
3.1 Atmospheric Discharge .............................. 5
5.............................................. ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ‬1-3
3.2 Autorefrigeration........................................ 5
5.................................... ‫ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي‬2-3
3.3 Back Pressure ............................................. 5
5............................................‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ‬3-3
3.4 Balanced Safety/Relief Valve..................... 6
6.......................... ‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺎدل‬/‫ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬4-3
3.5 Built-up Back Pressure .............................. 6
6............................ ‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه‬5-3
3.6 Closed Disposal System.............................. 6
6...................................... ‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻌﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬6-3
3.7 Conventional Safety/Relief Valve.............. 6
6................... ‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﺪاول‬/‫ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬7-3
3.8 Critical Flow Pressure Ratio ..................... 6
6.......................... ‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ‬8-3
3.9 Flare............................................................. 6
6...................................................... ‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬9-3
3.10 Flare Blow Off/Flame Lift-up.................. 6
6.................. ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬/‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬10-3
3.11 Flare Blow Out.......................................... 7
7.................................. ‫ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬11-3
3.12 Mach Number ........................................... 7
7..................................................‫ ﻋﺪد ﻣﺎخ‬12-3
3.13 Open Disposal System .............................. 7
7.......................................... ‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ ﺑﺎز‬13-3
3.14 Quenching ................................................. 7
7......................................... ‫ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬14-3
3.15 Super Imposed Back Pressure................. 7
7................................... ‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﻣﺎزاد‬15-3
3.16 Vent Stack ................................................. 7
7................................. ‫ دودﻛﺶ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا‬16-3

1
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

4. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............. 7

7..........................................‫ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ و اﺧﺘﺼﺎرات‬-4
5. UNITS................................................................. 10
10............................................................ ‫ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬-5
6. SELECTION OF BLOWDOWN SYSTEMS . 10
10................................... ‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬-6
6.1 General ........................................................ 10
10...................................................... ‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-6
6.2 Blowdown System for Vapor Relief
Stream.......................................................... 11
11.......‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه‬2-6
6.3 Blowdown System for Liquid Relief
Stream.......................................................... 13
13.......‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬3-6
7. DESIGN OF DISPOSAL SYSTEM
COMPONENTS ................................................ 14
14............................. ‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ اﺟﺰاء ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي دﻓﻌﻲ‬-7
7.1 Piping........................................................... 14
14.................................................. ‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ‬1-7
7.2 Sizing a Knock-out Drum .......................... 22
22........................ ‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬2-7
7.3 Quench Drum ............................................. 22
22................................. ‫ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬3-7
7.4 Sizing a Seal Drum ..................................... 27
27........................ ‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ‬4-7
7.5 Flares ........................................................... 27
27.................................................. ‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺎ‬5-7
7.6 Burning Pits ................................................ 38
38..................................... ‫ ﮔﻮدال ﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬6-7
APPENDICES:
:‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖﻫﺎ‬
APPENDIX A VAPOR RELIEF DISCHARGE
PIPE SIZING ............................... 42
47.........‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر آزاد ﺷﺪه‬
APPENDIX B SIZING A KNOCK-OUT
DRUM........................................... 44
44...................... ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ب ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬
APPENDIX C DETERMINATION OF LIQUID
LEVEL IN A HORIZONTAL
VESSEL........................................ 50
50.................. ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ج ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ‬
APPENDIX D SAMPLE CALCULATION FOR
SIZING A FLARE STACK ......... 51
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ د ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه‬
51.....................................‫دودﻛﺶ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬

2
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

0. INTRODUCTION
"Process Design of Safeguarding Systems for Oil,
Gas and Petrochemical (OGP) Processes" are
broad and contain variable subjects of paramount
importance. Therefore, groups of process
engineering standards are prepared to cover the
subject.
‫ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬-0
،‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
‫ﮔﺎز و ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﺑﻮده و ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي‬.‫و ﺑﺎ اﻫﻤﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‬

This group includes the following Standards: :‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬

STANDARD CODE STANDARD TITLE ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬ ‫ﻛﺪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬

IPS-E-PR-450 "Engineering Standard for ‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬IPS-E-PR-450

Process Design of Pressure ‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
Relieving Systems
Inclusive Safety Relief "‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
Valves"

IPS-E-PR-460 "Engineering Standard for ‫ " اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬IPS-E-PR-460

Process Design of Flare " ‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬
and Blowdown Systems"

IPS-E-PR-470 "Engineering Standard for ‫ " اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬IPS-E-PR-470

Process Design of "‫اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت اﺿﻄﺮاري‬
Emergency Measures"

This Standard covers: :‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻮرد زﻳﺮ را در ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬

"PROCESS DESIGN OF FLARE AND "‫"ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬

BLOWDOWN SYSTEMS"

In designing safeguarding systems for process
plants, facilities should be provided for handling,
directing and ultimately disposal of voluntary and
involuntary gases and liquids. There are several
options available to the process design engineer
as to the selection of disposal systems. Once a
specific disposal system is selected detail design
is then undertaken.
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬،‫در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬
‫ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ و ﺳﺮاﻧﺠﺎم دﻓﻊ‬،‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮد اﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬
.‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎري و ﻏﻴﺮ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ و ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
-‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﻃﺮاح اﻧﺘﺨﺎبﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ ﺧﺎص اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬.‫ﻫﺎي دﻓﻊ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
.‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ﺷﺪ‬

3
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
1. SCOPE
This Standard covers process design and
evaluation and selection of relief systems for Oil,
Gas and Petrochemical (OGP) process plants.
It includes network and related ancillary
installations which are to handle and direct fluids
discharged due to overpressure and/or operational
requirements to a safe disposal system.
This Standard is primarily concerned with
selection of disposal system, sizing of relief
headers, sizing of flare systems and burning pits.
Note 1:
This standard specification is reviewed and
updated by the relevant technical committee on
June 1999, as amendment No. 1 by circular
No.82.
Note 2:
This bilingual standard is a revised version of the
standard specification by the relevant technical
committee on Dec 2009, which is issued as
revision (1). Revision (0) of the said standard
specification is withdrawn.
Note 3:
In case of conflict between Farsi and English
languages, English language shall govern.
2. REFERENCES
Throughout this Standard the following dated and
undated standards/codes are referred to. These
referenced documents shall, to the extent
specified herein, form a part of this standard. For
dated references, the edition cited applies. The
applicability of changes in dated references that
occur after the cited date shall be mutually agreed
upon by the Company and the Vendor. For
undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced documents (including any
supplements and amendments) applies.
IPS (IRANIAN PETROLEUM STANDARDS)
IPS-E-GN-100 "Engineering Standard for
Units"
IPS-E-PR-440 "Engineering Standard for
4
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬-1
‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ و اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﮔﺎز و ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬،‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮاي واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
.‫( را در ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮد‬OGP)
‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ و ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط و‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬/‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻻت ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر و‬
.‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ اﻳﻤﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬،‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اﺻﻮﻻً در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي‬،‫اﻧﺪازه ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:1 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻨﻲ‬1378 ‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد در ﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﺎه ﺳﺎل‬
1 ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﻣﻮارد ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺻﻼﺣﻴﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره‬
.‫ اﺑﻼغ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬82 ‫ﻃﻲ ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره‬
:2 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد دو زﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم و‬1388 ‫ﻛﻪ در آذر ﻣﺎه ﺳﺎل‬
(0) ‫ از اﻳﻦ ﭘﺲ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ‬.‫( اراﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬1) ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ‬
.‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻨﺴﻮخ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:3 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
‫ ﻣﺘﻦ اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬،‫در ﺻﻮرت اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ و اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﻼك ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬-2
‫در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﻪ آﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ دار و‬
‫ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪي ﻛﻪ در‬،‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬.‫ﺑﺪون ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ زﻳﺮ اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از اﻳﻦ‬،‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ‬
‫ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ‬،‫ در ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ دار‬.‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻼك ﺑﻮده و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ در‬
‫ ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ و ﻓﺮوﺷﻨﺪه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬،‫آﻧﻬﺎ داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ آﺧﺮﻳﻦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ در ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﺑﺪون ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬.‫اﺟﺮا ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫اﻧﻀﻤﺎم ﻛﻠﻴﻪ اﺻﻼﺣﺎت و ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖﻫﺎي آن ﻣﻼك ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
(‫ )اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬IPS
"‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬IPS-E-GN-100
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬ IPS-E-PR-440
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

Process Design of Piping Systems (Process ‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ )ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
Piping and Pipeline Sizing)",Parts 1-4". ‫ﻛﺸﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﺧﻂ‬
"4 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬1 ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ( ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي‬

IPS-E-PR-725 "Engineering Standard for ‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬IPS-E-PR-725

Process Design of Plant ‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﺿﻼب‬
Waste Water Sewer
Systems". "‫واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬

API (AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE) (‫ )ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﻧﻔﺖ آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬API

API RP 520 "Sizing, Selection and ‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و ﻧﺼﺐ‬،‫" ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه‬ API RP 520
Installation of Pressure- -‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر در ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه‬
Relieving Devices in
Refineries" "‫ﻫﺎ‬

Part I -Sizing and Selection ‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه واﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬-I ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬

Part II - Installation ‫ ﻧﺼﺐ‬-II ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬

API RP 521 "Guide for Pressure- ‫ " راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ و‬API RP 521
Relieving and Depressuring "‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
Systems"

API Publication 931 API Publication 931

"API Manual on Disposal of ‫ در ﻣﻮرد دﻓﻊ‬API ‫"دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
Refinery Wastes, Volume on ‫ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه – ﺑﺨﺶ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر در‬
Atmospheric Emissions".
"‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬

ASME(AMERICAN SOCIETY OF (‫ )اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ASME

MECHANICAL ENGINEERS)

ASME B 31.3 "Process Piping" ‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ‬ASME B 31.3

"‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬

3. DEFINITIONS & TERMINOLOGY ‫ ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ و واژﮔﺎن‬-3

For extensive description reference can be made ‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ‬API RP 521 ‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ‬
to API RP 521.
.‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬

3.1 Atmospheric Discharge ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ‬1-3

Is the release of vapors and gases from pressure- ‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺮدن ﺑﺨﺎرات و ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ از ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
relieving and depressuring devices to the
atmosphere.
.‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

3.2 Autorefrigeration ‫ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي‬2-3

Is the reduction in temperature as a result of ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ دﻣﺎ در اﺛﺮ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر و ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ آن ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬
pressure drop and subsequent flashing of light
hydrocarbon liquids.
.‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺳﺒﻚ را ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‬

3.3 Back Pressure ‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ‬3-3

Is the pressure that exists at the outlet of a ‫ﻓﺸﺎري اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ‬

5
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
pressure relief device as a result of pressure in the
discharge system .
3.4 Balanced Safety/Relief Valve
Is a safety/relief valve that incorporates means for
minimizing the effect of back pressure on the
performance characteristics- opening pressure,
closing pressure, lift, and relieving capacity.
3.5 Built-up Back Pressure
Is the pressure in the discharge header, which
develops as result of flow after the safety-relief
valve opens.
3.6 Closed Disposal System
Is a disposal system that is capable of containing
pressures different from atmospheric pressure
without leakage.
3.7 Conventional Safety/Relief Valve
Is a closed-bonnet pressure relief valve whose
bonnet is vented to the discharge side of the
valve. The valves performance characteristics-
opening pressure, closing pressure, lift, and
relieving capacity are directly affected by
changes of the back pressure on the valve.
3.8 Critical Flow Pressure Ratio
Is the result of the following equation:
PCF  2 
(Eq.1)
P0 k  1
3.9 Flare
Is a means of safe disposal of waste gases by
combustion. With an elevated flare, the
combustion is carried out at the top of a pipe or
stack where the burner and igniter are located. A
ground flare is similarly equipped, except
combustion is carried out at or near ground level.
A burn pit differs from a flare in that it is
primarily designed to handle liquids.
3.10 Flare Blow Off/Flame Lift-up
Is the lifting of flame front from the flare tip.
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
.‫ﻓﺸﺎر در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺎدل‬/‫ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬4-3
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻛﺮدن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬/‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
‫ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺷﺪن و ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ آزادﺳﺎزي‬،‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪن‬،‫ﺑﺎزﺷﺪن‬
.‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه‬5-3
‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻛﻪ در اﺛﺮ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﭘﺲ از ﺑﺎزﺷﺪن ﺷﻴﺮ‬
.‫اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن اﻳﻤﻨﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻌﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬6-3
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻌﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﻓﺸﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬
.‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﺤﻴﻂ را ﺑﺪون اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﺸﺘﻲ دارد‬
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﺪاول‬/‫ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬7-3
‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎ درﭘﻮش ﺑﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ درﭘﻮش آن ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻻرﻓﺘﻦ و ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ آن‬،‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﻦ‬،‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎزﺷﺪن‬
.‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً از ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ روي ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ‬8-3
:‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ از ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ زﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬
k /( k 1)
  (1 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬9-3
‫وﺳﻴﻠـﻪاي ﺑﺮاي دﻓﻊ اﻳﻤﻦ ﮔﺎزﻫــﺎي اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﺣﺘﺮاق‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاق در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي‬،‫ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻳﺎ دودﻛﺶ ﺟﺎﻳﻴﻜﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﺟﺮﻗﻪزن ﻗﺮار‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬.‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮد‬
‫ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻛﻪ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ و ﻳﺎ روي‬
‫ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ‬.‫زﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ اﺻﻮﻻً ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻤﻊآوري و ﺳﻮزاﻧﺪن ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬
.‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬/‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬10-3
.‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ از ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ اﺳﺖ‬
6
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
3.11 Flare Blow Out
Is the extinguishing of flare flame.
3.12 Mach Number
Is the ratio of vapor velocity to sonic velocity in
that vapor at flowing conditions.
3.13 Open Disposal System
Is a disposal system that discharges directly from
the relieving device to the atmosphere with no
containment other than a short tail pipe.
3.14 Quenching
Is the cooling of a hot vapor by mixing it with
another fluid or by partially vaporizing another
liquid.
3.15 Super Imposed Back Pressure
Is the static pressure that exists at the outlet of a
pressure relief device at the time the device is
required to operate. It is the result of pressure in
the discharge system coming from other sources
and may be constant or variable.
3.16 Vent Stack
Is the elevated vertical termination of a disposal
system that discharges vapors into the atmosphere
without combustion or conversion of the relieved
fluid.
4. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
A = Cross-sectional area, in (m2).
AL1 = Vessel segment area occupied by
slops and drain, in (m2).
AL2 = Vessel segment area occupied by
condensed liquid, in (m2).
Ap = Pit area required to vaporize and
burn liquid, in (m2).
At = Total vessel cross-sectional area, in
(m2).
AV = Vessel cross-section area available
for vapor flow, in (m2).
C = Drag coefficient.
7
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬11-3
.‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻋﺪد ﻣﺎخ‬12-3
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺻﻮت اﺳﺖ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
.‫ﺑﺨﺎر اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ ﺑﺎز‬13-3
‫ ﺑﺪون ﻫﻴﭻ‬،‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻌﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
.‫ﻣﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺟﺰ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬14-3
‫ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﺮدن ﻳﻚ ﺑﺨﺎر داغ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻛﺮدن آن ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺎل‬
.‫دﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﻣﺎزاد‬15-3
‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺳﺎﻛﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر در زﻣﺎن‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺸﺎر در اﺛﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر‬.‫ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد دﺳﺘﮕﺎه وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد و‬
.‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ دودﻛﺶ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا‬16-3
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﻠﻨﺪي در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺎرات‬
.‫را ﺑﺪون اﺣﺘﺮاق ﻳﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺳﻴﺎل ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ و اﺧﺘﺼﺎرات‬-4
‫ = ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ؛‬A
‫ = ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺠﻦ و زﻳﺮآب‬AL1
‫اﺷﻐﺎل ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬
‫ = ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎت اﺷﻐﺎل‬AL2
‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬
‫ = ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﮔﻮدال ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ و ﺳﻮزاﻧﺪن‬Ap
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬
‫ = ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺨﺰن )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬At
‫ = ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ از ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬AV
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده اﺳﺖ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬
‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﺸﺶ؛‬C
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

D = Flare tip diameter (m) ‫ = ﻗﻄﺮ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛‬D

f = Moody Friction Factor, f=fD=4fF, f=fD=4fF ،‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك ﻣﻮدي‬f

fF=Fanning Friction Factor, ،‫ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك ﻓﺎﻧﻴﻨﮓ‬:fF
f D=Darcy Friction Factor. ‫ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك دارﺳﻲ؛‬:fD

F = Fraction of heat radiated. ‫ = ﻛﺴﺮ ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ؛‬F

g = Acceleration due to gravity,9.8 in ‫ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺠﺬور ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ؛‬9/8 ،‫ = ﺷﺘﺎب ﺟﺎذﺑﻪ‬g

(m/s2).
G = Design mass flow, in (kg/s. m2). ‫ = ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬G
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ؛‬

Gci = Critical mass flux, in (kg/s.m2). ‫ = ﺷﺎر ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬Gci
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ؛‬

h = Depth (maximum distance, that the ‫ = ﻋﻤﻖ )ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺪاري ﻛﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ورودي ﻏﻮﻃﻪور‬h
inlet pipe is submerged), in (m). ‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد( ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛‬

H = Flare stack height, in (m). ‫ = ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛‬H

hL1 = Vessel depth occupied by slops ‫ = ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺠﻦ و زﻳﺮآب اﺷﻐﺎل ﺷﺪه‬hL1
and drain, in (m). ‫اﺳﺖ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ(؛‬

hL2 = Vessel depth occupied by ‫ = ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎت اﺷﻐﺎل ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬hL2
condensed liquid, in (m). ‫)ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ(؛‬

hv = Vertical space for vapor flow, in ‫ = ﻓﻀﺎي ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬hv
(cm). ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ(؛‬

k = Ratio of specific heats, Cp/Cv for the ‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺎر رﻫﺎ ﺷﺪه؛‬CP/CV ،‫ = ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ وﻳﮋه‬k
vapor being relieved.

K1 = Dimensional constant equal to ‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ؛‬0/076 ‫ = ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﺑﻌﺎدي ﻣﺴﺎوي‬K1

0.076 mm/min.

K = Maximum allowable radiation ‫ = ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻣﺠﺎز )ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬K

(kilowatts per square meter ).

K2 = Unit conversion factor equal to ‫؛‬60000 ‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ واﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﺎوي‬K2

60,000.

L = Flame length, in (m). ‫ = ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ(؛‬L

Lmin = Flare knockout drum minimum ‫ = ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻃﻮل ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬Lmin
length required, in (m). ‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ؛‬
LH = Level high ‫ = ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻ؛‬LH
LHA = Level high alarm ‫ = ﻫﺸﺪار ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻ؛‬LHA

8
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

M = Molecular mass (weight) of the ‫ = ﺟﺮم )وزن( ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎز؛‬M

vapor or gas.
Mw = Average molecular weight of the ‫ = ﺟﺮم ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر؛‬Mw
vapour

N = Line resistance factor, ‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ )ﺑﺪون اﺑﻌﺎد(؛‬N

(dimensionless).
n = Polytrophic exponent. ‫ = ﺗﻮان ﭘﻠﻲ ﺗﺮوﭘﻴﻚ‬n

P1 = Upstream pressure, in (kPa ‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ؛‬P1

absolute).
‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ؛‬P0
P0 = Upstream pressure, in (kPa absolute)

P2 = Pressure in the pipe at the exit or at ‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﺮوج ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﺎ‬P2
any point or distance L downstream ‫ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬،‫ در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬L ‫ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
from the source, in (kPa absolute).
‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ؛‬

P3 =Pressure in reservoir into which pipe ‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در آن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬P3
discharges, in [101 kPa (absolute) ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ‬101)
with atmospheric discharge].
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ(؛‬

PCF = Critical flow pressure, in (kPa ‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ؛‬PCF
absolute)

ql = Rate of vaporization and burning of ‫ = ﻧﺮخ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ و ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬ql
liquid, in (kg/s) (selected as equal to ‫)ﻣﺴﺎوي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮخ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ورودي ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮدال‬
the rate of flashed liquid entering the
pit). ‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد(؛‬

Q = Heat liberated ( kilowatts ). ‫ = ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه )ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات(؛‬Q

Qv = Heat required to vaporize liquid, in ‫ = ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ )ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮﻛﻴﻠﻮ‬Qv
(kJ/kg). ‫ﮔﺮم(؛‬

W = Flow rate (kg/hour) ‫ = ﺷﺪت ﺟﺮﻳﺎن )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ(؛‬W

‫ = ﺷﺪت ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر آب )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ(؛‬ws
ws = Steam flow rate, in (kg/s).

wHC = Vapor relief rate, in (kg/s). ‫ = ﺷﺪت ﺑﺨﺎر ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ(؛‬wHC

R = Surface distance from the center of ‫ = ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ از ﻣﺮﻛﺰ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﻮرد‬R
flare stack to the object under ‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛‬
consideration, in (m).

Re = Reynolds number. ‫ = ﻋﺪد رﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪز؛‬Re

r = Relative humidity, in (percent). ‫ = رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ درﺻﺪ‬r

SR = Linear regression rate of liquid ( mm/min)‫ = ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ؛‬SR
surface, in (mm/min).

9
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

T = Flowing temperature (K) ‫ = دﻣﺎي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ؛‬T

T1 = Upstream temperature, in (K). ‫ = دﻣﺎي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ؛‬T1
Uc = Particle dropout velocity, in (m/s).
‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط ذره )ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ(؛‬Uc

Uj = Exit gas velocity, in (m/s). ‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮔﺎز ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ )ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ(؛‬Uj

Uv = Vapor velocity, in (m/s). ‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر )ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ(؛‬Uv

U  = Lateral wind velocity, in (m/s); ‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد )ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ( در ﺟﻬﺖ اﻓﻘﻲ؛‬U 
z = Compressibility factor. .‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬z

Greek Letters ‫ﺣﺮوف ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ‬

δ (Gama) = Fraction of heat intensity ‫ = ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﺷﺪت ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬δ (Gama)

transmitted through the
atmosphere. .‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪه‬

 (theta) = Liquid particle dropout time, ‫ = زﻣﺎن ﺳﻘﻮط ذرات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ؛‬ (theta)
in (s).

µ (mu) = Viscosity of gas, in (cP=1m ‫ = ﮔﺮاﻧﺮوي ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﭘﻮﻳﺰ ﻣﺴﺎوي ﻳﻚ‬µ (mu)
Pa. s); ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬

 (pi) = Constant figure equal to 3/1416 ‫ = ﻋﺪد ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ (pi)

3.1416.

 L (rho) = Density of liquid at operating ‫ = ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ‬ L (rho)
3
conditions, in (kg/m ) .‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬

 V (rho) = Density of vapor at operating ‫ = ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ‬ v (rho)
3
conditions , in (kg/m ). .‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬

 (tau) = Fraction of heat intensity ‫ = ﻛﺴﺮ ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪه‬ (tau)
transmitted

5. UNITS ‫ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬-5
This standard is based on International System of ،(SI) ‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬
Units, (SI) as per IPS-E-GN-100 except where ‫ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﮕﺮ آﻧﻜﻪ در‬IPS-E-GN-100 ‫ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
otherwise specified.
.‫ﻣﺘﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﻪ واﺣﺪ دﻳﮕﺮي اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

6. SELECTION OF BLOWDOWN SYSTEMS ‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬-6

6.1 General
While the various systems for the disposal of
voluntary or involuntary vapor or liquid are
mentioned below, the actual selection of a
disposal system shall be conducted in accordance
with the expected frequency, duration of
operation, required capacity and fluid properties.
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-6
‫ذﻳﻼً ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت دﻓﻌﻲ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري و ﻏﻴﺮ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري‬
‫ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب واﻗﻌﻲ ﻳﻚ‬،‫ﺑﺨﺎر و ﻣﺎﻳﻊ اﺷﺎره ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﻣﺪت‬،‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻜﺮار ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬
.‫ ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﻳﺮد‬،‫ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز و ﺧﻮاص ﺳﻴﺎل‬،‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬

10
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
6.2 Blowdown System for Vapor Relief Stream
Systems for the disposal for voluntary and
involuntary vapor discharges are:
1) To atmosphere
2) To lower pressure process vessel or
system
3) To closed pressure relief system and
flare
4) Acid gas flare
6.2.1 Vapor discharge to atmosphere
Vapor relief streams shall be vented directly to
atmosphere if all of the following conditions are
satisfied (for a complete discussion on the subject
see API RP 521):
1) Such disposal is not in conflict with the
present regulations concerning pollution and
noise.
2) The vapor is effectively non-toxic and non-
corrosive.
3) Vapor which is lighter than air or vapor of
any molecular mass that is non-flammable,
non-hazardous and non-condensable.
4) There is no risk of condensation of
flammable or corrosive materials.
5) There is no chance of simultaneous release
of liquid, apart from water.
6) Relief of flammable hydrocarbons direct to
the atmosphere should be restricted to cases
where it can be assured that they will be
diluted with air to below the lower flammable
limit. This should occur well before they can
come in contact with any source of ignition.
The above condition can most easily be met if the
vapors to be released have a density less than that
of air. However, with proper design of the relief
vent adequate dilution with air can be obtained in
certain cases with higher density vapors. Methods
of calculation are given in API RP 521 section
4.3.
11
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه‬2-6
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي دﻓﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري و ﻏﻴﺮاﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﺑﺨﺎر‬
:‫ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا‬1
‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬2
‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر و ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬3
‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﮔﺎز ﺗﺮش‬4
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا‬1-2-6
‫ ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي‬،‫در ﺻﻮرت اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از ﻣﻬﻴﺎ ﺑﻮدن ﻫﻤﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ )ﺑﺮاي‬
:(‫ رﺟﻮع ﺷﻮد‬API RP 521 ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎت ﻛﺎﻣﻞ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﻪ‬
‫( ﭼﻨﻴﻦ دﻓﻌﻲ در ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ‬1
.‫آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ و ﺻﺪا ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫( ﺑﺨﺎر دﻓﻊ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻤﻲ و ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬2
‫( ﺑﺨﺎر ﺳﺒﻜﺘﺮ از ﻫﻮا ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺮم ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‬3
.‫ ﺑﻲ ﺧﻄﺮ و ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
‫( ﺧﻄﺮ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﻣﻮاد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه وﺟﻮد‬4
.‫ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ وﺟﻮد‬،‫( اﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺻﺮف ﻧﻈﺮ از آب‬5
.‫ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا ﺑﻪ‬6
‫ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ از رﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪن آﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻮا ﺗﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﺣﺪ‬
.‫ ﻣﺤﺪود ﮔﺮدد‬،‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬،‫اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎر ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ‬
.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ داراي ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﻫﻮا‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد در ﻣﻮاد‬.‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ راﺣﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ رﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪن‬،‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬،‫ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬
‫ روشﻫــﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒــﻪ در‬.‫ﻛﺎﻓــﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻫــﻮا اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬
.‫ آورده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬3-4 ‫ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬API RP 521
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
1) Vapor from depressuring valves shall be
discharged to a closed pressure relief system.
2) Vapor which contains 1% H2S or more by
volume, shall be discharged to a closed
pressure relief system.
6.2.2 Vapor discharge to lower pressure
process vessel or system
Individual safety/relief valves may discharge to a
lower pressure process system or vessel capable
of handling the discharge.
Although this type is rarely used, it is effective
for discharges that contain materials which must
be recovered.
6.2.3 Vapor discharge to closed pressure relief
system and flare
In all cases where the atmospheric discharge or
release of vapor to a lower pressure system is not
permissible or practicable, vapor shall be
collected in a closed pressure relief system which
terminates in a flare, namely flare system. Where
the concentration of H2S is such that
condensation of acid gas is probable, provision
for a separate line, heat traced, shall be
considered.
In all cases, the installation of a closed pressure
relief system shall result in a minimum of air
pollution and the release of combustion products.
6.2.4 Acid gas flare
In process plants where H2S free and H2S
containing streams are to be flared, consideration
should be given to the installation of a separate
header and flare stack assembly for the H2S
containing streams. The following provisions
should be studied for the acid gas flare assembly:
1) Automatic injection of fuel gas down
stream of H2S pot in order to make the
combustion stable.
2) Steam injection for smokeless operation
shall not be considered for H2S flare tip.
3) A common pilot igniter may be used to
12
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫( ﺑﺨﺎر ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻛﺎﻫﻨﺪه ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ‬1
.‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬،‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ‬H2S ‫ درﺻﺪ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﮔﺎز‬1 ‫( ﺑﺨﺎري ﻛﻪ داراي‬2
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ‬، ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ ﻓـﺸﺎر‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻳﺎ ﺳـﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨـﺪي ﺑـﺎ‬2-2-6
‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﺮد)ﻳﮕﺎﻧﻪ( ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻳـﻚ‬/‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺎﻳﻲ ﭘـﺬﻳﺮش‬
.‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه را دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ وﻟﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬،‫ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪرت از اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
.‫ ﻛﺎرآ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاد آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر و‬3-2-6
‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
‫در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻳﻚ‬،‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺠﺎز ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
-‫ ﺟﻤﻊ‬،‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازهاي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬H2S ‫ در ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬.‫آوري ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪات ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ‬،‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻣﻴﻌﺎن ﮔﺎزﺗﺮش ﻣﻴﺮود‬
.‫ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬، ‫در ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮارد ﻧﺼﺐ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
.‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﻮا و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﮔﺎز ﺗﺮش‬4-2-6
‫ و‬H2S ‫در واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﮔﺎز‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬،‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي ﺑﺪون اﻳﻦ ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ و دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي ﮔﺎز‬
‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ در ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬.‫ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬H2S
:‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﮔﺎز ﺗﺮش ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
H2S ‫( ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺧﻮدﻛﺎر ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﻣﺨﺰن‬1
.‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ اﺣﺘﺮاق‬
‫ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬،H2S ‫( ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬2
.‫ﺑﺪون دود در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫( ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺑﺮاي روﺷﻦ ﻛﺮدن ﺗﻤﺎم‬3
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
ignite all flare stacks including the acid flare.
4) The H2S flare header and subheaders may
be heat traced in order to prevent the
condensation acid gas.
6.3 Blowdown System for Liquid Relief
Stream
Systems for the disposal of voluntary and
involuntary liquid discharges are:
1) To onsite liquid blowdown drum.
2) To lower pressure process vessel or
system.
3) To oily water sewers only if the
material will not cause hazardous
conditions.
4) To pump suction if pump will not
overheat or can withstand the
expected temperature rise.
5) To burning pit.
6) To vaporizer.
Thermal expansion relief valves may discharge
small quantities of volatile liquid or vapor into
the atmosphere, provided the valve outlet is in a
safe location.
6.3.1 Liquid discharge to onsite liquid blow
down drum
The liquid shall be discharged to an onsite liquid
blow down drum which is capable of retaining
the liquid discharged at the required liquid relief
rate for a period of 20 minutes. This drum shall
have a vapor discharge line to the closed pressure
relief system.
6.3.2 Liquid discharge to lower pressure
process vessel or system
The liquid shall be discharged to a lower pressure
process vessel or system which is capable of
handling the required liquid relief rate plus any
flashed vapor.
13
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
.‫دودﻛﺶﻫﺎ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﮔﺎزﺗﺮش ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ و اﻧﺸﻌﺎﺑﺎت آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬H2S ‫( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ‬4
.‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﮔﺎزﺗﺮش ﮔﺮم ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬3-6
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي دﻓﻌﻲ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري و ﻏﻴﺮاﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬
:‫ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
.‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ داﺧﻞ واﺣﺪ‬1
.‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ‬2
‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺎل ﭘﺴﺎب روﻏﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ در ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ‬3
.‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﻄﺮزا اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﮕﺮدد‬
‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ورودي ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﮔﺮم‬4
.‫ﻧﺸﻮد ﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺣﺮارت ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬5
.‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬6
‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺮوط‬،‫ﻛﻢ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻓﺮار ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺎرات را ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ در ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ اﻳﻤﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ دور رﻳﺰ داﺧﻞ واﺣﺪ‬1-3-6
‫در اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ داﺧﻞ واﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﮕﻪ داﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮخ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮرد‬
،‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪاي را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬20 ‫ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺮاي دوره زﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬.‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬
.‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر‬2-3-6
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﻮرد ﻟﺰوم ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬،‫ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺨﺎرات ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
6.3.3 Liquid discharge to oily water sewer
Liquid discharge to an oily water sewer shall be
nonvolatile and nontoxic. The required liquid
relief rate shall be within the oil removal
capability of the oily water treating system.
6.3.4 Liquid discharge to pump suction
Required liquid relief shall discharge to an
upstream liquid reservoir from which the pump
takes suction. The liquid relief may discharge
directly to the pump suction line if sufficient
cooling is provided to prevent a temperature rise
of the liquid recycled through the pump when the
safety/relief valve opens or when a constant
displacement pump is used.
6.3.5 Liquid discharge to burning pit
Liquid relief or voluntary liquid blow down
which need not be returned to the process or
discharged to an oily water sewer, shall be
discharged to a burning pit, if environmentally
accepted.
6.3.6 Liquid discharge to vaporizer
The liquid shall be discharged to a vaporizer
which is capable of vaporizing a liquid relief of
no more than 5,000 kg/h.
7. DESIGN OF DISPOSAL SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
Depending on the process plant under
consideration, a disposal system could consists of
a combination of the following items: piping,
knock-out drum, quench drum, seal drum, flare
stack, ignition system, flare tip, and burning pit.
7.1 Piping
7.1.1 General
In general, the design of disposal piping should
conform to the requirements of ASME B31.3
Installation details should conform to those
specified in API Recommended Practice 520,
Part II.
7.1.2 Inlet piping
The design of inlet piping should be in
14
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب روﻏﻨﻲ‬3-3-6
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب روﻏﻨﻲ واﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار و‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺣﺪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬.‫ﻏﻴﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫روﻏﻦزداﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ آب روﻏﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ورودي ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ‬4-3-6
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬.‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬،‫ورودي ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬،‫در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ورودي ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ وارد ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ از‬،‫ﮔﺮدد‬
/‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎزﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺑﺎزﺷﺪن ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
.‫ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬5-3-6
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺻﻮرت‬،‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻋﺪم ﻣﻨﻊ زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬6-3-6
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اي ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬،‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬5000 ‫ﺷﺪه آن از‬
.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ اﺟﺰاء ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي دﻓﻌﻲ‬-7
‫ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻌﻲ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس واﺣﺪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ‬
،‫ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬،‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ‬:‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬،‫ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮد ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
. ‫ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬،‫ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ‬1-7
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-1-7
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﻠﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ‬
‫ و ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮارد‬ASME B31-3 ‫ﺑﺎ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬API 520 ،II ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه در ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ورودي‬2-1-7
‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ورودي ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

accordance with API-RP-521, Section 5.4.1.2 . .‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬API-RP-521 ‫ از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬5.4.1.2

7.1.3 Discharge piping ‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬3-1-7

The sizing should be in accordance with API-RP- ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
521, Section 5.4.1.3 in conjunction with
‫ و ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )اﻟﻒ( ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان‬5.4.1.3 ‫ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬API-RP-521
Appendix A as a supplement to the above.
.‫ﻣﻜﻤﻞ آن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

TABLE 1- TYPICAL K VALUES FOR PIPE FITTINGS

‫ ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬K ‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬-1 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
FITTING ‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ FITTING ‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬
K K

GLOBE VALVE, OPEN 90-DEGREE DOUBLE-MITER ELBOW

9.7
‫ ﺑﺎز‬،‫ﺷﻴﺮ ﮔﻠﻮﻳﻲ‬
TYPICAL DEPRESSURING VALVE, OPEN
8.5
‫ﺑﺎز‬، ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
ANGLE VALVE, OPEN
‫ﺷﻴﺮ زاوﻳﻪاي – ﺑﺎز‬ 4.6
0.59
‫ﺮ‬‫ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ دو ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑ‬90 ‫زاﻧﻮﻳﻲ‬
SCREWED TEE THROUGH RUN
‫ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ اﺻﻠﻲ‬،‫ﺳﻪ راﻫﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﻲ‬ 0.50
FABRICATED TEE THROUGH RUN
‫ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ اﺻﻠﻲ‬،‫ﺳﻪ راﻫﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه‬ 0.50

SWING CHECK VALVE, OPEN LATERAL THROUGH RUN

‫ﺷﻴﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪه – ﺑﺎز‬ 2.3 ‫ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ اﺻﻠﻲ‬،‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ 0.50

180 DEGREE CLOSE-SCREWED RETURN

1.95
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬180 ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﭘﻴﭽﻲ‬
SCREWED OR FABRICATED TEE
THROUGH BRANCH 1.72
‫اﻧﺸﻌﺎب ﺳﻪ راﻫﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ ﭘﻴﭽﻲ‬
90-DEGREE SINGLE-MITER ELBOW
‫ﺮ‬‫ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑ‬90 ‫زاﻧﻮﻳﻲ‬
90-DEGREE TRIPLE-MITER ELBOW
‫ﺮ‬‫ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑ‬90 ‫زاﻧﻮﺋﻲ‬ 0.46
45-DEGREE SINGLE-MITER ELBOW
0.46
‫ﺮ‬‫ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑ‬45 ‫زاﻧﻮﻳﻲ‬
180-DEGREE WELDING RETURN
1.72 ‫ درﺟﻪ‬180 ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻲ‬ 0.43

WELDING TEE THROUGH BRANCH WELDING TEE THROUGH RUN

‫اﻧﺸﻌﺎب ﺗﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻲ‬ 1.37 ‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺳﻪ راﻫﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻲ‬ 0.38

90-DEGREE STANDARD-SCREWED ELBOW 90-DEGREE WELDING ELBOW

‫ درﺟﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬90 ‫زاﻧﻮﻳﻲ ﭘﻴﭽﻲ‬ 0.93 ‫ درﺟﻪ‬90 ‫زاﻧﻮﺋﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻲ‬ 0.32

60-DEGREE SINGLE-MITER ELBOW 45-DEGREE WELDING ELBOW

‫ﺮ‬‫ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑ‬60 ‫زاﻧﻮﺋﻲ‬ 0.93 ‫ درﺟﻪ‬45 ‫زاﻧﻮﻳﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻲ‬ 0.21

45-DEGREE LATERAL THROUGH BRANCH

GATE VALVE, OPEN
0.76 ‫ ﺑﺎز‬- ‫ﺷﻴﺮ دروازهاي‬ 0.21
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬45 ‫اﻧﺸﻌﺎب‬
90-DEGREE LONG-SWEEP ELBOW
‫ درﺟﻪ‬90 ‫زاﻧﻮﺋﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ 0.59

RATIO OF DIAMETERS
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ‬
CONTRACTION or ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬ __________________________________
ENLARGEMENT 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

CONTRACTION (ANSI)
--- --- 0.21 0.135 0.039
(ANSI) ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
CONTRACTION (SUDDEN)
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ 0.5 0.46 0.38 0.29 0.12

ENLARGEMENT (ANSI)
(ANSI)‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬ --- --- 0.9 0.5 0.11

ENLARGEMENT (SUDDEN)
‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ 1.0 0.95 0.74 0.41 0.11

15
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

TABLE 2 - TYPICAL FRICTION FACTORS AND CONVERSION FACTORS FOR CLEAN

STEEL PIPE (BASED ON EQUIVALENT ROUGHNESS OF 0.046 mm)
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬0/046 ‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك و ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻدي ﺗﻤﻴﺰ )ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس زﺑﺮي ﻣﻌﺎدل‬-2 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
CONVERSION FACTOR FOR EQUIVALENT
LENGTH PER UNIT OF K
K ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﻃﻮل ﻣﻌﺎدل در واﺣﺪ‬
DIAMETER NOMINAL MOODY FRICITION
METERS
PIPE SIZE (mm) FACTOR (f)
‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫اﻧﺪازه ﻗﻄﺮ اﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬ (f) ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك ﻣﻮدي‬

DN 50 SCHEDULE 40 0.0195 2.7

DN 80 " " 0.0178 4.36
DN 100 " " 0.0165 6.25
DN 150 " " 0.0150 10.2
DN 200-6 mm WALL 0.0140 14.7
DN 250 " " 0.0135 19.2
DN 300 " " 0.0129 24.0
DN 350 " " 0.0126 27.3
DN 400 " " 0.0123 31.88
DN 500 " " 0.0119 41.45
DN 600 " " 0.0115 56.67
DN 750 0.0110 67.85
DN 900 " " 0.0107 83.33

Note: :‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
The above friction factors and conversion factors ‫ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك و ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮق ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻي‬
apply at high Reynolds numbers, namely, above ‫ ﺑﺮاي‬1 ×10 6‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫اﻋﺪاد رﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪز اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
1 × 106 for DN 600 and larger, scaling down to 2 5
DN 50‫ ﺑﺮاي‬2 ×10 ‫ و ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ و ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﺎ‬DN600
× 105 for DN 50.
.‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ‬

7.1.4 Liquid blow down header ‫ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬4-1-7

In order to reduce relief header loads and prevent

surges due to two-phase gas/liquid flow as much
as possible, it is advisable to direct all disposable
liquids into a separate blow down network.
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﺎر روي ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺪ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ دو ﻓﺎزي‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬،(‫ﺷﺪن ﺟﺮﻳﺎن )ﻣﺎﻳﻊ – ﮔﺎز‬
.‫دور رﻳﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬

Once maximum load and back pressure in each ‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺎر و ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ در ﻫﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬
segment have been established, standard pipe ‫ از دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬،‫ﺷﺪ‬
sizing procedures are used (refer to IPS-E-PR-
440). .(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-E-PR-440 ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد)ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬

In determination of back pressure the following :‫ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬،‫در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ‬
shall be taken into consideration:

1) Flashing of liquid at relief/safety valve ‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬/‫( ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺳﻤﺖ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬1
discharge or along the network due to pressure ‫ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪن ﺗﺎ‬/‫ﻳﺎ در ﻃﻮل ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر و‬
drop and/or warm-up to ambient temperatures
should be analyzed. .‫ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬

16
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
2) Solids formation due to auto refrigeration
and presence of high melting point liquids
should be determined.
3) If flashing and auto refrigeration is
possible, a temperature profile along the
network should be established so that proper
piping material selection and construction
practices is undertaken.
4) The network should be self-draining and
should not include pockets.
5) The network should be continuously purged
by natural gas controlled through an orifice.
6) High liquid velocities should be watched
for within the network (refer to IPS-E-PR-
440).
7.1.5 Stress
The design should be in accordance with ASME
B.31.3 Chapter II, Part 2,302.3.5.
7.1.6 Anchors, guides, and supports
The design should be in accordance with API-
RP-521; and ASME B.31.3 Chapter II,
Part 5, 321.2.
7.1.7 Drainage
Disposal system piping should be self-draining
toward the discharge end. Pocketing of discharge
lines should be avoided. Where pressure relief
valves handle viscous materials or materials that
can solidify as they cool to ambient temperature,
the discharge line should be heat traced. A small
drain pot or drip leg may be necessary at low
points in lines that can not be sloped continuously
to the knockout or blow down drum. The use of
traps or other devices with operating mechanisms
should be avoided.
17
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫( ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي و وﺟﻮد‬2
.‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺑﺎ درﺟﻪ ذوب ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫( اﮔﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ و ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي وﺟﻮد‬3
‫ ﻧﻤﻮدار ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ دﻣﺎ در ﻃﻮل ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺷﻮد‬،‫دارد‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ و ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻧﺼﺐ‬
.‫اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮدد‬
‫( ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ داراي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻮده و در آن‬4
.‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ)ﺗﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ( وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫( ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺪاوم ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﮔﺎز ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬5
،‫از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ روزﻧﻪ دار )ارﻳﻔـﻴﺲ( ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل ﻣـﻲ ﮔـﺮدد‬
.‫ﮔﺎززداﻳﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫( ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺮاﻗﺐ ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت در ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﻮد‬6
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-E-PR-440 ‫)ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ ﺗﻨﺶ‬5-1-7
‫ﻃــﺮاﺣــﻲ ﺑــﺎﻳﺴﺘــﻲ ﻣﻄــﺎﺑــﻖ اﺳﺘــﺎﻧـــﺪارد‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ASME B.31.3 Chapter II, Part 2.302.3.5
‫و‬ ،(guides)‫ﻏﻼفﻫﺎ‬ ،(Anchor)‫ﺗﻜﻴﻪﮔﺎه‬ 6-1-7
. (supports)‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪهﻫﺎ‬
‫ و‬API-RP-521 ‫ﻃــﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑـــــــــﻖ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ASME B.31.3 Chapter II, Part 5.321.2
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬7-1-7
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ داراي ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ زﻣﻴﻨـﻲ ﺧﻮدﻛـﺎر‬
‫ از اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ)ﺗﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ( در‬.‫ﺑــﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ در ﺟـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ از ﺷـﻴﺮﻫﺎي‬.‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﻛﺮد‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮاﻧﺮوي ﺑـﺎﻻ ﻳـﺎ ﻣـﻮادي ﻛـﻪ در دﻣـﺎي‬
‫ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬،‫ ﻋﺒﻮر ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺷﺪن ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻴﺮوﻧﺪ‬
‫ در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﮔﺮم ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﻧﻤﻴﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻴﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴـﺮ ﻳـﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﻇـﺮف ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ ﻳـﺎ‬،‫زﻣﻴﻨﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ از ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺎرﺑﺮدن ﺗﻠـﻪﻫـﺎ ﻳـﺎ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ‬.‫اﻧﺸﻌﺎب ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫وﺳﺎﻳﻞ داراي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰم ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﮔﺮدد‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
7.1.8 Details
1) Safety/relief valve connection to the
header
Normally, the laterals from individual
relieving devices should enter a header from
above.
2) Safety/relief valves connection when
installed below the relief header
Laterals leading from individual valves
located at an elevation above the header
should drain to the header. Locating a safety
valve below the header elevation in closed
systems should be avoided. Laterals from
individual valves that must be located below
the header should be arranged to rise
continuously to the top of the header entry
point. However, means should be provided to
prevent liquid accumulation on the discharge
side of these valves.
In this regard the following should be taken
into consideration:
a) For the branch header which must be
connected to the main header from a lower
level than the main header, e.g., sleeper flare
piping, a drain pot must be installed. This is
shown in Fig. 1.
b) If a safety/relief valve must be installed
below the flare header, the outlet line leading
to the flare header shall be heat-traced from
the safety/relief valve to their highest point.
But the arrangement of safety/relief valve
must be reviewed, as such, an arrangement is
not permitted for safety/ relief valves which
discharge a medium which can leave a
residue.
The heat-tracing can be omitted if the
safety/relief valve in question handles only
products which vaporize completely, or do not
condense at all, at the lowest ambient
temperature.
18
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت‬8-1-7
.‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ‬/‫( اﺗﺼﺎل ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬1
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل اﻧﺸﻌﺎﺑﺎت ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬
.‫از ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ وﻗﺘﻲ زﻳﺮ‬/‫( اﺗﺼﺎل ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬2
‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻴﮕﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮط ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮي‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬،‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﺘﻪ از ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫در ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ از ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮط ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در زﻳﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻗﺮار‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﺎً ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺤﻞ ورودي ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ‬،‫دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬،‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد‬.‫آورده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ از ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺳﻤﺖ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
:‫ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻒ( ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﻮد ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻇﺮف ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﺼﺐ‬،‫در روي زﻣﻴﻦ‬
.‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬1 ‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد در ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ در زﻳﺮ‬/‫ب( اﮔﺮ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ‬،‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺗﺎ‬/‫ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ از ﻣﺤﻞ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬/‫ اﻣﺎ آراﻳﺶ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﮔﺮم ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد در ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻴﺪﻣﺎﻧﻲ از‬
‫ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﻛﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮاد آن ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﻳﺠﺎد‬/‫ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
.‫ ﻣﺠﺎز ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺗﻪﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫در ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺑﺨﺎر ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ در‬
‫ از‬،‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺷﺪن ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺘﻮان از ﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬،‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﻮر ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ‬/‫ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
.‫ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﻮد‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

‫اﺗﺼﺎل در ﺑﺎﻻي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﻳﺠﺎد ﮔﺮدد‬

‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ‬

Fig. 1-DRAIN POT

‫ ﻇﺮف ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬-1 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

Note: :‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Diameter the larger between twice the ،DN250 ‫دو ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬
cross-sectional area of the branch
header and pipe of DN 250.
.‫ﻫﺮﻛﺪام ﻛﻪ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

Height minimum 800 mm. .‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬800 ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬

3) Purge point of gas for dry seal
a) A continuous fuel gas purge shall be
installed at the end of the main header and the
end of any major sub header. The fuel gas
purge shall be controlled by means of a
restriction orifice.
‫( ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎزي ﮔﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺧﺸﻚ‬3
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎزي ﻣﺪاوم ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي‬
‫ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ و ﻧﻴﺰ در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﻫﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻋﻲ‬
‫ ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎزي ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﻋﻤﺪه ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدد‬
.‫ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ روزﻧﻪ دار)ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ( ﻣﺤﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﮔﺮدد‬

b) Purge gas volume shall be determined such ‫ب( ﺣﺠﻢ ﮔﺎز ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎزي ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻃﻮري‬
that a positive pressure is maintained and air ‫ و ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ورود‬،‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﺪه‬
ingress is prevented.
.‫ﻫﻮا ﮔﺮدد‬

4) Insulation of flare line ‫( ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬4

Normally insulation of flare line (including
outlet line of safety/relief valve) is not
required except for personnel protection.
But to avoid hydrate formation or ice
accumulation, etc., within the flare line the use
of insulation or heat tracing shall be
‫در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎدي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن( ﺟﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬/‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
.‫ ﻧﻴﺎز ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻓﺮدي‬
‫اﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻫﻴﺪرات ﻳﺎ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻳﺦ و ﻏﻴﺮه‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎدﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬،‫در داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬

19
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
considered.
5) Location of safety/relief valve
More than one piece of equipment may be
protected by a common safety/relief valve,
provided they are connected by a line of
sufficient size and that no block valve exists
on the connecting lines.
6) Valves on inlet/outlet line of safety/relief
valve
Unless otherwise specified by the company all
safety relief valves must have block valves on
the inlet and outlet to facilitate maintenance.
The block valves must be full bore and locked
open. Safety valves discharging to the
atmosphere shall not have block valves on the
outlet. A bypass line with a valve shall be
provided for each safety valve.
7) Provision for installation of drain holes
Where individual valves are vented to the
atmosphere, an adequate drain hole [a nominal
pipe size of DN 15 is usually considered
suitable] should be provided at the low point
to ensure that no liquid collects downstream of
the valve. The vapor flow that occurs through
this hole during venting is not generally
considered significant, but each case should be
checked to see if the drain connection should
be piped to a safe location. Vapors escaping
from the drain hole must not be allowed to
impinge against the vessel shell, since
accidental ignition of such vent streams can
seriously weaken the shell.
8) Angle entry into the relief header
The use of angle entry an-entry at 45 degrees
(0.79 radian) or even 30 degrees (0.52 radian)
to the header axis for laterals is much more
common in relieving systems than in most
process piping systems.
20
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
.‫ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬/‫( ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬5
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬/‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ از ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ را ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺮوط ﺑﺮ آن ﻛﻪ آن‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻮده و ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪهاي در اﻳﻦ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
.‫اﺗﺼﺎل دﻫﻨﺪه وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ‬/‫( ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي روي ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي ورودي‬6
‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬/‫اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
‫ ﻫﻤﻪ‬،‫ﺟﺰ در ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه‬
،‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮات‬/‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺪودﻛﻨﻨﺪه در ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي ورودي و ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ‬
‫ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺑﺎز و‬.‫داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻗﻔﻞ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎز ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﻴﺎزي ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺪودﻛﻨﻨﺪه در‬،‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺎرﮔﺬر ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ‬.‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫( ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪات ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﺠﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬7
،‫درﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﺮد ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻮراخ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ)ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ( در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬DN15 ‫اﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﺎ از ﻋﺪم ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﻛﻪ در ﺿﻤﻦ‬..‫ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﭼﻨﺪاﻧﻲ‬،‫ﺧﺮوج از اﻳﻦ ﺳﻮراخ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ در ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﻣﻮارد ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬،‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﻳﻤﻦ‬
‫ دﻳﻮاره ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺑﺨﺎرات‬.‫اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ زﻳﺮا ﺟﺮﻗﻪ‬،‫ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪه از ﺳﻮراخ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ‬
.‫ﺷﺪت ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫( ورودي زاوﻳﻪدار ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬8
‫ رادﻳﺎن( ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ‬0/79)‫ درﺟﻪ‬45 ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از زاوﻳﻪ ورودي‬
‫ رادﻳﺎن( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮر ﺳﺮ‬0/52)‫ درﺟﻪ‬30
‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻏﻠﺐ‬
.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻣﺘﺪاولﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
9) Installation of valves and blinds in relief
headers
Means (valve and blind) must be provided to
isolate each unit from the flare system for
safety and maintenance.
Extreme caution must be exercised in their use
to ensure that equipment which is operating is
not isolated from its relieving system. Valves
in the header system, if used should be
mounted so that they cannot fail in the closed
position (for example, a gate falling into its
closed position).
10) Slope of flare header
A slope of 1 m in 500 m is suggested for the
flare header.
11) Absorption of thermal expansion in
headers by looped pipes
a) As a rule, headers shall be designed so that
thermal expansion generated in headers can
be absorbed by the bent parts of the headers.
In other words, the piping route of headers
shall incorporate several bends.
b) If thermal expansion cannot be absorbed
by the above method, absorption by looped
pipes shall be considered. Looped parts shall
have no drain pocket.
12) Absorption of thermal expansion by
expansion joints
a) As a rule, no expansion joints shall be
used. The use of expansion joints is limited
to the case in which thermal expansion
cannot be absorbed by pipes alone because of
a short route, e.g., the route between the seal
drum ( or knock out drum) and the flare
stack.
b) Drain pipes shall be installed at bellows or
other concave parts where drain is likely to
remain.
21
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫( ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ و ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﻣﺴﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه در‬9
‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻫﺮ واﺣﺪ از ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ‬
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ و اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮات ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ادواﺗﻲ) ﺷﻴﺮ و ﻣﺴﺪود‬
.‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه( ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫در اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ دﻗﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر زﻳﺎدي ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﻳﺮد ﺗﺎ‬
‫اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت از‬
‫ اﮔﺮ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ‬.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺟﺪا ﻧﮕﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻃﻮري ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در‬،‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ )ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ دروازهاي‬.‫ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺻﻮرت ﺧﺮاﺑﻲ‬
.(‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﻘﻮط ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫( ﺷﻴﺐ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬10
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬500 ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ در‬1 ‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺐ‬
.‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫( ﺟﺬب اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬11
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي‬
‫ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه در‬
‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﻤﻴﺪه ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺳﺮ‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت دﻳﮕﺮ‬.‫ﺟﺬب ﮔﺮدد‬
.‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ داراي ﭼﻨﺪ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ب( اﮔﺮ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺟﺬب اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ روش ﺑﺎﻻ وﺟﻮد‬
‫ ﺟﺬب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬،‫ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺷﺪه ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬.‫ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
.‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ)ﺗﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫( ﺟﺬب اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ‬12
‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻪ‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
،‫ﻣﻮاردي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺑﻮدن ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻣﻜﺎن ﺟﺬب اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺰن آب ﺑﻨﺪ )ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن‬.‫ﻣﻘﺪور ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻗﻄﺮهﮔﻴﺮ( و دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
‫ب( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻓﺎﻧﻮﺳﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﻌﺮ ﻛﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪن ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت وﺟﻮد‬
.‫ ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬،‫دارد‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
c) The conditions for selecting bellows
(design condition, materials) shall be
specified clearly.
13) Solids formation
The possibility of solids forming within the
disposal system must be studied considering
all related aspects, such as hydrate formation,
water or heavy hydrocarbon presence, auto-
refrigeration, etc. Consideration should be
given to separate disposal system so that the
possibility of solids formation is eliminated.
7.2 Sizing a Knock-out Drum
See Appendix B and Figs. 2 & 3. and Table 3 in
Appendix B.
7.3 Quench Drum
7.3.1 General
A quench drum is provided as a means of
preventing liquid hydrocarbon condensation in
the flare system, to reduce flare capacity
requirements, or to prevent discharge of
condensable hydrocarbons to the atmosphere. In
some cases, it serves the additional purpose of
reducing the maximum temperature of flare gases
and hence minimizing thermal expansion
problems in the mechanical design of flare
headers. The quench drum functions by means of
a direct contact water spray arrangement which
condenses entering heavy hydrocarbon vapors.
Condensed hydrocarbons and effluent water are
discharged through a seal to the sewer or pump
out to slop tankage. On the other hand,
uncondensed hydrocarbon vapors are vented to
the flare or to the atmosphere. Fig. 4 presents a
typical quench drum.
22
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
(‫ ﺟﻨﺲ‬،‫ج( ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻓﺎﻧﻮﺳﻲ )ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ وﺿﻮح ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫( ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﺪات‬13
‫در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﺪات و ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺘﻮان‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫آن ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ ﺣﻀﻮر آب ﻳـﺎ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻫﻴﺪرات‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ‬.‫ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي و ﻏﻴﺮه اﺷﺎره ﻛﺮد‬،‫ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻮرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار‬
.‫ﮔﻴﺮد ﺗﺎ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﺪات از آن ﺣﺬف ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮهﮔﻴﺮ‬2-7
(‫ را در ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ب‬3 ‫ و ﺟﺪول‬3 ‫ و‬2 ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ب( و ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎي‬
.‫ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬3-7
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-3-7
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺑــﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ از ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬
‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻳــﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺨﺰن‬،‫ در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻮارد‬.‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺑﺮاي اﻫﺪاف دﻳﮕﺮي ﭼﻮن ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎي ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
‫و ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ آن ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﺸﻜﻼت اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬،‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ آب ﻛﺎر‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺨﺎرات ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺷﺪه و آب ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬.‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
،‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﻮاد زاﻳﺪ‬، ‫ﻳﻚ آب ﺑﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﺮاي ﭘﺴﺎب‬
‫ از ﺳﻮي دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺨﺎرات ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ از ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ از‬4 ‫ ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

C (Re) 2
Fig. 2-DETERMINATION OF DRAG COEFFICIENT
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﺲ راﻧﺶ‬-2 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

µ = Viscosity of gas, in (cp=1 m pa.s)
PV =Density of vapor (gas) at operating
conditions, in (Kg/m3)
PL =Density of liquid at operating conditions, in
(Kg/m3)
D =Particle diameter, in (m)
‫ = ﮔﺮاﻧﺮوي ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﭘﻮﻳﺰ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬µ
‫ = ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر)ﮔﺎز( در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ‬PV
‫ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
‫ = ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ‬PL
‫ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
‫ = ﻗﻄﺮ ذره ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ‬D

23
 ‫آذر ‪Dec. 2009 / 1388‬‬ ‫)‪IPS-E-PR- 460(1‬‬

‫ﺑﺨﺎر و ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‪/‬اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻓﻀﺎي ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺮﻋﺖ اﻓﺖ‬

‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ‪ 30-20‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬

‫و دﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺿﻄﺮاري‬

‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺮدن‬
‫از ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي زﻣﻴﻨﻲ و دﻳﮕﺮ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪Fig. 3-FLARE KNOCK-OUT DRUM‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -3‬ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮهﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬

‫‪24‬‬
 ‫آذر ‪Dec. 2009 / 1388‬‬ ‫)‪IPS-E-PR- 460(1‬‬

‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬

‫آب ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬

‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ‬

‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬ ‫‪0/3‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ 0/1‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫رﺟﻮع ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎدآوري‬

‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ آب و ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب‬
‫‪Fig. 4-QUENCH DRUM‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -4‬ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬

‫‪25‬‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
Notes:
1) It is suggested that the sewer seal be
designed for a minimum of 175 percent of the
drum’s maximum operating pressure.
2) Proper destination of liquid effluent
should be investigated in case it contains toxic
or hazardous materials.
3) Criteria for venting to atmosphere should
be considered.
7.3.2 Details
a) The quench drum shall have a design
pressure capable of withstanding the
maximum back pressure. Minimum design
pressure is 350 kPa gage.
b) Water requirements are normally based on
reducing gas and liquid outlet temperatures to
about 50°C. Selection of the optimum
temperature is based on considerations of
temperature and composition of entering
streams, and the extents to which subsequent
condensation of effluent vapors downstream
of the drum can be tolerated.
It is generally assumed that no more than 40-
50 percent of the liquid fed will be vaporized.
The water supply should be taken from a
reliable water system. If a recirculation
cooling water system is used, then the
circulating pumps and cooling water basin
must have adequate capacity to supply the
maximum quench drum requirements for 20
minutes.
The seal height in the liquid effluent line
(assuming 100% water) is sized for 175% of
the maximum operating pressure, or 3 meters,
whichever is greater.
c) Should the quenched hydrocarbons be of a
sour nature; Provisions shall be made for
proper disposal system and due consideration
be given to material specification.
26
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
:‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ‬
‫( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ آب ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﺠﺎري ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺑﺮاي‬1
‫ درﺻﺪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬175 ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
‫( ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻄﺮزا‬2
.‫ﺑﻮدن ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت آن ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
.‫( ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬3
‫ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت‬2-3-7
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻓﺸﺎر ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬.‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻧﺴﺒﻲ اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي‬350 ‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ب( ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻋﺎدي ﻣﻘﺪار آب ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬50 ‫دﻣﺎي ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﮔﺎز و ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪود‬
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب دﻣﺎي ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﻣﺎ و‬.‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﺎي ورودي و داﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻴﻌﺎن ﺑﻌﺪي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
.‫ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮد‬،‫ﺑﺨﺎرات ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ‬50 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬40 ‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﻓﺮض ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ آب ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ از‬.‫از ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ورودي ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﮔﺮ از ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪﻫﺎي‬،‫ﮔﺮدﺷﻲ آب ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﮔﺮدش آب و ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ آب ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ آب ﻣﻮرد‬
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬20 ‫ﻧﻴﺎز ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺮاي زﻣﺎن‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
100 ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع آب ﺑﻨﺪ در ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ )ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮض‬
3 ‫ درﺻﺪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻳﺎ‬175 ‫درﺻﺪ آب( ﺑﺮاي‬
.‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬،‫ ﻫﺮﻛﺪام ﻛﻪ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ج( ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪه ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ اﺳﻴﺪي‬
‫داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪات ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
.‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﻮاد در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
7.4 Sizing a seal drum
Sizing a seal drum and design details should be in
accordance with API-RP-521, Sections 5.4.2.2
and 5.4.2.4 .
For treating sour water discharge from seal drums
refer to IPS-E-PR-725.
7.5 Flares
7.5.1 General
Flare systems provide for the safe disposal of
gaseous refinery wastes. Depending on local
environmental constraints, these systems can be
used for:
1) Extensive venting during startup or
shutdown.
2) Venting of excess Process Plant gas.
3) Handling emergency releases from safety
valves, blow down, and depressurizing
systems.
Designs will vary considerably, depending upon
the type of connected equipment and the
complexity of the overall system. A flare system
generally consists of an elevated stack, means to
maintain burning conditions at the top of stack
and means to prevent flashback within the
system.
7.5.2 Sizing
The sizing of flares requires determination of the
required stack diameter and the required stack
height.
Since the flare tip is open to the atmosphere, high
gas velocities are expected at this point. Very
high tip velocities cause a phenomenon known as
blow-off where the flame front is lifted and could
eventually turn into a blow-out. Very low
velocities could damage the flare tip due to high
heat intensities and smoking. In this case ingress
of air in the system and creation of a flammable
mixture is possible. Therefore, determination of
the right flare diameter is important as far as
operation of the system is concerned.
27
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ‬4-7
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ و ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ آن ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬
‫ و‬2-2-4-5 ‫ ﺑﺨﺶﻫــﺎي‬API-RP-521 ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑـــﺎ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬4-2-4-5
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ آب اﺳﻴﺪي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه از ﻣﺨﺰن ﻫﺎي ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬IPS-E-PR-725 ‫ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺎ‬5-7
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-5-7
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮاي دﻓﻊ اﻳﻤﻦ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﮔﺎزي ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫــﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖﻫﺎي‬.‫ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
:‫زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ زﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
.‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ در ﺣﺠﻢ زﻳــﺎد در زﻣﺎن راهاﻧﺪازي ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬1
.‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ واﺣﺪ‬2
‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﺿﻄﺮاري از ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي‬3
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺧﺎرج‬،‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮع ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪه و ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪاي ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ وﺳﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﻆ‬،‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ دودﻛﺶ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل در ﺑﺎﻻي دودﻛﺶ و وﺳﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از‬
.‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬2-5-7
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻗﻄﺮ و ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻣﻮرد‬
.‫ﻧﻴﺎز را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺮد‬
،‫از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎز ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬.‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﮔﺎز ﺑﺎ در اﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر اﺳﺖ‬
‫زﻳﺎد ﮔﺎز در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮوز ﭘﺪﻳﺪهاي ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﭘﺮش‬
ً‫ ﻧﻮك ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ آﻣﺪه و ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ‬،‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ در آن ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺧﺘﻢ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ورود ﻫﻮا‬.‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺷﺪﻳﺪ و دود ﻛﺮدن ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ و اﻳﺠﺎد ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻣﻲرود‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ داراي اﻫﻤﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
The location and height of flare stacks should be
based upon the heat release potential of a flare,
the possibility of personnel exposure during
flaring, and the exposure of surrounding plant
equipment. There are exposure limitations set
forth which must be taken into consideration.
This in effect fixes the distance between the
flame and the object. Now if there are limitations
on the location (distance), then the stack height
can be calculated, otherwise an optimum trade off
between height and distance should be applied.
Wind velocity, by tilting the flame in effect
changes the flame distance and heat intensity.
Therefore, its effect should be considered in
determining the stack height.
If the flare is blown-out (extinguished), or if there
are environmental hazards associated with the
flare output, the possibility of a hazardous
situation down wind should be analyzed.
a) Diameter
Flare stack diameter is generally sized on a
velocity basis, although pressure drop should
be checked. Depending on the volume ratio of
maximum conceivable flare flow to
anticipated average flare flow, the probable
timing, frequency, and duration of those flows,
and the design criteria established for the
project to stabilize flare burning, it may be
desirable to permit a velocity of up to 0.5
Mach for a peak, short-term, infrequent flow,
with 0.2 Mach maintained for the more normal
and possibly more frequent conditions.
Smokeless flares should be sized for the
conditions under which they are to operate
smokelessly.
The formula relating velocity (as Mach
number) to flare tip diameter can be expressed
as follows:
W T .z
(Eq. 2) Mach = (3.23) (10-5)
P2 D 2
Where P2 is flowing pressure at the flare tip in
kPa absolute and D is flare tip diameter in
meter.
Pressure drops as large as 14 kilopascals have
been satisfactorily used at the flare tip. Too
low a tip velocity can cause heat and corrosion
damage. The burning of the gases becomes
28
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ و ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه از‬
‫ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات واﺣﺪﻫﺎي‬،‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
‫ ﺣﺪود ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬.‫اﻃﺮاف ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ و اﺷﻴﺎء را‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬.‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ در ﻏﻴﺮ‬.‫ ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﻣﻜﺎن)ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫اﻳﻨﺼﻮرت ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺤﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع و ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻛﺞ ﻛﺮدن ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ و‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ آن را ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬.‫ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
.‫ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻧﻤﻮد‬
‫اﮔﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻳﺎ اﮔﺮ ﺧﻄﺮات ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ در ارﺗﺒﺎط‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬،‫ﺑﺎ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
.‫ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﺑﺎد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻗﻄﺮ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
.‫ اﻣﺎ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ‬
،‫ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻜﺮار‬،‫ زﻣﺎﻧﺒﻨﺪي‬،‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬
‫دوره زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي ﻓﻮق و ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻫﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
0/5 ‫ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬،‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﭘﺮوژه ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﺎخ ﺑﺮاي‬0/2 ‫ﻣﺎخ در زﻣﺎن ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻛﻢ و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺪون دود‬.‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﺎدي ﻣﺠﺎز ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪون دود ﻛﺎر ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
.‫اﻧﺪازه ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﻋﺪد ﻣﺎخ‬
:‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح زﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
(2 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
KM w
‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬P2 ‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
‫ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ‬D ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ و‬
.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬14 ‫اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪن و آﺳﻴﺐ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
quite slow, and the flame is greatly influenced
by the wind. The low-pressure area on the
downwind side of the stack may cause the
burning gases to be drawn down along the
stack for 3 meters or more. Under these
conditions, corrosive materials in the stack
gases may attack the stack metal at an
accelerated rate, even though the top 2.4-3
meters of the flare is usually made of
corrosion-resistant material.
b) Height
The flare height is generally based on the
radiant heat intensity generated by the flame.
The following equation may be used to
determine D in (meter) the minimum distance
from the midpoint of the flare to an object
whose exposure to thermal radiation must be
limited.
(Eq. 3)
The factor F allows for the fact that not all the
heat released in a flame can be released as
radiation. Measurement of radiation from flames
indicate that the fraction of heat radiated (radiant
energy per total heat of combustion) increases
toward a limit, similar to the increase in the
burning rate with increasing flame diameter. Data
from the U.S Bureau of Mines for radiation from
gaseous-supported diffusion flames are given in
Table 4.
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً آرام اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه و ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
‫ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬.‫ﺑــﻪ ﺷﺪت ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑــﺎد ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﻓﺸﺎر در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎد ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺸﻴﺪه ﺷﺪن‬
‫ در‬.‫ ﻣﺘﺮ و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﮔﺮدد‬3 ‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ دودﻛﺶ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪزه‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه در داﺧﻞ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي دودﻛﺶ‬
.‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺧﻮرده ﺷﺪن دودﻛﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ از ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً از ﻣﻮاد‬3 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬2/4 ‫ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
.‫ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ب ( ارﺗﻔﺎع‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﺪه‬
.‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺑﺮ‬D ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ زﻳﺮ را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻴﺌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ‬
.‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد‬،‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي آن وﺟﻮد دارد‬
FQ
D (3 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
4K
‫ اﻣﻜﺎن اﻋﻤﺎل اﻳﻦ واﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه‬F ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ را ﻧﺸﺎن‬،‫در ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ آزاد ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﻌﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
(‫ﻛﺴﺮ ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻲ )اﻧﺮژي ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺮارت اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺪي )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺷﺪت اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻗﻄﺮ‬
‫ دادهﻫﺎي داﻳﺮه ﻣﻌﺎدن آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﺮاي‬.،‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ( اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ آورده‬4 ‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ از اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺎزي در ﺟﺪول‬
.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
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TABLE 4 - RADIATION FROM GASEOUS DIFFUSION FLAMES

‫ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ از اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺷﻌﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺎزي‬-4 ‫ﺟﺪول‬

BURNER  RADIATIVE OUTPUT 

GAS DIAMETER    100
 THERMAL OUTPUT 
‫ﮔﺎز‬ (CENTIMETERS)
(‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬ (‫)ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
100 ×
HYDROGEN ‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬ 0.51 9.5
0.91 9.1
1.90 9.7
4.10 11.1
8.40 15.6
20.30 15.4
40.60 16.9

BUTANE ‫ﺑﻮﺗﺎن‬ 0.51 21.5

0.91 25.3
1.90 28.6
4.10 28.5
8.40 29.1
20.30 28.0
40.60

METHANE
0.51 10.3
‫ﻣﺘﺎن‬
0.91 11.6
1.90 16.0
4.10 16.1
8.40 14.7

NATURAL GAS (95 20.30 19.2

PERCENT CH4)
(‫ درﺻﺪ ﻣﺘﺎن‬95) ‫ﮔﺎز ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ 40.60 23.2

These data apply only to the radiation from a gas.
If liquid droplets of hydrocarbon larger than 150
micrometers in size are present in the flame, the
values in Table 4 should be somewhat increased.
‫ اﮔﺮ‬.‫اﻳﻦ دادهﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ از ﻳﻚ ﮔﺎز اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ در ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬150 ‫ﻗﻄﺮات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺪاري‬4 ‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺟﺪول‬،‫وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‬

The fraction of heat intensity transmitted, τ is ‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ‬τ ،‫ﻛﺴﺮ ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪه‬
used to correct the radiation impact. It can be :‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ از راﺑﻄﻪ زﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
calculated from the following relationship:

(Eq.4)   0.79( 100

r
)1 / 16 ( 30D.5 )1 / 16 (4 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬

Where D is distance from flame to illuminated ‫ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ روﺷﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ‬D ‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
area, in meters. .‫اﺳﺖ‬

This equation is strictly applicable under the
following conditions. Luminous hydrocarbon
flame radiating at 1227°C, 27°C dry bulb ambient
temperature, relative humidity more than 10%,
distance from the flame between 30 and 150 m,
but it can be used to estimate the order of
:‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬1227 ‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻧﻮراﻧﻲ در‬
‫ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬27 ‫دﻣﺎي ﺧﺸﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ ﻣﺘﺮي ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬150 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬30 ‫ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬،‫ درﺻﺪ‬10 ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬
‫ در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬τ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺪود‬

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

magnitude of τ under a wide range of conditions. ‫ اﺛﺒﺎت ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
This equation should prove adequate for
most flare gases, except H2 and H2S which burn
‫ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮر ﻛﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺪون ﻧﻮر‬H2S ‫ و‬H2 ‫ﮔﺎزﻫــﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺟﺰ‬
with little or no luminous radiation. .‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻲﺳﻮزد‬

The allowable radiation level, K is given in Table .‫ داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬5 ‫ در ﺟﺪول‬K ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻣﺠﺎز‬
5.

TABLE 5 - RECOMMENDED DESIGN FLARE RADIATION LEVELS EXCLUDING SOLAR

RADIATION
‫ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺪون اﺣﺘﺴﺎب ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪي‬-5 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
PERMISSIBLE DESIGN LEVEL K
K ‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺠﺎز ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــ‬ CONDITIONS
KILOWATTS PER ‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
SQUARE METER
(‫)ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
HEAT INTENSITY ON STRUCTURES AND IN AREAS WHERE
OPERATORS ARE NOT LIKELY TO BE PERFORMING DUTIES
AND WHERE SHELTER FROM RADIANT HEAT IS AVAILABLE,
15.77 FOR EXAMPLE, BEHIND EQUIPMENT
‫ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت روي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎ و ﺳﻄﻮﺣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم وﻇﺎﻳﻔﺸﺎن در آﻧﺠﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
.‫و ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ زﻳﺮ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻛﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد اﺳﺖ‬
VALUE OF AT DESIGN FLARE RELEASE AT ANY LOCATION
TO WHICH PEOPLE HAVE ACCESS, FOR EXAMPLE, AT
GRADE BELOW THE FLARE OR ON A SERVICE PLATFORM OF
NEARBY TOWER. EXPOSURE MUST BE LIMITED TO A FEW
9.46 SECONDS, SUFFICIENT FOR ESCAPE ONLY.
‫ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬:‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫ﻣﻘﺪار آزاد ﺷﺪه از ﻣﺸﻌﻞ در ﻫﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ در دﺳﺘﺮس اﻓﺮاد اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺣﺪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺮار‬.‫زﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻳﺎ روي ﺳﻜﻮي ﻣﺠﺎور ﺑﺮج‬
.‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

HEAT INTENSITY IN AREAS WHERE EMERGENCY ACTIONS

LASTING UP TO 1 MINUTE MAY BE REQUIRED BY
PERSONNEL WITHOUT SHIELDING BUT WITH APPROPRIATE
6.31 CLOTHING
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻞ‬1 ‫ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت اﺿﻄﺮاري ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺎ‬
.‫ﺑﺪون ﺣﻔﺎظ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻟﺒﺎس ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﻴﺮد‬

4.73 HEAT INTENSITY IN AREAS WHERE EMERGENCY ACTIONS

LASTING SEVERAL MINUTES MAY BE REQUIRED BY
PERSONNEL WITHOUT SHIELDING BUT WITH APPROPRIATE
CLOTHING.
‫ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت اﺿﻄﺮاري در ﭼﻨﺪ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻞ‬
.‫ﺑﺪون ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻟﺒﺎس ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﻴﺮد‬

1.58 VALUE OF K AT ANY LOCATION WHERE PERSONNEL WITH

APPROPRIATE CLOTHING MAY BE CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED.
‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ در ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻟﺒﺎس ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺪاوم در‬
.‫ﻣﻌﺮض ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬

Note:
On towers or other elevated structures where
rapid escape is not possible, ladders must be
provided on the side away from the flare, so the
structure can provide some shielding when K
radiation intensity is greater than 6.31 kilowatts
per square meter.
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
‫در ﺑﺮجﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮار ﺳﺮﻳﻊ اﻣﻜﺎنﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫ ﻧﺮدﺑﺎنﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺳﻤﺖ ﺧﻼف ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬،‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
K ‫ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺧﻮد ﺳﺎزه ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ در زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺪت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬،‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬6/31 ‫ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
.‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‬

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As for the effect of radiation level on humans it
should be noted that the allowable radiation level
is a function of length of exposure. Table 6 gives
exposure times necessary to reach the pain
threshold.
‫در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺑﺮ اﻧﺴﺎن ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد در ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ از زﻣﺎن ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺪار زﻣﺎن ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺗﺎ‬6 ‫ ﺟﺪول ﺷﻤﺎره‬.‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ درد را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬

TABLE 6 - EXPOSURE TIMES NECESSARY TO REACH THE PAIN THRESHOLD

‫ ﻣﻘﺪار زﻣﺎن ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺗﺎ رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ درد‬-6 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
RADIATION INTENSITY TIME TO PAIN THRESHOLD
‫ﺷﺪت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ درد‬
KILOWATTS PER SQUARE METER (SECONDS)
(‫)ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ (‫)ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
1.74 60
2.33 40
2.90 30
4.73 16
6.94 9
9.46 6
11.67 4
19.87 2

The correction for the location of the flame center ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ زﻣﺎن در آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ‬
will be quite significant when radiation levels are .‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر اﻫﻤﻴﺖ دارد‬
examined.

Information on this subject is limited and is
usually based on visual observations in
connection with emergency discharges to flares.
Fig. 5 gives flame length versus heat release.
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت در اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻮده و ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس‬
.‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﻋﻴﻨﻲ در ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺿﻄﺮاري ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
-‫ ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ‬5 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
.‫دﻫﺪ‬

c) Wind effect ‫ج( ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎد‬

Another factor to be considered is the effect of
wind in tilting the flame, thus varying the
distance from the center of the flame, which is
considered to be the origin of the total radiant
heat release, with respect to the plant location
under consideration. A generalized curve for
approximating the effect of wind is given in
Fig. 6.
d) Dispersion
Where there is concern about the resulting
atmospheric dispersion if the flare were to be
extinguished, reference should be made to the
API Manual on Disposal of Refinery Wastes,
Volume on Atmospheric Emissions for
calculating the probable concentration at the
point in question.
‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎد در‬،‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫واژﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ آزاد ﺷﺪه ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬.‫واﺣﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬6 ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎد در ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫د( ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫در ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎز درﺟﻮ ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن‬
API ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﭽﻪ راﻫﻨﻤﺎي‬،‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻮي‬،‫درﺑﺎره دﻓﻊ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ‬
.‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬

32
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

A sample calculation has been presented in .‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ در ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )د( ﺑﻴﺎن ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
Appendix D.
Flame length including any lift off, Meters
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ‬، ‫ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬

‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ‬

HEAT RELEASE, WATTS

‫ وات‬،‫ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه‬

● Fuel gas (508 mm stack) (‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬508 ‫●ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﮔﺎزي )دود ﻛﺶ‬

○ Algerian gas well ‫○ ﭼﺎه ﮔﺎز اﻟﺠﺰاﻳﺮي‬
∆ Catalytic reformer recycle gas (610 mm stack) (‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‬610 ‫∆ ﮔﺎز ﮔﺮدﺷﻲ رﻳﻔﺮﻣﺮ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻴﺴﺘﻲ )دود ﻛﺶ‬
□ Catalytic reformer reactor effluent gas (610 mm ‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ‬610 ‫□ ﮔﺎز ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ راﻛﺘﻮر رﻳﻔﺮﻣﺮ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻴﺴﺘﻲ )دود ﻛﺶ‬
stack)
(‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
◊ Dehydrogenation unit (305 mm stack)
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‬305 ‫◊ واﺣﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن زداﻳﻲ )دود ﻛﺶ‬
× Hydrogen (787 mm stack)
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‬787 ‫× ﻫﻴﺪروژن )دود ﻛﺶ‬
 Hydrogen (762 mm stack)
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‬762 ‫ ﻫﻴﺪروژن )دود ﻛﺶ‬

Fig. 5- FLAME LENGTH VERSUS HEAT RELEASE:

INDUSTRIAL SIZES AND RELEASES
:‫ ﻧﻤﻮدار ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه‬-5 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫اﻧﺪازه ﻫﺎ و ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬

Note: :‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Multiple points indicate separate observations or ‫ﻧﻘﺎط ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﻣﺠﺰا ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮضﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﻣﻮرد‬
different assumptions of heat content.
.‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ اﺷﺎره دارﻧﺪ‬

33
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

Notes: :‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ‬

U  =LATERAL WIND VELOCITY ‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬U 

Uj = EXIT GAS VELOCITY FROM STACK ‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮔﺎز ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از دودﻛﺶ‬Uj

Fig. 6-APPROXIMATE FLAME DISTORTION DUE TO LATERAL WIND ON JET

VELOCITY FROM FLARE STACKS
‫ اﻧﺤﺮاف ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ در اﺛﺮ ﺑﺎد ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ روي ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮔﺎز ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬-6 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

7.5.3 Design details ‫ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬3-5-7

1) Smokeless flares
Smoke-free operation of flares can be
achieved by various methods, including steam
injection, injection of high pressure waste gas,
forced draft air, operation of flares as a
premixed burner, or distribution of the flow
through many small burners.
The most common type of smokeless flare
involves steam injection.
‫( ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎي ﺑﺪون دود‬1
‫ﺑﺪون دود ﻛﺎر ﻛﺮدن ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ روشﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ دﻣﺶ‬،‫ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﻻ‬،‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺮدن ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﭘﻴﺶ‬،‫ﻫﻮا‬
‫اﺧﺘﻼط ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﻴﻦ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
.‫دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻮع ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑﺨﺎر‬،‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺪون دود‬
.‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

34
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
The assist medium mass requirements are low
for steam and fuel gas because of their high
velocity relative to the flare gas. Typical
values for steam or fuel gas are from 0.20 to
0.50 kilograms of assist gas per kilograms of
hydrocarbon flow.
The following equation predicts steam use for
a given hydrocarbon molecular mass (weight)
gas to be burned in a smokeless flare.
(Eq. 5) W steam = W HC [0.68 - (10.8/M)]
2) Flashback protection
The most common method of preventing
propagation of flame into the flare system due
to entry of air is the installation of a seal drum
as depicted in Fig. 7. Flame arresters are
occasionally used for flashback protection;
however, they are subject to plugging, and
their application is limited.
Alternatively, continuous introduction of
purge gas can be used to prevent flash back. A
safe condition exists in situations involving
hydrocarbon air mixtures if a positive flow of
oxygen free gas is maintained, allowing the
oxygen concentration to be no greater than 6
percent at a point 7.6 meters from the flare tip.
The injection rate should be controlled by a
fixed orifice to ensure that supply remains
constant and is not subject to instrument
malfunction or maladjustment.
Molecular seals can be used to minimize purge
gas rates.
35
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺑﺨﺎر آب و ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎز‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار وزﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮي از آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺎده واﺳﻄﻪ‬،‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎز‬.‫ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺎز اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﮔﺎز ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬0/50 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬0/20 ‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖ از‬
.‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ زﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ﮔﺎزي ﺑﺎ وزن)ﺟﺮم( ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻪ در ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
.‫ﺑﺪون دود ﻣﻲﺳﻮزد را ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
(5 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
‫( ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬2
‫ﻣﺘﺪاولﺗﺮﻳﻦ روش ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ‬
‫ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ورود ﻫﻮا‬
‫ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬.‫ اﺳﺖ‬7 ‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ اوﻗﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ در ﺑـﺮاﺑـﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺷﻌﻠــﻪ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ و‬،‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻧﻬﺎ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﺪاوم از ﮔﺎز ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺎزي‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ‬
‫ در‬.‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺷﺪن ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮا اﮔﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻲ از‬
‫ ﻛﻪ اﺟﺎزه ﻧﺪﻫﺪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬،‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن آزاد ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ‬6 ‫ ﻣﺘﺮي از ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬7/6 ‫در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬.‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻳﻤﻦ وﺟﻮد ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬،‫ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﻧﺮخ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﻚ روزﻧﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪاوم ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ و ﻋﺪم ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ از ﺧﺮاﺑﻲ اﺑﺰار دﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
.‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﻴﺰان‬
.‫ﮔﺎز ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺎزي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

To flare
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬

Flare header
‫ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬

Try cocks for checking

hydrocarbon
‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﺳﻤﺎوري ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
Vent
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ‬

Water level
‫ﺳﻄﺢ آب‬

Submerged weir welded

Water supply on end of flare line
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ آب‬ ‫آبﺑﻨﺪ ﻏﻮﻃﻪور ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﺑﻪ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬

‫ﻳﺎدداﺷﺖ را ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ‬
See note
Baffle
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺟﺪاﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬

Drain
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬

Fig. 7-FLARE STACK SEAL DRUM

‫ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬-7 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

Note: :‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
It is suggested that the sewer seal be designed for ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ ﻣﺠﺎري ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان‬
a minimum of 175 percent of the drum’s
maximum operating pressure.
‫ درﺻﺪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬175 ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬

3) Ignition ‫( ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زﻧﻲ‬3

To ensure ignition of flare gases, continuous
pilot with a means of remote ignition are
recommended for all flares. The most
commonly used type of igniter is the flame-
front propagation type, which uses a spark
from a remote location to ignite a flammable
mixture.
‫ ﺷﻤﻌﻚ ﻣﺪاوم ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زﻧﻲ از دور ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬
‫ ﻧﻮع اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ ﻧﻮع ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﺪاول ﺟﺮﻗﻪزن‬.‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
،‫ﺟﻠﻮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺟﺮﻗﻪ از ﻣﺤﻞ ﺟﺮﻗﻪزن از دور‬
.‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط آﺗﺶ ﮔﻴﺮ را ﻣﺸﺘﻌﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬

Pilot igniter controls are located at a safe ‫ادوات ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن ﺷﻤﻌﻚ در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨﻲ از ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
distance from the base of elevated flares and at ‫ ﻣﺘﺮي از ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺎي‬30 ‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ و در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
least 30 meters from ground flares.
.‫زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ‬

36
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
It is recommended that a low pressure alarm
for the pilot gas be provided so that the
operator in the control room becomes aware of
pilot blow out.
Reliable pilot operation under all wind and
weather conditions is essential. Flaring
operations are for the most part intermittent
and non-scheduled. The flare must be instantly
available for full emergency duty to prevent
any possibility of a hazardous or
environmentally offensive discharge to the
atmosphere. Wind-shields and flame retention
devices may be used to ensure continuous
piloting under the most adverse conditions.
4) Fuel system
Fuel gas supply to the pilots and ignitors must
be highly reliable. Since normal plant fuel
sources may be upset or lost, it is desirable to
provide a backup system connected to the
most reliable alternative fuel source, with
provision for automatic cut-in on low pressure.
Use of waste gas with low energy content or
with unusual burning characteristic should be
avoided. Parallel instrumentation for pressure
reduction is frequently justifiable. The flare
fuel system should be carefully checked to
ensure that hydrates cannot present a problem.
Because of small lines long exposed runs,
large vertical rises up the stack, and pressure
reductions, use of a liquid knockout pot or
scrubber after the last pressure reduction is
frequently warranted. If at all feasible in terms
of distance, relative location, and cost, it is
considered good practice to install a low-
pressure alarm on the fuel supply after the last
regulator or control valve so that operators
will be warned of any loss of fuel to the pilots.
5) Fired or endothermic flares
When low heating value gases are to be sent to
a flare stack, fired or endothermic flare are
used (Sulfur plant tail gas presents an
example).
37
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻫﺸﺪار ﻓﺸﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﺎز‬
‫ﺷﻤﻌﻚ ﻃﻮري ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﺪي ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ در اﺗﺎق‬
.‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل از ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﺷﻤﻌﻚ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﻤﻌﻚ ﺗﺤﺖ وزش ﺑﺎد و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آب‬
‫ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ اﻏﻠﺐ‬.‫ ﺿﺮوري ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫و ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬.‫ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻣﺘﻨﺎوب و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﻳﺰي ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻤﺎم ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ اﺿﻄﺮاري ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮات اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ‬.‫ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً آﻣﺎده ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ از ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬،‫ﻣﺪاوم ﺷﻤﻌﻚ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎد و ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫( ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬4
‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﻌﻚ ﻫﺎ و ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬
‫ از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮔﺎز‬.‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻻزم‬،‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻨﻲ واﺣﺪ دﭼﺎر اﺷﻜﺎل ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦﺗﺮي ﻛﻪ در‬
‫ﺻﻮرت اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﮔﺎز ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺧﻮدﻛﺎر ﻓﺸﺎر را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد از اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي‬.‫ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫دﻫﺪ‬
‫زاﺋﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻧﺮژي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ادوات اﺑﺰار دﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﻮازي ﺑﺮاي‬.‫اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﻛﺮد‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬.‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر اﻏﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ از ﻧﻈﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﺪراتﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ دﻗﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﺸﻜﻞ در آن ﻧﮕﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ وﺟﻮد ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ و ﻃﻮل‬.‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻻي دودﻛﺶ و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬،‫زﻳﺎد‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮهﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎز‬،‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬
.‫ﺑﻌﺪ از آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ اﻟﺰاﻣﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ و ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬،‫اﮔﺮ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻫﺸﺪار ﻓﺸﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ روي ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬،‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ از آﺧﺮﻳﻦ رﮔﻮﻻﺗﻮر ﻳﺎ ﺷﻴﺮﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن از ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﻌﻚ‬
.‫ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫(ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎي اﺣﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﮔﻴﺮ‬5
‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ارزش ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ دودﻛﺶ‬
‫ از ﻣﺸﻌﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﮔﻴﺮ‬،‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﮔﺎز ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ واﺣﺪ ﮔﻮﮔﺮدﺳﺎزي( اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬،‫)ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‬
.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
Generally, if the heating value of the gas to be
flared is less than 4280 kJ/m3 a fired flare with
a high heating value assist gas may be
required for complete combustion.
6) Location
The location of flares in the vicinity of tall
refinery equipment should be examined.
Flames or hot combustion products can be
carried by the wind, which could cause
problems and create hazards to personnel
working on these elevated structures at the
time of a flare release. As discussed in the
section on sizing, flare height and distance are
dependent on radiation intensity. When either
the height or the distance from the plant of a
flare is fixed the other can be determined.
Usually there are constraints on the distance,
therefore stack height is calculated.
If there are no constraints on the distance and
flare height is to be determined, the following
guideline is recommended.
For stack heights less than 23 meters a
distance of 91 meters, and for stack heights
greater than 23 meters a distance of 61 meters
from the plant is considered.
7) Due consideration should be given to
installation of flow measuring equipment on
the flare system. Specifically sub-headers
handling continuous relief loads from
individual units shall be provided with proper
flow elements.
7.6 Burning Pits
Burning pit flares can handle flammable liquids
or gases or mixtures of the two. A typical design
is shown in Fig. 8. In this figure a circular pit is
illustrated, but any convenient shape may be
used.
The burning pit is simply a shallow earth or
concrete surfaced pool area enclosed by a dike
wall, a liquid/vapor inlet pipe through the wall,
and provided with pilot and ignitor. While the
design basis flow is adequate for handling
emergency releases, a more conservative
approach is recommended for continuous flaring
services, incorporating up to twice the calculated
pit area.
38
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ اﮔﺮ ارزش ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﮔﺎز ارﺳﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬،‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬4280 ‫از‬
‫اﺣﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ارزش ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
.‫ﻛﺮدن اﺣﺘﺮاق اﻟﺰاﻣﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫( ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬6
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎ در ﻧﺰدﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه‬
‫ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت داغ اﺣﺘﺮاق‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎد ﺑﻪ اﻃﺮاف ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ روي اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻛﺎر‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺧﻄﺮاﺗﻲ را در ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﺸﻌﻞ اﻳﺠﺎد‬
،‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻳﻜﻲ‬.‫ارﺗﻔﺎع و ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد‬
‫از ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از واﺣﺪ ﻳﺎ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺛﺎﺑﺖ و دﻳﮕﺮي‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ از واﺣﺪ وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس آن ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ‬
.‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫اﮔﺮ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺘﻲ در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ و ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺸﻌﻞ وﺟﻮد‬
.‫ راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ زﻳﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬،‫ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺘﺮي و‬91 ‫ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬،‫ ﻣﺘﺮ‬23 ‫ﺑﺮاي ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
‫ ﻣﺘﺮي از‬61 ‫ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬،‫ ﻣﺘﺮ‬23 ‫ﺑﺮاي ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬
.‫واﺣﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻘﺪار‬7
‫ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن روي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ وﻳﮋه اي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮص در ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ از واﺣﺪﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺪاوم ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ارﺳﺎل ﻣﻴﺪارﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬
.‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎي اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﮔﻮدال ﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬6-7
‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎي ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮح‬8 ‫ در ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط آﻧﻬﺎ را دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮدال ﻣﺪور‬.‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ اﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه‬
.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ در واﻗﻊ ﻳﻚ زﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻢ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻳﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ دﻳﻮاري اﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﺒﻮر ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻳﺎ‬
.‫ﺑﺨﺎر از ﻣﻴﺎن دﻳﻮار ﺑﻮده و ﺷﻤﻌﻚ و ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺿﻄﺮاري ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ روش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﺎراﻧﻪ ﺗﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬،‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه ﮔﻮدال‬،‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻮزاﻧﺪن ﻣﺪاوم‬
.‫دو ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
 ‫آذر ‪Dec. 2009 / 1388‬‬ ‫)‪IPS-E-PR- 460(1‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮط ﺷﻤﻌﻚ و ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن‬

‫‪0.65 m min‬‬
‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه و ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧﺴﻮز ﺑﺘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ آب )ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ب را ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ(‬
‫ورودي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺨﺎر‬ ‫ﭘﻬﻨﺎي ﻻﻳﻲ = ‪ 5‬ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ‪ 0/6‬ﻣﺘﺮ – ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت اﻟﻒ‬

‫)ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ب را ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ(‬

‫دﻳﻮارﺣﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﻴﺐ ‪ 30‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬

‫ﺑﻪ اﻓﻖ‬
‫‪45 m3/h‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ آب ﺟﺒﺮاﻧﻲ ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ‪45-‬‬ ‫‪0/45‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﻀﺎي آزاد‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬ ‫ردﻳﻔﻬﺎي ﺳﻮراخﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻗﻄﺮ ‪38‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮروي ﮔﺎم ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ ‪75‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮي‬

‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ارﺗﻔﺎع روﻏﻦ‬

‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ آب‬

‫‪Base distributor diameter on pressure drop along its length of 0.17 kPa‬‬ ‫ﻛﻒ ﮔﻮدال‬
‫‪at maximum flow. Base distributor length and number of holes on‬‬
‫‪pressure drop of 1.72 kPa across the holes at maximum flow‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ‪ 0/17‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل در ﻃﻮل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫ﻃﻮل ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺳﻮراخ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ‪ 1/72‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل از ﻋﺮض‬
‫ﺳﻮراخ ﻫﺎ در ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫ﺑﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﺴﻮز‬ ‫ﺳﻮراخ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‪ 38 ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬

‫ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت اﻟﻒ‬
‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﻤﻮل آب‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺳﺮرﻳﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ آب ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز‬

‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازهاي ﻛﻪ وﻗﺘﻲ دﻳﻮار ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﭘﺮ ازﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬

‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ ازﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ روﻏﻦ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺠﺎري‬
‫ﻓﺎﺿﻼب‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ب‬
‫ورودي آب ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ و ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪي ﺳﺮرﻳﺰ‬

‫‪Fig. 8-TYPICAL BURNING PIT‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪-8‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪاي از ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬

‫‪39‬‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
7.6.1 Burning pit flare sizing
The burning pit area is sized to provide sufficient
surface to vaporize and burn liquid at a rate equal
to the maximum incoming liquid rate. The
calculation procedure is as follows:
1) Determine the linear regression rate of the
liquid surface (i.e. the rate at which the liquid
level would fall as a result of vaporization by
radiant heat from the burning vapor above it,
assuming no addition of incoming liquid):
(Eq. 6)
2) Determine the pit area necessary to
vaporize and burn liquid at a rate equal to the
liquid input rate:
(Eq.7)
3) The dike wall height above the water level
is selected to provide hollow capacity for the
largest liquid release resulting from a single
contingency during 30 minutes, plus 460 mm
free board. The liquid rate is based on the
actual flashed liquid entering the pit, assuming
no burning or further vaporization in the pit.
The height of the dike wall above the water
level should not however, be less than 1.20
meters.
7.6.2 Spacing of burning pit flares
Spacing is based upon radiant heat consideration
at maximum heat release, using a simplified
calculation procedure, as follows:
(Eq. 8) D=
This equation has been described in the section
on flare sizing.
Note that in this equation absorption of radiation
by surrounding air is neglected.
Also the fraction of heat radiated, as shown in
Table 4 refers to light gases, but in burning pits
combustion of liquid is under consideration;
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬1-6-7
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻃﻮري ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ و ﺳﻮزاﻧﺪن ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻴﺰان‬
‫ روش ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ‬.‫ورودي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ )ﻣﻴﺰان‬.‫( ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬1
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ رﻓﺘﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در اﺛﺮ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺷﺪن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﺪه از ﺑﺨﺎرات ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻻي آن– ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮض ﻛﻪ‬
:(‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﮕﺮدد‬
Q
SR=K1 (6 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
QV .q1
‫ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ و ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ‬،‫( ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﮔﻮدال‬2
.‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ورودي ﻣﺴﺎوي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
l
AP=K2 (7 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
S R . l
‫( ارﺗﻔﺎع دﻳﻮار ﺣﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻃﻮري اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬3
30 ‫ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎﻳﻊ آزاد ﺷﺪه در ﻃﻮل‬
‫ ﻓﻀﺎي ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻻزم‬،‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ارﺗﻔﺎع آزاد‬460 ‫دﻗﻴﻘﻪ و ﺑﻌﻼوه‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻘﺪار واﻗﻌﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬.‫را ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺷﺪه ورودي ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮدال ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮض ﻋﺪم ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ ارﺗﻔﺎع دﻳﻮار‬،‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد‬.‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺑﻌﺪي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
.‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬1/2 ‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ از‬
‫ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺬاري ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎ‬2-6-7
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺬاري ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻴﺰان ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺳﺎده‬
:‫ﺷﺪه اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
FQ
(8 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
4K
.‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ذﻛﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ از ﺟﺬب اﺷﻌﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻮاي‬
.‫اﻃﺮاف ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﺪه ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ‬،4 ‫اﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ در ﺟﺪول‬
‫ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬،‫ اﻣﺎ در ﮔﻮدالﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬،‫ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﺳﺒﻚ اﺳﺖ‬
40
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
therefore, good engineering judgment should be
exercised in evaluating the effect of this factor
when determining the distance.
The center of the flame is assumed to be 1.5 pool
diameters from the center of the pool, in the
direction of the point where radiant heat density
is being considered. This assumption is used to
allow for flame deflection by wind.
Although permissible radiant heat densities are
given in Table 5, note that its value at the
property line must not exceed 1.60 kilowatts per
square meter.
In addition, the following minimum spacings
apply to burning pits:
150 meters from property lines, roadways, or any
process or storage facilities.
60 Meters from any source of ignitable
hydrocarbons, such as separators, or floating roof
tanks.
Valves in the inlet, seal water and pilot gas lines
should be located according to permissible
radiant heat densities for personnel. Piping to the
burning pit should be suitably protected against
flame impingement (e.g., by installation below
grade).
In designing the burning pit all personnel and
equipment safety precautions should be observed.
41
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬.‫ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر‬
.‫رود‬
‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﮔﻮدال از ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬1/5 ‫ﻓﺮض ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮض‬.‫ﮔﻮدال در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد دارد‬،‫ﺑﺮاي در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﻧﺤﺮاف ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎد‬
5 ‫ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ ﻣﺠﺎز در ﺟﺪول‬
‫ ﻳﺎدآوري ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار آن در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬،‫داده ﺷﺪه‬
.‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬1/60 ‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ از‬
‫ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ زﻳﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﻮدال ﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر‬
:‫ﻣﻲ رود‬
‫ ﺟﺎدهﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮع ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺴﺎت‬، ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ از ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬150
.‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي و ذﺧﻴﺮه ﺳﺎزي‬
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ از ﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬60
.‫ﺟﺪاﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺳﻘﻒ ﺷﻨﺎور‬
‫ آب ﺑﻨﺪ و ﺧﻄﻮط ﮔﺎز ﺷﻤﻌﻚ‬،‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي در ﺧﻄﻮط ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ورودي‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻣﺤﻞﻫﺎي ﻣﺠﺎز از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮدال‬.‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻞ ﻗﺮار داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
.‫)ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻧﺼﺐ زﻳﺮ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ( ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮارد اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن و‬
.‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

APPENDICES ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻫﺎ‬

APPENDIX A ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
VAPOR RELIEF DISCHARGE PIPE
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر آزاد ﺷﺪه‬
SIZING

P3/P1 (P2/P1-Above Dashed Line Only)

(‫ﻓﻘﻂ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺧﻂ ﭼﻴﻦ‬P2/P1) P3/P1
G/Gci

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺻﻮت‬

Isothermal Flow of Compressible Fluid through Pipes at High Pressure Drops

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﻢ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻴﺎل ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر زﻳﺎد‬

42
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
1) Calculate N (Number Of Velocity Heads)
(Eq.A.1)
Where:
f = Moody Factor (Dimensionless).
L = Length of Equivalent Pipe, in Meters.
D = Internal Diameter Of Pipe, in Meters.
K = Factor Representing Friction Resistance
To Flow, Dimensionless. (From Table
1)
2) Calculate P3/P1 or P2/P1
Where:
P3 = Pressure in Reservoir into Which Pipe
Discharges.101 KPa absolute with atmosphere
discharge.
P1 = Pressure at Upstream low velocity
Source, In Kilopascals Absolute.
P2 = Pressure In the Pipe at the Exit or At
Any Point Distance L downstream From
the Source, In Kilopascals Absolute.
3) Calculate Gci
(Eq.A.2)
Where:
Gci = Critical Mass Flux, In Kilograms per
Second per Square Meter.
MW = Molecular Weight Of the Vapor.
T1 = Temperature at upstream low velocity
source, in Kelvin.
z = Compresibility factor
4) From P3/P1 or P2/P1 and N, Read G/
Gci.
5) Calculate G in (Kilograms per Second per
Square Meter).
6) Calculate w (Actual Flow in Kilograms
per Second).
Where:
w = G  (Cross-Sectional Area of Pipe, In
Square Meters).
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
.‫ )ﻣﻴﺰان ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﺎدل ﺳﺮﻋﺖ( را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬N (1
fL
N K (1-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اﻟﻒ‬
D
:‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
.(‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻮدي )ﺑﺪون ﺑﻌﺪ‬f
.(‫ = ﻃﻮل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻌﺎدل )ﻣﺘﺮ‬L
.(‫ = ﻗﻄﺮ داﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ )ﻣﺘﺮ‬D
،‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻧﺸﺎندﻫﻨﺪه ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ اﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬K
(1 ‫ﺑﺪون ﺑﻌﺪ )از ﺟﺪول‬
.‫ را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬P2/P1 ‫ﻳﺎ‬P3/P1 (2
:‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
.‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در آن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬P3
(‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻳﻚ‬101)
‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر در ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﻛﻢ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬P1
.(‫ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬
‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﺮوج ﻳﺎ در ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬P2
.‫ در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ از ﻣﻨﺒﻊ دارد‬L ‫دﻳﮕﺮي ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
.(‫)ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬
.‫ را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬Gci (3
MW 0.5
Gci  6.7 P1 ( ) (2-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اﻟﻒ‬
zT1
:‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
(‫ = ﺷﺎر ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ) ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬Gci
.‫ = ﺟﺮم ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر‬MW
.(‫ = دﻣﺎي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن در ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﻛﻢ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ )ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ‬T1
.‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬z
.‫ را ﺑﺨﻮاﻧﻴﺪ‬G/ Gci ‫ ﻣﻘﺪار‬N ‫ و‬P2/P1 ‫ ﻳﺎ‬P3/P1 ‫( از‬4
‫ را ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬G (5
.‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
‫ )ﻣﻘﺪار ﺟﺮﻳﺎن واﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ( را‬w (6
.‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
:‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
(‫ ﺿﺮب در )ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬G= w
43
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
APPENDIX B
SIZING A KNOCK-OUT DRUM
Sizing a knock-out drum is generally a trial-and-
error process. First, the drum size required for
liquid entrainment separation is determined.
Liquid particles will separate (a) when the
residence time of the vapor or gas is equal to or
greater than the time required to travel the
available vertical height at the dropout velocity of
the liquid particles and (b) when the vertical gas
velocity is sufficiently low to permit the liquid
droplet to fall. This vertical height is usually
taken as the distance from the liquid surface. The
vertical velocity of the vapor and gas must be low
enough to prevent large slugs of liquid from
entering the flare. Since the flare can handle
small-sized liquid droplets, the allowable vertical
velocity in the drum may be based on that
necessary to separate droplets from 300 to 600
micrometers in diameter. The dropout velocity of
a particle in a stream is calculated as follows:
g.D(  L  V )
(Eq.B.1) U c = 1.15
V (C )
Where D is particle diameter in meters.
This basic equation is widely accepted for all
forms of entrainment separation.
The second step in sizing a knock-out drum is to
consider the effect any liquid contained in the
drum may have on reducing the volume available
for vapor/liquid disengagement. This liquid may
result from (1) condensate that separates during a
vapor release or (2) liquid streams that
accompany a vapor release. It is suggested that
the volume occupied by the liquid be based on a
release lasting 20-30 minutes. Any accumulation
of liquid retained from a prior release (pressure
relief valves or other sources) must be added to
the liquid indicated in Items 1 and 2 above to
determine the available vapor disengaging space.
However, for situations where the knock-out
drum is used to contain large liquid dumps from
44
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ب‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻧﺪازه ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺳﻌﻲ و ﺧﻄﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ در اﺑﺘﺪا اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي‬.‫دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬
‫ ذرات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﺪا‬.‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ از ذرات ورودي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ )اﻟﻒ( زﻣﺎن اﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺴﺎوي ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از زﻣﺎن ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻃﻲ ﻛﺮدن ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ )ب( وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬.‫ذرات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺳﻘﻮط‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺮاي ذرات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﮔﺎز و‬.‫از ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازهاي ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ از ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻟﺨﺘﻪ و ورود‬
‫ از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬.‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﺠﺎز در‬،‫ﻗﻄﺮات ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ را دارد‬
‫ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻗﻄﺮات ﺑــﺎ‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط‬.‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬600 ‫ ﺗـﺎ‬300 ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬
:‫ﻳﻚ ذره در ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
(1-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ب‬
.‫ ﻗﻄﺮ ذرات ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬D ‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻤﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزيﻫﺎي ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺮي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
.‫ﻗﺒﻮل ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ در ﻧﻈﺮ‬،‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ دوم در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ اﺳﺖ ﻛــﻪ ﻫـﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه در ﻣﺨﺰن‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺠﻢ در دﺳﺘﺮس ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪن ﺑﺨﺎر‬
(1) :‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در اﺛﺮ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﮔﺮدد‬
(2) .‫ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺿﻤﻦ آزادﺳﺎزي ﺑﺨﺎر ﺟﺪا ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد‬.‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛــﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺨﺎر آزاد ﺷﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ اﺷﻐﺎل ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻘﺪار‬
‫ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬.‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬30 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬20 ‫آزادﺳﺎزي در ﻃﻮل‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه از ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺒﻠﻲ )ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ( ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه در‬،‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻻ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻓﻀﺎي در دﺳﺘﺮس ﺑﺮاي‬2 ‫ و‬1 ‫ﻣﻮارد‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد ﺑﺮاي زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﺑﺨﺎرات ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
pressure relief valves on other sources where
there is not significant flashing and the liquid can
be removed promptly, it would not usually be
necessary to consider these volumes relative to
vapor disengaging.
The economics of vessel design should be
considered when selecting a drum size and may
influence the choice between a horizontal and a
vertical drum. When large liquid storage is
desired and the vapor flow is high, a horizontal
drum is often more economical. Split entry of exit
decreases the size of the drum for large flows.
As a rule drum diameters over 3.3 meters should
apply split flow arrangements for best economics.
Horizontal and vertical knock-out drums are
available in many designs, the main differences
consisting in how the path of the vapor is
directed. The various designs include the
following:
1) A horizontal drum with the vapor entering
one end of the vessel and exiting at the top of
the opposite end (no internal baffling).
2) A Vertical drum with the vapor inlet nozzle
on a diameter of the vessel and the outlet
nozzle at the top of the vessel’s vertical axis.
The inlet stream should be baffled to direct the
flow downward.
3) A vertical vessel with a tangential nozzle.
4) A horizontal drum with the vapor entering
at each end on the horizontal axis and a center
outlet.
5) A horizontal drum with the vapor entering
in the center and exiting at each end on the
horizontal axis.
6) A combination of a vertical drum in the
base of the flare stack and a horizontal drum
upstream to remove the bulk of the liquid
entrained in the vapor. This combination
permits the use of larger values for the
numerical constant in the velocity equation.
The following sample calculations have been
limited to the simplest of the designs, items 1 and
2. The calculations for Items 4 and 5 would be
45
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﺣﺠﻢ زﻳﺎد ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻛﻪ از‬
‫ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن اﻳﻤﻨﻲ روي ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ وارد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺪا‬،‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻧﻴﺎزي ﺑﻪ درﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺟﺪاﻳﺶ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد در ﻫﻨﮕﺎم اﻧﺘﺨﺎب اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن و ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
.‫ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻳﺎ اﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن‬
‫زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻧﺒﺎرش ﺣﺠﻢ زﻳﺎد ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﺑﻮده و ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﺠﺮاي‬.‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎديﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ‬،‫زﻳﺎد اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن را در ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي زﻳﺎد ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬،‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬3/3 ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه در ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫ ﻣﺨﺎزن‬.‫از ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺮاي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻮدن ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ اﻓﻘﻲ و ﻋﻤﻮدي در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در دﺳﺘﺮس‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﺗﻔﺎوت اﺻﻠﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ در ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
:‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ورودي ﺑﺨﺎر در ﻳﻚ ﺳﻤﺖ آن و‬1
‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺳﻤﺖ دﻳﮕﺮ)ﺑﺪون ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
.(‫ﺟﺪا ﻛﻨﻨﺪه داﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎزل ورودي ﺑﺨﺎر روي‬2
‫ﻗﻄﺮ)ﺟﺪاره( از ﻣﺨﺰن و ﻧﺎزل ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ در ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺤﻮر‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ورودي ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬.‫ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﺨﺰن‬
.‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺟﺪا ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎزل ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬3
‫( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ورودي ﺑﺨﺎر در ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮف ﻣﺤﻮر‬4
.‫اﻓﻘﻲ و ﻳﻚ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ در ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ورودي ﺑﺨﺎر در ﻣﺮﻛﺰ و ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ در‬5
.‫ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮف ﻣﺤﻮر اﻓﻘﻲ‬
‫( ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دودﻛﺶ‬6
‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ در ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺬف ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬.‫ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺨﺎر‬
.‫ﻋﺪدي در ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ را اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺳﺎزد‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎدهﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲﻫﺎ در ﻣﻮارد‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬5 ‫ و‬4 ‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮارد‬.‫ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬2 ‫ و‬1
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
similar, with one half the flow rate determining
one half the vessel length.
The normal calculations would be used for Item 3
and will not be duplicated here.
Assume the following conditions: A single
contingency results in the flow of 25.2 kilograms
per second of a fluid with a liquid density of
496.6 kilograms per cubic meter and a vapor
density of 2.9 kilograms per cubic meter, both at
flowing conditions. The pressure is 13.8
kilopascals gage, and the temperature is 149°C.
The viscosity of the vapor 0.01 centipoise.
Also the fluid equilibrium results in 3.9 kilograms
per second of liquid and 21.3 kilograms per
second of vapor.
In addition, 1.89 cubic meters of storage for
miscellaneous drainings from the units is desired.
The schematic in Fig. 3 applies. The droplet size
selected as allowable is 300 micrometers in
diameter.
The vapor rate is determined as follows:
21.3 kilograms per second
Vapor rate =
2.9 kilograms per cubic meter
= 7.34 cubic meters per second
The drag coefficient, C, is determined from Fig. 2
as follows:
0.13  10 8 (2.9)(300  10  6 ) 3 (496.6  2.9)
C(R e )2 
(0.01) 2
From Fig. 2, C=1.3
The dropout velocity, ud is calculated as follows:
 (9.8)( 300  10 6 )(496.6  2.9) 
U c  1.15
 ( 2.9)(1.3)
 
Assume a horizontal vessel with an inside
diameter, Di and a cylindrical length, L. This
gives the following total crosssectional area:

(Eq.B.2) At= ( Di) 2
4
46
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ ﻃﻮل ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺼﻒ‬،‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
.‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد داﺷﺘﻪ و در اﻳﻦ ﺟﺎ‬3 ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻣﺘﺪاول ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮرد‬
.‫ﺗﻜﺮار ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
25/2 ‫ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺳﻴﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار‬:‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ را ﻓﺮض ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬496/6 ‫ ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬،‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ دو در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬2/9 ‫و ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻧﺴﺒﻲ و دﻣﺎ‬13/8 ‫ ﻓﺸﺎر‬.‫ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﭘﻮآز‬0/01 ‫ ﮔﺮاﻧﺮوي ﺑﺨﺎر‬.‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد اﺳﺖ‬149
.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ‬3/9 ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻓﺎزي ﺳﻴﺎل ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
.‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﮔﺎز ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬21/3 ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و‬
‫ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ از ذﺧﻴﺮه ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪﻫﺎي‬1/89 ‫ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺣﺠﻢ‬
3 ‫ در ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﻪ از واﺣﺪﻫﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺠﺎز ﻗﻄﺮ ﻗﻄﺮات ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬.‫ﻃﺮح ﻛﻠﻲ آورده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬300
:‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
21.3 kilograms per second
= ‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺨﺎر‬
2.9 kilograms per cubic meter
‫ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬7/34=
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬2 ‫ از ﺷﻜﻞ‬،C ،(‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﺲ راﻧﺶ)درگ‬
:‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
 5025
C=1. 3 : 2‫از ﺷﻜﻞ‬
:‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط ذرات ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
0.5
  0.71

‫ را ﻓﺮض‬L ‫ و ﻃﻮل اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ‬Di ‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ داﺧﻠﻲ‬
:‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
(2-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ب‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

Liquid holdup for 30 minutes release from the ‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ اي ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه از ﻳﻚ اﺗﻔﺎق ﺑﻪ‬30 ‫زﻣﺎن ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬
single contingency, in addition to the slops and .‫ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪ و ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ‬
drain volume, is desired.

The volume in the heads is neglected for ‫ از ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻠﮕﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺻﺮفﻧﻈﺮ‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت‬
simplicity. The liquid holdup required AL1 in ‫ )ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ( ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ‬ALI ‫ زﻣﺎن ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﻻزم ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
square meters is therefore calculated as follows:
:‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬

1) The slops and drain volume of 1.89 cubic
meters will occupy a bottom segment as
follows:
AL1 ( square meters)= (1.89 cubic meters)/L
2) A total of 3.9 kilograms per second of
condensed liquids with a density of 496.6
kilograms per cubic meter accumulated for 30
minutes will occupy a cross-sectional segment
(see above) as follows:
‫ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬1/89 ‫( ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪ و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬1
‫اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از ﺗﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺷﻐﺎل‬
:‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮد‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺎ‬3/9 ‫( ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﻠﻲ‬2
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬30 ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت‬496/6 ‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬
:‫ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺷﻐﺎل ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬

(3.9kg / s) 60 sec ond  1 

A L2  ( )(30 min utes) 
(496.6kg / m3 ) min ute  L meter 

square meters
The cross-sectional area remaining for the ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ‬
vapor flow is as follows: :‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

(Eq. B.3) Av = At – (AL1 +AL2 ) (3-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ب‬

The vertical depths of the liquid and vapor spaces
are determined using standard geometry, (see
Appendix C), where hL1 = depth of slops and
drains, hL1+hL2 = depth of all liquid accumulation,
and hv = remaining vertical space for the vapor
flow.
‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪ‬hL1 :‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ )ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ج را ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ( ﻛﻪ‬
hv ‫ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺪه و‬hL1+hL2 ،‫و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬
.‫ﻓﻀﺎي ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر اﺳﺖ‬

The total drum diameter is calculated as follows: :‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻇﺮف ﺑﺼﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
ht = hL1 + hL2 +hv ht = hL1 + hL2 +hv

The adequacy of the vapor space is verified as :‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻮدن ﻓﻀﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺎرات ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
follows: The vertical drop available for liquid .‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬hv ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺳﻘﻮط ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻘﻮط ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺟﺪاﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
dropout is equal to hv. The liquid dropout time is
determined as follows: .‫زﻣﺎن ﺳﻘﻮط ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬

 1  hV 
(Eq. B.4) θ =     (4-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ب‬
 c meters per second   100centimeters per meter 
U

The velocity of vapor , based on one vapor pass, ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻋﺒﻮر ﻳﻚ راﻫﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
is determined as follows: :‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬

47
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

 7.34cubic meter sper sec oned 

Uv   
 N vapor passes 
 

 1 
  m/sec
 Av square meters 
 
The drum length required is determined as :‫ﻃﻮل ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
follows:

Lmin = (Uv meters per second)(  seconds) × (N (‫ ﺗﻌﺪاد راﻫﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺎر‬N)(  ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ()ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬Uv)= Lmin
vapor passes) meters ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬

Lmin must be less than or equal to the above ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺎوي ﻃﻮل ﻣﺨﺰن اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي ﻣﻔﺮوض‬Lmin
assumed cylindrical drum length, L; otherwise ‫ در ﻏﻴﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻃﻮل‬.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬L ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬
the calculation must be repeated with a newly
assumed cylindrical drum length. .‫ﻓﺮﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺨﺰن اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي ﺗﻜﺮار ﮔﺮدد‬

Table 3 summarizes, the calculations above for
horizontal drums with various inside diameters to
determine the most economical drum size. Drum
diameters in 15 centimeter increments are
assumed, in accordance with standard head sizes.
‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻓﻮق را ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺨﺎزن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎي‬3 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻗﺘﺼﺎديﺗﺮﻳﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻴﺎن‬
‫ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺑﺮاي اﻧﻄﺒﺎق ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اﻧﺪازه ﻛﻠﮕﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
.‫ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ‬،‫ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‬15 ‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت‬

TABLE 3 - OPTIMIZING THE SIZE OF HORIZONTAL KNOCK-OUT DRUM (SI UNITS)

( SI‫ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎزي اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ اﻓﻘﻲ )واﺣﺪ‬-3 ‫ﺟﺪول‬

Trial Assumed Assumed Cross-Sectional Area Vertical Depth Of Liquid And Liquid Vapor Required
No. Drum Drum (Square Meters) Vapor Spaces (Centimeters) Dropout Velocity, Drum
‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬ Inside Cylindrical Time, θ Uv Length h.
Diameter Length, L (seconds) (Meters)
‫ردﻳﻒ‬ Di (Meters)
(‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ)ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺨﺎر‬ per L min
‫زﻣﺎن‬ (Meters)
(Meters) ‫ﻃﻮل ﻣﻔﺮوض‬ (Second)
‫ﻗﻄﺮ داﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن‬ A1 AL1 AL2 AV hL1 hL1+hL2 hv ht ‫ﺳﻘﻮط ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل ﻣﺨﺰن‬
‫ﻣﻔﺮوض‬ (‫)ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻻزم‬
‫ﻣﺨﺰن‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫)ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ‬
(‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬

1 22.4 5.79 4.67 0.33 2.45 190 30 140 104 224 1.45 3.9 5.6

2 2.29 6.25 4.10 0.30 227 1.53 29 137 91 229 1.28 4.8 6.2

3 2.13 6.86 3.57 0.28 207 1.23 28 133 81 213 1.13 6.0 6.7

4 1.98 7.62 3.08 0.25 186 0.98 27 128 70 198 0.98 7.0 7.4

Note: :‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
The data in this table are in accordance with the .‫دادهﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪول ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
example given in text.

48
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
The following conclusions can be drawn from
this table:
1) All of the drum size above would fulfill the
design requirements.
2) The most suitable drum size should be
selected according to the design pressure,
material requirements, the corrosion
allowance, and layout, transportation, and
other considerations.
3) The choice of two-pass flow, as shown in
Figure 3, is optional.
Now consider a vertical vessel. The vapor
velocity is equal to the dropout velocity which is
0.71 meters per second. The required Cross-
sectional area of the drum is determined as
follows:
7.34 cubic meters per second
Cross – sectional area =
0.71 meters per second
The drum diameter is determined as follows:
(4)
D= 10.3 m 2

Thus, a vertical drum is not a logical choice for
the example given, unless layout considerations
dictate differently.
B.2 Details
1) If the knock-out drum would become
disproportionally large, adoption of the vane
type knock-out drum shall be considered.
2) The 20-30 minutes residence time is based
on the release of maximum liquid quantity for
the liquid space in the knock-out drum
between high level alarm and minimum pump-
out level.
3) The pump installed to empty the drum shall
be sized to do so in two hours.
4) The header leading to the knock-out drum
should be sloped towards it. The header from
the drum to the flare stack should slope
continuously back to the drum.
49
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
:‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ زﻳﺮ از اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪول ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫( ﺗﻤﺎم اﻧﺪازهﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺰن در ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬1
.‫را ﺑﺮآورده ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬
‫( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮﻳﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ‬2
،‫ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺠﺎز‬،‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺟﻨﺲ‬،‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
.‫ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮔﺮدد‬،‫ﺟﺎﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺎن‬3 ‫( اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن دو راﻫﻪ ﻛﻪ در ﺷﻜﻞ‬3
.‫ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري اﺳﺖ‬،‫داده ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬.‫ﺣﺎﻻ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺳﻄﺢ‬.‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬0/71 ،‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط ﻗﻄﺮات‬
:‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
= 10.3 m2
:‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
 3.6meters
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل داده‬
‫ﺷﺪه ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺟﺎﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ دﻳﮕﺮي را‬
.‫ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت‬2-‫ب‬
‫( اﮔﺮ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ‬1
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻮع ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﻮع ﺗﻴﻐﻪ اي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي آزادﺳﺎزي‬30 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬20 ‫( زﻣﺎن ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬2
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻀﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﻣﺨﺰن‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺸﺪار ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﺎﻻ و ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ارﺗﻔﺎع‬
.‫ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺮدن اﺳﺖ‬
‫( ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازهاي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬3
.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم دﻫﺪ‬2 ‫ﻛﺎر ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ را در‬
‫( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن‬4
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬.‫ ﺷﻴﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺨﺰن داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺷﻴﺐ‬
.‫ﻣﺪاوﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮي ﻣﺨﺰن داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

APPENDIX C ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ج‬
DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LEVEL IN ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ‬
A HORIZONTAL VESSEL

One way the liquid depth in a horizontal ‫ﻳﻚ روش ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ را در ﻣﺨﺰن اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي اﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬
cylindrical vessel can be calculated is the ‫ روش زﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎده ﺳﺎزي از ﺣﺠﻢ‬،‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
following (volume due to heads is neglected for
simplicity): :(‫ﻛﻠﮕﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬

Liquid volume = (Segment area) (Vessel length) (‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ = )ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ( )ﻃﻮل ﻣﺨﺰن‬

The segment area is given by: :‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﺑﺎ راﺑﻄﻪ زﻳﺮ داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬

r h
(Eq. C.1) A  r 2 . cos 1    (r  h) 2rh  h
2
(1-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ج‬
 r 
r and h must have similar units. Obviously the arc ‫ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬h ‫ و‬R
cosine term must be calculated in radians. ‫آرك ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮس ﻛﻤﺎن داﻳﺮه ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در واﺣﺪ رادﻳﺎن ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬
It is worthwhile to note that this equation is r ‫ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از‬h ‫ ﺷﺎﻳﺎن ذﻛﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ اﮔﺮ‬.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
applicable even if h is greater than r, i.e., the
vessel is more than half full. ‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬،‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻴﺶ از ﻧﺼﻔﻪ ﭘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫دارد‬

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

APPENDIX D ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ د‬
SAMPLE CALCULATION FOR SIZING A ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه دودﻛﺶ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
FLARE STACK

D.1 General ‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-‫د‬

This Appendix presents an example for sizing a
flare stack based on the effect of radiation.
The effect of dispersion if the flame is
extinguished is not analyzed.
‫اﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻳﻚ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
.‫ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ را اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﺸﺪه‬،‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر در ﺻﻮرت ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
:‫اﺳﺖ‬

D.2 Basic Data: :‫ دادهﻫﺎي اوﻟﻴﻪ‬2-‫د‬

Hydrocarbon vapor flow rate : 45445 kg/s ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬45445 :‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬

Average molecular mass of vapor : 46.1 46/1 :‫ﺟﺮم ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
Flowing temperature: 422 K ‫ درﺟﻪ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ‬422 :‫دﻣﺎي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬

Heat of combustion : 50,000 kJ/kg ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬50000 :‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎي اﺣﺘﺮاق‬

Ratio of specific heats : 1.1 1/1 :‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺣﺮارت ﻫﺎي وﻳﮋه‬

Flowing pressure at flare tip:101.3 kPa (absolute) ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬101/3 :‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
Design wind velocity : 8.9 m/s ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬8/9 :‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎد‬

D.3 Calculation of Flare Diameter ‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬3-‫د‬

For Mach= 0.2 the flare diameter is calculated as ‫ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑــﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬،0/2 ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺪد ﻣــﺎخ‬
follows:
:‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
W
Mach = (3.23)(10 5 ) zT / k .M w
P2 D 2

45445
0. 2 = (3.23)(10 5 ) 422 /(1.1)(46.1)
101.3D 2

d = 0.46m

D.4 Calculation of Flame Length ‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬4-‫د‬

The heat liberated Q in kilowatts, is calculated as ‫ ﺑــﻪ ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑـﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬Q ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎي آزاد ﺷﺪه‬
follows:
:‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
Q = (12.6)(50000) = 6.3 × 105 kW
From Fig. 5, the flame length, Lf, is 52 meters. .‫ ﻣﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬52 ‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬،Lf ،‫ ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬،5 ‫از ﺷﻜﻞ‬

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

D.5 Calculation of Flame Distortion Caused by ‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ اﻧﺤﺮاف ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد‬5-‫د‬
Wind Velocity
:‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
The vapor flow rate is dertemined as follows:

Flow = (12.6) (22.4/46.1) (422/273) = Q =(12.6)(22.4/46.1)(422/273) =9.46‫ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ واﻗﻌﻲ‬

3
9.46 actual m /s
:‫اﻧﺤﺮاف ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
The flame distortion caused by wind velocity is
calculated as follows: ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد‬ U
U  /Uj = Wind velocity/Flare tip velocity ‫ـــــــ = ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬ Uj

The flare tip exit velocity, Uj, may be determined ‫ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ‬،Uj ،‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺧﺮوج از ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
as follows: :‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد‬
Uj = Flow / (  d2/4)
Uj = ‫ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬/ (  d2/4)

9.46
Uj = = 56.9 m/s
 (0.46) / 4
2

U  / Uj = 8.9 / 56.9 = 0.156

From Fig. 6: :6 ‫از ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 ∆Y/L = (0.35) = 18.2m  ∆Y/L = (0.35) = 18.2m
 ∆X/L = (0.85) = 44.2m  ∆X/L = (0.85) = 44.2m

D.6 Calculation of required flare stack height (for ‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ )ﺑﺮاي اﺑﻌﺎد‬6-‫د‬
dimensional references see Fig. 9). (‫ دﻳﺪه ﺷﻮد‬9 ‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
The design basis is as follows: :‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‬

Fraction of heat radiated, F, is 0.3. .‫ اﺳﺖ‬0/3 ‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬،F ،‫ﺟﺰء ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﺪه‬
Maximum allowable radiation, K, at 45.7 meters ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ از دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬45/7 ‫ در‬،K ،‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻣﺠﺎز‬
from the flare stack is 6.3 kW/m2.
.‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﺳﺖ‬6/3 ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬

Assume  = 1.0, then: :‫ ﺳﭙﺲ‬ = 1.0 :‫ﻓﺮض ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬

(0.3)(6.3  105  FQ
=48.9m = D
4(3.14)(6.3) 4 K

H   H  ( 1 )(  )
2
R   R  ( 1 )( X )
2
R' = 45.7 - ½ (44.2) = 23.7 m

D2 = R' 2 + H' 2
48.92 = 23.72 + H' 2

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 Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬ IPS-E-PR- 460(1)

H' = 42.8 m
H = 42.8 - ½(18.2)
H= 33.7 m

‫ﺑﺎد‬

xc

D
H′

Fig. 9-DIMENSINONAL REFERENCES FOR SIZING A FLARE STACK

‫ اﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻳﻚ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬-9 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

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