13272L26-POWER SYSTEMS SIMULATION LAB-II

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Small signal stability analysis: SMIB and Multi machine

configuration.
2. Performance of short, medium, long lines.
3. Load-Frequency Dynamics of Single-Area and Two-Area Power
systems using SIMULINK.
4. Economic Dispatch in Power Systems using MATLAB.
5. Transients stability analysis of Multi-machine configuration.
6. Short Circuit Analysis Using MATLAB Program.
 TRANSIENT AND SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS –
SINGLE MACHINE INFINITE BUS SYSTEM
AIM:
To become familiar with various aspects of the transient and small signal stability
analysis of Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system
PROGRAM REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6
THEORY:
Stability: Stability problem is concerned with the behavior of power system when it is
subjected to disturbance and is classified into small signal stability problem if the
disturbances are small and transient stability problem when the disturbances are large.
Transient stability: When a power system is under steady state, the load plus
transmission loss equals to the generation in the system. The generating units run a
synchronous speed and system frequency, voltage, current and power flows are steady.
When a large disturbance such as three phase fault, loss of load, loss of generation etc.,
occurs the power balance is upset and the generating units rotors experience either
acceleration or deceleration. The system may come back to a steady state condition
maintaining synchronism or it may break into subsystems or one or more machines may
pull out of synchronism. In the former case, the system is said to be stable and in the later
case it is said to be unstable.
Small signal stability: When a system is under steady state, normal operating condition,
the system may be subjected to small disturbance such as variation in load and
generation, change in field voltage, change in mechanical torque etc., the nature of
system response to small disturbance depends on the operating conditions, the
transmission system strengths, types of controllers etc. Instability that may result from
small disturbance may be of two forms,
(i) Steady increase in rotor angle due to lack of synchronizing torque.
(ii) Rotor oscillations of increasing magnitude due to lack of insufficient
damping torque.
FORMULA:
Reactive power ,Qe =sin (cos-1(p.f))

Stator current, It = =
Voltage behind transient condition,
E1 = Et +jX1d It
Voltage of infinite bus, EB =Et –j(X3+Xtr) It

where, X3 =
Angular separation between E1 and EB
o =E1 -EB
Pre fault condition:

X =jXd1 +jXtr +

Power, Pe = sin o

o =sin-1
During fault condition,
n: Pe = PEii = 0
Find out X from the equivalent circuit during fault condition
Post fault condition:
Find out X from the equivalent circuit during the post fault condition

Power, Pe = sin o
max = - o

Pe =
Critical clearing angle:

coscr =

Critical clearing time:

tcr = sec

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M-file by selecting FileNewM-file
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools Run
5. View the results.

PROGRAM:
clear all; clc;
%INPUT DATAS
pc=input('Enter the power in p.u. for plant operating conditions:');
pf=input('Enter the value of power factor:');
f=input('Enter the value of frequency:');
x1=input('Enter the reactance of line 1:');
x2=input('Enter the reactance of line 2:');
xtr=input('Enter the reactance of transformer:');
xd=input('Enter ther reactance of generator:');
et=input('Enter the terminal voltage:');
h=input('Enter the value of interia constant in seconds:');
p2max=0;
%COMPUTATION OF INITIAL CONDITIONS
input('\n');
qc=tan(acos(pc));
s=complex(pc,qc/10);
s=conj(s);
%STATOR CURRENT
input('\n');
it=s/et
%VOLTAGE BEHIND TANSIENT REACTANCE
input('\n');
Etx=et+(xd+xtr+x1/2)*j*it
Etx1=real(Etx);
Etx2=imag(Etx);
Etx=sqrt((Etx1^2)+(Etx2^2));
Etxangle=atan(Etx2/Etx1);
Etxangle=Etxangle*180/3.14;
%VOLTAGE OF THE INFINITE BUS
input('\n');
x3=(x1*x2)/(x1+x2);
Eb=et-j*(x3+xtr)*it
Ebangle=input('Enter the angle of infinite bus:');
%ANGULAR SEPARATION BETWEEN Etx AND Eb
input('\n');
angle=Etxangle-Ebangle
%INFINITE BUS REFERENCE
input('\n');
Eb2=real(it);
Eb2angle=angle;
et=et;
etangle=Ebangle;
%CRITICAL CLEARING ANGLE
input('\n');
p3max=(Etx*et)/(xd+xtr+2*x3);
p3max=real(p3max);
delmax=3.141-asin(1/p3max);
angle=angle*3.14/180;
delmax1=delmax*180/3.14;
criticalangle=(1/p3max)*(delmax-angle)+cos(delmax);
fprintf('The critical angle is:')
criticalangle=acos(criticalangle);
disp(criticalangle)
%CRITICAL CLEARING TIME
input('\n');
tcr=sqrt((2*h*(criticalangle-angle)/(3.141*f*p3max)))
OUTPUT:
Enter the power in p.u. for plant operating conditions: 0.8
Enter the value of power factor: 0.85
Enter the value of frequency: 60
Enter the reactance of line 1: 0.3
Enter the reactance of line 2: 0.3
Enter the reactance of transformer: 0.2
Enter the reactance of generator: 0.3
Enter the terminal voltage:1
Enter the value of inertia constant in seconds: 5
it = 0.8000 - 0.0750i
Etx = 1.0488 + 0.5200i
Eb = 0.9738 - 0.2800i
Enter the angle of infinite bus: 0
angle = 26.3869
The critical angle is: 0.9420
tcr = 0.1322
 PERFORMANCE OF SHORT, MEDIUM, LONG LINES.

AIM:
(i) To determine the transmission line parameters L and C per phase per Kilometer for
the following cases:
 ABCD Constants and sending end voltage

 Single phase transmission line.

 Three phase symmetric line.

 Three phase unsymmetric line.

 Three phase unsymmetric line and untransposed line.

 Three symmetrical double circuit line.

 Unsymmetrical, transposed double circuit with vertical profile.

 Unsymmetrical,transposed double circuit without vertical profile.

(ii) To verify the output with the matlab.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB 6.5
THEORY:
Transmission line has four parameters – resistance, inductance, capacitance and
conductance. The inductance and capacitance are due to the effect of magnetic and
electric fields around the conductor. The resistance of the conductor is best determined
from the manufactures data, the inductances and capacitances can be evaluated using the
formula.
INDUCTANCE:
The general formula: L=0.2 ln(Dm/Ds)
Where, Dm=geometric mean distance(GMD)
Ds=geometric mean radius(GMR)
(1) SINGLE PHASE 2 WIRE SYSTEM

GMR=D= r =r’
Where, r = radius of conductor
(2) THREE PHASE-SYMMETRICAL SPACING

GMR=D= r =r’
Where, r= radius of conductor

(3) THREE PHASE-ASYMMETRICAL TRANSPOSED

GMD=geometric mean of the three distance of the symmetrically place conductors

=3√DABDBCDCA GMR= r =r’

Where , r= radius of conductors

COMPOSITE CONDUCTOR LINES

The inductance of composite conductor X., is given by Lx = 0.2 ln(GMD/GMR)

Where,

GMD= mn√(Daa’ Dab’)….(Daa’……Dnm’)

GMR= √(Daa Dab…..Dan)……(Dna Dnb….Dnn)

Where , ra’=ra e (-1/4)

BUNDLED CONDUCTORS:

The GMR of bundle conductor is normally calculated

GMR for two sub conductors C=(Ds * d)1/2

GMR for three sub conductor Dsb=(Ds* )1/3

GMR for four sub conductor Dsc=1.09(Ds*d3)1/4

Where, Ds is the GMR of each sub conductor and d is bundle spacing

THREE PHASE-DOUBLE CIRCUIT TRANSPOSED:

The inductance per phase in milli henries per km is

L=0.2 ln (GMD/GMRL) mH/km

Where,

GMRL is equivalent geometric mean radius and is given by

GMRL= (DSADSBDSC)1/3

Where,

DSA, DSB and DSC are GMR of each Phase group and given by Dsb
DSA= (DsbDa1Da2)2 =[ Dsb Da1a2]1/2
DSA= (DsbDb1Db2)2 =[ Dsb Db1b2]1/2
DSA= (DsbDc1Dc2)2 =[ Dsb Dc1c2]1/2
Where,

Dsb = GMR of bundle conductor if conductor a1,a2…. Are bundle conductor.

Dsb=ra1’=rb1=ra’2=rb’2=rc’2 if a1, a2….. are bundled conductor

GMD is the equivalent GMD per phase” & is given by

GMD= [DAB*DBC*DCA]1/3

where,

DAB, DBC, DCA are GMD between each phase group A-B,B-C,C-A which is given by,

DAB= [Da1b1*Da1b2*Da2b1*Da2b2]1/4

DBC= [Db1c1*Db1c2*Db2c1*Db2c2]1/4

DCA= [Dc1a1*Dc1a2*Dc2a1*Dc2a2]1/4

CAPACITANCE:

A general formula for evaluating capacitance per phase in micro farad per km of a
transmission line is given by

C=0.0556/ ln (GMD/GMR) F/km

Where,

GMD is the “geometric mean distance” which is same as that defined for inductance
under various cases.
PROCEDURE:

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new M-file by selecting File-New-M-file

3. Type and save the program in the editor

4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools- Run

5. View the Results.

 CALCULATION OF ABCD CONSTANTS AND SENDING END
VOLTAGE
PROGRAM:
ab=input('value of ab');
bc=input('value of bc');
ca=input('value of ca');
pr=input('receiving end power in mw');
vr=input('receiving end voltage in kw');
pfr=input('recieving end power factor');
l=input('length of the line in km');
r=input('resistance/ph/km');
f=input('frequency');
D=input('diameter in m');
rad=D/2;
newrad=(0.7788*rad);
deg=(ab*bc*ca)^(1/3);
L=2*10^ (-7)*log(deg/newrad);
c=(2*pi*8.854*10^-12)/log(deg/rad);
XL=2*pi*f*L*l*1000;
rnew=r*l;
Z=rnew+i*(XL);
Y=i*(2*pi*f*c*L*1000);
A=1+((Y*Z)/2);
D=A;
B=Z;
C=Y*[1+(Y*Z)/4];
vrph=(vr*10^3)/1.732;
irold=(pr*10^6)/(1.732*vr*10^3*0.8);
k=sin(acos(pfr));
ir=irold*(pfr-(Y*k));
vs=((A*vrph)+(B*ir));
is=((c*vrph)+(D*ir));
angle(vs);
angle(is);
f=angle(vs);
u=angle(is);
pfs=cos(f-u);
eff=((pr*10^6)/(3*abs(vs)*abs(is)*pfs))*100;
reg=(((abs(vs)/abs(A))-abs(vrph))/abs(vrph))*100;
L
c
rnew
A
B
C
abs(vs)
abs(is)
angle(vs)*180/pi
angle(is)*180/pi
pfs
eff
reg
OUTPUT:
value of ab 4
value of bc 5
value of ca 6
receiving end power in mw 50
receiving end voltage in kw 132
receiving end power factor 0.8
length of the line in km 200
resistance/ph/km 0.16
frequency 50
diameter in m 0.02
L = 1.2902e-006
c = 8.9713e-012
rnew =32
A = 1.0000 + 0.0000i
B = 32.0000 +81.0657i
C = -1.0578e-022 +3.6363e-012i
ans = 8.5079e+004
ans = 218.6997
ans = 12.0277
ans = 3.1773e-009
pfs = 0.9780
eff = 91.5842
reg = 11.6334
 CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 1 PHASE LINE

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCATANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 1 PHASE LINE
');
r=input('Enter radius in cm:');
rad=r*10^(-2);
D=input('Enter distance between conductors in m:');
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=4*10^(-7)*log(D/r1);
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12)/log(D/rad));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m:');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in F/m):');
disp(C);

OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCATANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 1 PHASE LINE
Enter radius in cm:1.5
Enter distance between conductors in m:5
INDUCATANCE(in H/m:
2.4237e-006
CAPACITANCE(in F/m):
9.5765e-012
 CALUCATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3
PHASE SYMMETRIC LINE

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE
SYMMETRIC LINE');
r=input ('Enter radius in cm :');
rad=r*10^(-2);
D=input ('Enter the distance between conductors in m:');
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=2*10^(-7)*log(D/r1);
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/(log(D/rad));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in F/m):');
disp(C);
OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCATANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE
SYMMETRIC LINE
Enter radius in cm:0.35
Enter the distance between conductors in m:1.5
INDUCATNCE(in H/m):
1.2621e-006
CAPACITANCE(in F/m):
9.1794e-012
 CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3
PHASE UNSYMMETRICAL LINE-TRANSPOSED
PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE
UNSYMMETRICAL LINE-TRANSPOSED');
r=input('Enter radius in cm:');
rad=r*10^(-2);
Dab=input('Enter distance between conductors A&B in m:');
Dbc=input('Enter distance between conductors B&C in m:');
Dca=input('Enter distance between conductors C&A in m:');
f=input('Enter frequency');
Deq=(Dab*Dbc*Dca)^(1/3);
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=2*10^(-7)*log(Deq/r1);
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/(log(Deq/rad));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in F/m):');
disp(C);
XL=2*pi*f*L;
XC=1/(2*pi*f*C);
disp('INDUCTIVE REACTANCE(in ohm/m):');
disp(XL);
disp('CAPACITANCE REACTANCE(in ohm/m):');
disp(XC);
OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE
UNSYMMETRICAL LINE-TRANSPOSED
Enter radius in cm:0.35
Enter distance between conductors A&B in m:1.5
Enter distance between conductors B&C in m:3
Enter distance between conductors C&A in m:1.5
Enter frequency50
INDUCATNCE(in H/m):
1.3083e-006

CAPACITANCE(in F/m):
8.8423e-012

INDUCTIVE REACTANCE(in ohm/m):

4.1102e-004

CAPACITANCE REACTANCE(in ohm/m):

3.5999e+008
 CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE UNSYMMETRIC
LINE-UNTRANSPOSED
PROGRAM:
clc; clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE UNSYMMETRIC LINE-
UNTRANSPOSED');
r=input('Enter radius in cm:');
rad=r*10^(-2);
Dab=input('Enter distance between conductors A&B in m:');
Dbc=input('Enter distance between conductors B&C in m:');
Dca=input('Enter distance between conductors C&A in m:');
r1=rad*0.7788;
La=2*10^(-7)*(log(1/r1)+log((Dab*Dca)^(1/2))+(3)^(1/2)*j*log((Dab/Dca)^(1/2)));
Lb=2*10^(-7)*(log(1/r1)+log((Dbc*Dab)^(1/2))+(3)^(1/2)*j*log((Dbc/Dab)^(1/2)));
Lc=2*10^(-7)*(log(1/r1)+log((Dca*Dbc)^(1/2))+(3)^(1/2)*j*log((Dca/Dbc)^(1/2)));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(La); disp(Lb); disp(Lc);
OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE UNSYMMETRIC LINE-UNTRANSPOSED
Enter radius in cm:10
Enter distance between conductors A&B in m:1
Enter distance between conductors B&C in m:1
Enter distance between conductors C&A in m:2
INDUCTANCE(in H/m):
5.7983e-007 -1.2006e-007i
5.1052e-007
5.7983e-007 +1.2006e-007i
 CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3
PHASE SYMMETRIC DOUBLE LINE

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE
DOUBLE CIRCUIT-SYMMETRIC');
r=input('Enter radius in cm:');
rad=r*10^(-2);
D=input('Enter distance between conductors(side of hexagon) in m:');
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=10^(-7)*log((3)^(1/2)*D/(2*r1));
C=(4*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/(log((3)^(1/2)*D/(2*rad)));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in F/m):');
disp(C);
OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE
CIRCUIT-SYMMETRIC
Enter radius in cm:0.954
Enter distance between conductors(side of hexagon) in m:7
INDUCTANCE(in H/m):
6.7043e-007
CAPACITANCE(in F/m):
1.7238e-011
 CALCULATION OF L AND C OF 3 PHASE UNSYMMETRIC, TRANSPOSED
DOUBLE CIRCUIT LINE WITH VERTICAL PROFILE
PROGRAM:
clc; clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE
DOUBLE CIRCUIT-UNSYMMETRIC & TRANSPOSED');
epsilon=8.854*10^(-12);
r=input ('Enter radius in cm :');
rad=r*10^(-2);
h=input ('Enter distance h in m:');
D=input ('Enter distance D in m:');
m=((D)^2+(h)^2)^(1/2);
n=((2*D)^2+(h)^2)^(1/2);
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=2*10^(-7)*log((2)^(1/6)*(D/r1)^(1/2)*(m/n)^(1/3));
C=2*pi*epsilon/(log(2^(1/6)*(D/r1)^(1/2)*(m/n)^(1/3)));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in F/m):');
disp(C);
OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE
CIRCUIT-UNSYMMETRIC & TRANSPOSED
Enter radiusin cm:1.08965
Enter distance h in m:4
Enter distance D in m5
INDUCTANCE(in H/m): 6.2631e-007
CAPACITANCE(in F/m): 1.7765e-011
 CALCULATION OF L AND C OF 3 UNSYMMETRIC,
TRANSPOSED DOUBLE CIRCUIT LINE WITHOUT VERTICAL
PROFILE
PROGRAM:
clc; clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE
DOUBLE CIRCUIT-UNSYMMETRIC& NON VERTICAL');
epsilon=8.854*10^(-12);
r=input ('Enter radius in cm:');
rad=r*10^(-2);
h=input ('Enter distance h in m:');
D=input ('Enter distance D in m:');
offset=input('Enter offset distance in m:');
d=h+2*offset;
i=((offset)^2+(D)^2)^(1/2);
f=((h)^2+(2*D)^2)^(1/2);
g=((h+offset)^2+(D)^2)^(1/2);
j=D*2;
r1=rad*0.7788;
Dm=((i*i*g*g*h*h*j*j*i*i*g*g)^(1/12));
Ds=((r1*r1*f*f*r1*r1*d*d*r1*r1*f*f)^(1/12));
L=2*10^(-7)*log(Dm/Ds);
C=4*pi*epsilon/((1/3)*(log(((i)^2*(g)^2*j*h)/((rad^3)*(f^2)*d))));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in F/m):');
disp(C);
OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE
CIRCUIT-UNSYMMETRICAL & NON VERTICAL
Enter radius in cm: 1
Enter distance h in m: 6
Enter distance D in m: 3.5
Enter offset distance in m: 1
INDUCTANCE(in H/m):
6.1600e-007

CAPACITANCE(in F/m):
1.8826e-011
 CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE BUNDLED
CONDUCTORS

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE BUNDLED CONDUCTORS');
epsilon=8.854*10^(-12);
r=input('Enter radius in cm:');
rad=r*10^(-2);
h=input('Enter distance between conductors in m:');
D=input('Enter distance between two phases in m:');
r1=rad*0.7788;
Dm=((D*(D+h)*D*(D-h)*D*(D+h)*D*(D-h)*(2*D)*((2*D)+h)*((2*D)-
h)*(2*D))^(1/12));
Ds=((r1*r1*h*h*r1*r1*h*h*r1*r1*h*h)^(1/12));
L=2*10^(-7)*log(Dm/Ds);
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE BUNDLED CONDUCTORS
Enter radius in cm: 1.2
Enter distance between conductors in m: 4
Enter distance between two phases in m: 10
INDUCTANCE(in H/m):
8.2889e-007
 LOAD – FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF SINGLE AREA POWER
SYSTEMS
AIM:
To become familiar with modeling & analysis of the frequency and tie line flow
dynamics of a power systems of a power system with and without load frequency.
PROGRAM REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6
Theory:
Active power control is one of the important control actions to be performed to be
normal operation of the system to match the system generation with the continuously
changing system of load in order to maintain the constancy of system frequency to a fine
tolerance level. This is one of the foremost requirements in providing quality power
supply. A change in systems load causes a change in the speed of all rotating masses. Of
the systems leading to change in system on which frequency. The speed change from
synchronous speed initiates the governor control action result in all the participating
generator - turbine unit’s value requires secondary and load control.
PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new model by selecting File - New – Model.
3. Pick up the blocks from the simulink library browser and from a block diagram.
4. After forming the block diagram , save the block diagram
5. Double click the scope and view the result.
Exercise :
1. An isolated power station has the following parameters.
Turbine time constant τT = 0.5 sec
Governor time constant τg = 0.2 sec
Generator inertia constant H = 5 sec
Governor speed regulation = R per unit.
 The load varies by 0.8% percent for a 1 % change in frequency, i.e., D = 0.8.
a) Use both Routh – Hurvitz array to find the range of R for control system stability.
b) The governor speed regulation is set to R = 0.05 p.u. The turbine output is 250
MW at nominal frequency of 60 HZ. A sudden change of 50 MW (Pl = 0.2 p.u) Occurs.
1) Find the steady state frequency deviation in Hz
2) Use MATLAB to obtain the time domain performance specifications and the
frequency deviation step response.
LOAD FRQUENCY DYNAMICS OF TWO AREA POWER SYSTEMS
AIM:
To Become familiar with modeling & analysis of the frequency and tie line flow
dynamics of a power systems of a power system with and without load frequency of LFC.
PROGRAM REQUIRED : MATLAB 6.5
Theory :
Active power control is one of the important control actions to be performed to be
normal operation of the system to match the system generation with the continously
changing system of load in order to maintain the constancy of system frequency to a fine
tolerance level. This is one of the foremost requirements in providing quality power
supply. A change in systems load causes a change in the speed of all rotating masses. Of
the systems leading to change in system on which frequency. The speed change from
synchronous speed initiates the governor control action result
in all the participating generator - turbine units value requires secondary and load
control.
The function is referred to as load – Frequency control (LFC)

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new model by selecting File - New -Model.
3. Pick up the blocks from the simulink library browser and from a block diagram.
4. After forming the block diagram, save the block diagram
5. Double click the scope and view the result.

EXERCISE:
 1. A two area system connected by a tie line has the following on a 1000MVA
common base.
Area 1 2
Speed regulation R1 = 0.05 R2 = 0.0625
Frequency – sens load coeff D1 = 0.6 D2=0.9
Inertia constant H1=5 H2=4
Base power 1000MVA 1000MVA
Governor Time Constant G1=0.2 sec G1= 0.3sec
Turbine Time Constant T1=0.5 sec T2=0.6 sec

The units are operating in parallel at the nominal frequency of 60 Hz. The
synchronsing power coefficient is computed from the initial operating condition and
given to be Ps = 2pu. A load change of 187.5 MW occurs in area 1.
a) Determine the new steady state frequency and the change in the tie-line flow.
b) Construct the SIMULINK block diagram and obtain the frequency deviation response
the condition in part(a).
 ECONOMIC DISPATCH IN POWER SYSTEMS
AIM:
To understand the fundamentals of economic dispatch and solve the problem using
classical method with and without line losses.

PROGRAM REQUIRED:MATLAB 6.5

THEORY:
Mathematical Model for Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units without Transmission
loss:
Statement of Economic Dispatch Problem
In a power systems, with negligible transmission loss and with N number of spinning
thermal generating units the total system load PD at a particular interval can be met by
different sets of generation schedules
{PG1(k),PG2(k) ,…….PGN(k) }; k=1,2,…..NS
Out of these NS set of generation schedules, the system operator has to choose the set
of schedules , the system operator has to choose the set of schedules , which minimize the
system operating cost , which is essentially the sum of the production cost of all the
generating units. The economic dispatch problem is mathematically stated as an
optimization problem.
Given:
The number of available generating units N , their production cost functions , their
operating limits and the system load PD ,
To determine: The set of generation schedules ,
PGi ; i=1,2,…..N ----(1)
Which minimize the total production cost,
Min ; FT = (PGi) ----(2)
and satisfies the power balance constraint

Φ= – PD =0 ----(3)
and the operating limits
PGi,min ≤ PGi ≤ PGi,max ----(4)
The units production cost function is usually approximated by quadratic function
Fi(PGi) = aiPG2i + bi PGi +ci ; i=1,2,…..N ----(5)
Where ai, bi ,ci are constants
Necessary conditions for the existence of solution to ED problem
The ED problem given by the equations (1) to (4). By omitting the inequality
constraints (4) tentatively , the reduce ED problem (1) ,(2) and (3) may be restated as an
unconstrained optimization problem by augmenting the objective function (1) with
constraint Ø multiplied by laGrange multiplier , λ to obtained the LaGrange function, L
as

Min :L (PG1…..PGN, λ) = (PGi) – λ [ - PD ] ----(6)

the necessary conditions for the existence of solution to (6) are given by

= 0 =dFi(PGi)/dPGi – λ ; i=1,2,….N ----(7)

=0 = – PD ----(8)
The solution of ED problem can be obtained by solving simultaneously the
necessary conditions (7) & (8) which state that the economic generation schedules not
only satisfy the system power balance equation (8) but also demand that the incremental
cost rates of all units be equal to λ which can be interpreted as “incremental cost of
received power ” .
When the inequality constraints (4) are included in the ED problem the necessary
condition (7) gets modified as
dFi(PGi) / dPGi=λ for PGi,min ≤ PGi≤ PGi,max
≤ λ for PGi = PGi,max
≥λ for PGi = PGi,min
Economic Schedule
PGi= (λ-bi)/2ai ; i=1,2…..N ----(9)
Incremental fuel cost:
Lamda=(pd+(bi/2ai))/(1/2ai)

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M-file by selecting FileNewM-file
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools Run
5. View the results.
PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
disp('calculation of optimal dispatch');
a1=input('enter a1');
b1=input('enter b1');
c1=input('enter c1');
a2=input('enter a2');
b2=input('enter b2');
c2=input('enter c2');
a3=input('enter a3');
b3=input('enter b3');
c3=input('enter c3');
pd=input('enter pd');
disp('calculate lambda');
lambda=(pd+(b1/(2*a1))+(b2/(2*a2))+(b3/(2*a3)))/((1/(2*a1))+(1/(2*a2))+(1/(2*a3)));
disp('lambda=');
disp(lambda);
disp('calculate optimal dispatch of p1 p2 p3');
p1=(lambda-b1)/(2*a1);
p2=(lambda-b2)/(2*a2);
p3=(lambda-b3)/(2*a3);
disp(p1);
disp(p2);
disp(p3);
F1=p1*p1*a1+p1*b1+c1;
F2=p2*p2*a2+p2*b2+c2;
F3=p3*p3*a3+p3*b3+c3;
disp('calculate Ft');
Ft=F1+F2+F3;
disp('Ft='); disp(Ft);

OUTPUT:
enter a1 0.0045
enter b1 5.2
enter c1 580
enter a2 0.0056
enter b2 4.5
enter c2 640
enter a3 0.0079
enter b3 5.8
enter c3 820
enter pd 925
calculate lambda
lambda= 8.6149
calculate optimal dispatch of p1 p2 p3
379.4361
367.4040
178.1598
calculate Ft
Ft=
8.3543e+003
 TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS – MULTI
MACHINE INFINITE BUS SYSTEM
AIM
To become familiar with various aspects of the transient stability analysis of Multi
-Machine-Infinite Bus (SMIB) system

PROGRAM REQUIRED : MATLAB 7.6

THEORY
Stability : Stability problem is concerned with the behavior of power system when it is
subjected to disturbance and is classified into small signal stability problem if the
disturbances are small and transient stability problem when the disturbances are large.

Transient stability: When a power system is under steady state, the load plus
transmission loss equals to the generation in the system. The generating units run at
synchronous speed and system frequency, voltage, current and power flows are steady.
When a large disturbance such as three phase fault, of load, of etc., occurs the power is
upset and generating units rotors experience either acceleration or deceleration. The
system may come back to a steady state condition maintaining synchronism or it may
break into subsystems or one or more machines may pull out of synchronism. In the
former case the system is said to be stable and in the later case it is said to be unstable.

Small signal stability: When a power system is under steady state, normal operating
condition, the system may be subjected to small disturbances such as variation in load
and generation, change in field voltage, change in mechanical toque etc., the nature of
system response to small disturbance depends on the operating conditions, the
transmission system strength, types of controllers etc. Instability that may result from
small disturbance may be of two forms, Steady increase in rotor angle due to lack of
synchronizing torque.Rotor oscillations of increasing magnitude due to lack of sufficient
damping torque.

FORMULA
Reactive power Qe = sin(cos-1(p.f))
PROCEDURE
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run
5. View the results.

EXERCISE
1. Transient stability analysis of a 9-bus, 3-machine, 60 Hz power system with the
following system modelling requirements:
i. Classical model for all synchronous machines, models for excitation and speed
governing systems not included.
(a) Simulate a three-phase fault at the end of the line from bus 5 to bus 7 near bus 7 at
time = 0.0 sec. Assume that the fault is cleared successfully by opening the line 5-7 after
5 cycles ( 0.083 sec) . Observe the system for 2.0 seconds
(b) Obtain the following time domain plots:
- Relative angles of machines 2 and 3 with respect to machine 1
- Angular speed deviations of machines 1, 2 and 3 from synchronous speed
- Active power variation of machines 1, 2 and 3.
(c) Determine the critical clearing time by progressively increasing the fault
clearing time.
PROGRAM :

Pm = 0.8; E = 1.17; V = 1.0;

X1 = 0.65; X2 = inf; X3 = 0.65;
eacfault(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3)
For b)
Pm = 0.8; E = 1.17; V = 1.0;
X1 = 0.65; X2 = 1.8; X3 = 0.8;
eacfault (Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3)

RESULT
Transient stability analysis of Multi-Machine-Infinite Bus (SMIB) system was studied
and simulated using simulation software.
 SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS USING MATLAB PROGRAM

AIM:

To analysis and perform the short circuit of given network by using

MATLAB program.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Get the impedance value, number of buses and transient reactance of bus.

Step 2: Get the impedance of respedtive buses and calculate the Ybus matrix.

Step 3: Compute the diagonal and off-diagonal

Adm(i)=1/(imp(i))
Ybus(k1,k1)=Ybus(k1,k1)+adm(i)
Ybus(k2,k2)=Ybus(k2,k2)+adm(i)
Ybus(k1,k2)=-adm(i)
Ybus(k2,k1)=Ybus(k1,k2)

Step 4: Form Zbus matrix by using Ybus matrix since Zbus=1/Ybus .

Step 5: Calculate the post fault bus voltage by using formula.

Vf(i)=Vo(i)-(Z(1,r)+Vo(r))/[Z(r,r)+Zf]

Step 6: Calculate the fault current.

Step 7: Short circuit current by using formula

Iss(m,m)=(Vf(m)-Vf(n))/(imp(i))
Iss(n,n)=Iss(m,n)

Step 8: Finally short circuit current matrix can be obtained.

FLOWCHART:

Start

Read All the bus

voltage,Transformer and
generator’s data.

Determine the pre fault voltage of

All busses and current in all lines
Through a load flow study
Vbus=V1,V2,……….Vn

Assume rth bus is failed through

fault impedance Zf

Draw network of the system with enerators

replaced by transient(or)subtransient
reactance with the emf shorted

Excite the passive network

Under fault bcondition voltages at rth bus

Vrf=Vr0+∆Vr0=Vr0-Zrr.If

Print all the

results

Stop
PROGRAM:
%SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
%formation of Y bus
s=input('enter the no of impedance values:');
b=input('enter the no of buses:');
for i=1:b
trans(i)=input('transient reactance of bus:');
if trans(i)==0;
tr(i)=0;
else
tr(i)=1/trans(i);
end
end
for i=1:s
sb(i)=input('starting the number:');
rb(i)=input('receiving bus number:');
imp(i)=input('impedance of bus:');
end
Ybus=diag(0,(b-1));
for i=1:s
k1=sb(i);
k2=rb(i);
adm(i)=1/imp(i);
Ybus(k1,k1)=Ybus(k1,k1)+adm(i);
Ybus(k2,k2)=Ybus(k2,k2)+adm(i);
Ybus(k1,k2)=adm(i);
Ybus(k2,k1)=Ybus(k1,k2);
end
for i=1:b
Ybus(i,i)=Ybus(i,i)+tr(i);
end
Ybus
%computation of Z bus
Zbus=inv(Ybus);
Zbus
%computation of post fault bus voltage
Z=Zbus;
Zf=input('enter fault impedance of bus:');
for i=1:b
vo(i)=1;
end
r=input('enter bus fault number:');
disp('post bus fault voltage');
for i=1:b
vf(i)=vo(i)-(Z(i,r)*vo(r))/(Z(r,r)+Zf);
end
vf
%calculation of fault current
disp('fault current:');
If=vo(r)/(Z(r,r)+Zf);
If
%calculation of short circuit current
for i=1:s
m=sb(i);
n=rb(i);
Iss(m,n)=((vf(m)-(vf(n))))/(imp(i));
Iss(n,m)=Iss(m,n);
end
disp('short circuit line current');
Iss

OUTPUT:
enter the no of impedance values:5
enter the no of buses:4
transient reactance of bus:.15j
transient reactance of bus:.15j
transient reactance of bus:0
transient reactance of bus:0
starting the number:1
receiving bus number:2
impedance of bus:.2j
starting the number:1
receiving bus number:3
impedance of bus:.15j
starting the number:1
receiving bus number:4
impedance of bus:.1j
starting the number:2
receiving bus number:3
impedance of bus:.15j
starting the number:2
receiving bus number:4
impedance of bus:.15j
Ybus =

Columns 1 through 3

0 -28.3333i 0 - 5.0000i 0 - 6.6667i

0 - 5.0000i 0 -25.0000i 0 - 6.6667i
0 - 6.6667i 0 - 6.6667i 0 -13.3333i
0 -10.0000i 0 - 6.6667i 0

Column 4

0 -10.0000i
0 - 6.6667i
0
0 -16.6667i

Zbus =

Columns 1 through 3

0 + 0.0534i 0 + 0.0066i 0 - 0.0300i

0 + 0.0066i 0 + 0.0534i 0 - 0.0300i
0 - 0.0300i 0 - 0.0300i 0 + 0.1050i
0 - 0.0347i 0 - 0.0253i 0 + 0.0300i

Column 4

0 - 0.0347i
0 - 0.0253i
0 + 0.0300i
0 + 0.0909i

Senter fault impedance of bus:0

enter bus fault number:4
post bus fault voltage

vf =

1.3814 1.2784 0.6701 0

fault current:

If =

0 -10.9966i

short circuit line current

Iss =

Columns 1 through 3

0 0 - 0.5155i 0 - 4.7423i
0 - 0.5155i 0 0 - 4.0550i
0 - 4.7423i 0 - 4.0550i 0
0 -13.8144i 0 - 8.5223i 0

Column 4

0 -13.8144i
0 - 8.5223i
0
0

RESULT:

Thus the short circuit has been analyzed by using MATLAB and short circuit
current was obtained.