Manual DL - 3155m07 Go Ing - Ver 2008

Always leading the pack
AC CIRCUITS
DL 3155M07
PRACTICAL GUIDE
TIME Laboratory
Blank page
DL-3155M07 : Alternating Quantities
This training software covers the Electrical Networks, and contains:
PRACTICAL GUIDE
includes the following units:
Alternating quantities
Resistive circuit
Capacitive circuit
R-C circuit (series and parallel)
Inductive circuit
R-L circuit (series and parallel)
Series resonant circuit
Parallel resonant circuit
Low-pass Filter (R-C) High-pass filter (C-R)
Low-pass Filter (L-R) High-pass filter (R-L)
Pass-band filter
Blank page
Unit N.1: Alternating Quantities
Purposes: Measure the period and the frequency of a sinusoidal wave
Measure the effective value of the voltage
Requisites: Lesson 1 of the Module 07 (Theoretical Guide)
Instruments: Oscilloscope
Signal generator
Multimeter-Frequency meter
Blank page
Alternating Quantities
Electrical Diagrams
Fig. 1.1
Components List
R0 = 51Ω - 1/4W - 1%
C1 = 0.1μ F - Ceramic
C2 = 0.1μ F - Ceramic
C0 = 10nF - Ceramic
N1 = L272M
Calculation data
Period T (in ms) = T (in DIV) x time base
Frequency
Effective voltage Ueff = 0.707 Up

Topographical diagram
Fig. 1.2
Obtained Results
Quantity Calculated value Measured value Measurement unit

T div
T ms
f Hz
Ueff V
EXPERIMENTATION
Insert the Module in the console and set the main switch to ON;
connect the circuit, the signal generator and the oscilloscope as shown in Fig.1.2;
adjust the oscilloscope in the following way:
CH1 = 0.5 VOLT/DIV
TIME/DIV = 0.2ms,
coupling = AC;
without supplying the signal generator, take, at the half of the oscilloscope display, the line of channel
1;
supply the signal generator and adjust the output to a sinusoidal voltage of 2V peak to peak - 1KHz;
observe, on the oscilloscope display, the output signal (jack 2) and represent it on a paper, as in
Fig.1.3;
read the period of the wave in division and write the value in the Table;
determine the value of the period in ms and write the result in the Table;
calculate the frequency value and write the result in the Table;
connect a multimeter set as frequency meter, between jack 2 and GND, read the frequency and write
the value in the Table;
calculate the effective value of the voltage and to write it in the Table;
connect the multimeter, set as AC voltmeter, between jack 2 and GND;
measure the effective voltage and write it in the Table;
comment the results;
QUESTIONS
A quantity is called alternating, periodic and bi-directional quantity when it has medium value:
Equal to 0
Different from 0
The frequency of a periodic quantity indicates:
How many times its maximum is present in the unit of time
How many times it assumes null value in the unit of time
The number of complete cycles that the quantity performs in the unit of time
Remove all the connections.

Blank page
Unit N.2: Resistive Circuit
Purposes: Determine the peak value and the effective value of the current
Determine the phase angle between current and voltage
Requisites: Lessons 1, 2 and 3 of the Module 07 (Theoretical Guide)
Unit 1 of the Module 07 (Practical Guide)
Signal generator
Cable set
Blank page
Resistive Circuit
Electrical Diagrams
Fig. 2.1
Components List
R1 = 1kΩ - 1/4W - 5%
R2 = 10Ω - 1/4W - 5%
Calculation data
Peak current
where: UR2(p) = UR2(pp) / 2
Effective
current
Current
[mA/DIV]
sensibility
Obtained Results
f Ui(pp) UR2(pp) I(p) I(eff) Sens(I)

[Hz] [V] [mV] [mA] [mA] [mA/div]
500
600
800
1000
1200
EXPERIMENTATION
CH1 = 2 m VOLT/DIV
CH2 = 50 mVOLT/DIV,
TIME/DIV = 0.2ms,
coupling = AC;
without supplying the signal generator, superpose, at the half of the oscilloscope display, the line of
channel 1 and the one of channel 2;
supply the signal generator and adjust the output to a sinusoidal voltage of 8V peak to peak - 500Hz;
observe, on the oscilloscope display, the signal at the edges of R2 (jack 3-GND): this signal is in phase
with the input signal;
report in a paper, as in Fig.2.3, the signals displayed on the oscilloscope, by representing the input
signal with a continuous line and the signal at the edges of R2 with a dotted line;
measure the peak-to-peak input voltage and write the value in the Table;
measure the peak-to-peak voltage at the edges of R2 and write the value in the Table;
calculate the peak current and write the value in the Table;
calculate the effective value of the current and write the result in the Table;
determine the sensibility of the current in mA/DIV and write the result in the Table;
repeat the previous operations for all the values of the frequency written in the Table and write the
values in the same Table;
QUESTIONS
Is the Ohm’s law valid for a purely resistive circuit ?
Yes
No
The voltage and the current are out of phase of an angle equal to:
0 degrees
90 degrees
180 degrees
TROUBLESHOOTING
Push the INSERT button to insert the fault in the circuit.

Repeat the operations in the EXPERIMENTATION section to find the fault inserted in the circuit.
Which is the fault ?
R2 short-circuited
R1 short-circuited
R1 interrupted

Unit N.3: Capacitive Circuit
Purposes: Determine the value of the capacitive reactance as a function of the

frequency
Determine the capacitive reactance and the equivalent capacitance of

the series and parallel capacitors
Requisites: Lessons 1, 2 and 3 of the Module 07 (Theoretical Guide)
Unit 1 of the Module 07 (Practical Guide)
Signal generator
Cable set
Blank page
Capacitive Circuit
Electrical Diagrams
Fig. 3.1.a Fig. 3.1.b Fig. 3.1.c
Components List
R1 = 10kΩ - 1/4W - 5%
C1 = 1μ F - Metallized film
C2 = 0.1 μ F - Metallized film
Calculation data
Capacitive reactance
where:
Number of degrees per divisions 360/T [DIV] [degrees/DIV]
Series capacitive reactance
Series capacitance
Parallel capacitive reactance
Parallel capacitance Ct(par) = C1 + C2

Obtained Results
f Ui(p) UR1(p) I(p) T

[Hz] [V] [mV] [mA] div ms
500
1000
4000
10000
Tab. 3.1
N° N°
f
degrees per horizontal ϕ XC1
[Hz]
division divisions degrees [Ω]
500
1000
4000
10000
f Ui(p) UR1(p) I(p)
[Hz] [V] [mV] [mA]
series
capacitors
parallel
capacitors
Tab. 3.2
f XC(ser) Ct(ser) XC(par) Ct(par)
[Hz] [Ω] [μF] [Ω] [μF]
series
capacitors
parallel
capacitors
EXPERIMENTATION
connect the circuit, the signal generator and the oscilloscope as shown in Fig.3.2.a;
CH1 = 1 VOLT/DIV
CH2 = 50 mVOLT/DIV,
TIME/DIV = 0.2ms,
coupling = AC;
observe, on the oscilloscope display, the signal at the edges of R1 (jack 6-GND): this signal is lead as
regards the input signal;
signal with a continuous line and the signal on R1 with a dotted line;
measure the peak input voltage and write the value in Tab.3.1;
measure the peak voltage at the edges of R1 and write the value in Tab.3.1;
calculate the peak current and write the value in Tab.3.1;
measure the period of the alternating voltage in divisions, in ms and write the values in Tab.3.1;
calculate the number of degrees per division and write the value in Tab.3.1;
set the input wave to the centre of the screen;
read the number of vertical divisions from the centre of the screen between the voltage and the current
and note it in Tab.3.1;
determine the phase angle as the product between the number of vertical divisions, between the
voltage and the current, and the number of degrees per division and write the value in Tab.3.1;
calculate the capacitive reactance Xc1 and write the value in Tab.3.1;
repeat the previous operations for all the values of the frequency written in Tab.3.2. and write the
values in the same table;
SERIES CAPACITORS
connect the circuit, the signal generator and the oscilloscope as shown in Fig.3.2.b;
CH1 = 1 VOLT/DIV
CH2 = 20 mVOLT/DIV,
TIME/DIV = 0.2ms,
coupling = AC;
adjust the signal generator to a sinusoidal voltage of 6V peak to peak - 1KHz;
calculate the total series capacitive reactance and write the value in Tab.3.2;
calculate the total series capacitance and write the value in Tab.3.2;
PARALLEL CAPACITORS
connect the circuit, the signal generator and the oscilloscope as shown in Fig.3.2.c;
CH1 = 1 VOLT/DIV
CH2 = 0.1 VOLT/DIV,
TIME/DIV = 0.2ms,
coupling = AC;
calculate the total parallel capacitive reactance and write the value in Tab.3.2;
calculate the total parallel capacitance and write the value in Tab.3.2;
QUESTIONS
In the starting instant of the voltage applied to the capacitor the current assumes the value:
Minimum
Medium
Maximum
When the frequency increases the capacitive reactance:
Increases
Decreases
Remains unchanged
The series reactance is given by:
Xcs = Xc1 + Xc2 +.........
Xcs = 1/Xc1 + 1/Xc2 +.......

TROUBLESHOOTING
Insert the fault in the circuit following the instructions on the manual.
Repeat the operations with the red arrow in the EXPERIMENTATION section to find the fault inserted
in the circuit.
R1 short-circuited
C2 short-circuited
C1 faulty
C1 short-circuited

Unit N.4: R-C circuit (series and parallel)
Purposes: Determine the voltage of an R-C network
Determine the phase angle
Determine the impedance
Requisites: Lessons 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the Module 07 (Theoretical Guide)
Units 1, 2 and 3 of the Module 07 (Practical Guide)
Signal generator
Cable set
Blank page
R-C Circuit (series and parallel)
Electrical Diagrams
Fig. 4.1.b
Fig. 4.1.a
Components List
R1 = 1kΩ - 1/4W - 5%
R2 = 1kΩ - 1/4W - 5%
R3 = 10Ω - 1/4W - 5%
Calculation data
SERIES R-C CIRCUIT
Input voltage Ui(p)2 = UR1(p)2 + UC1(p)2
Voltage at the edges of R1 UR1(p)2 = Ui(p)2 + UC1(p)2
Phase angle ϕ = arctang( )
Impedance Z = Ui(p) / I(p) = square root (R12 + XC12)

PARALLEL R-C CIRCUIT
Impedance Z(par) = Ui(p) / I(p)

Conductance G = 1 / R2
Susceptance B = 1 / XC2
Admittance Y = 1 / Z(par) = square root (B2 / G2)
Obtained Results
Fig. 4.3 Fig. 4.4
Ui(p) UR3(p) I(p) N°
T
Circuit degrees per
[V] [mV] [mA] [div]
division
R-C
series
R-C
parallel
N° ϕ U U ϕ
horizontal measured C1(p) R1(p) calculated
divisions [degrees] [V] [V]
[degrees]
R-C
series
R-C
parallel
Z G B Y
[Ω] [s] [s] [s]
R-C
series
R-C
parallel
EXPERIMENTATION
SERIES R-C CIRCUIT

set the switch S1 to OFF;
CH1 = 1 VOLT/DIV
CH2 = 20 mVOLT/DIV,
TIME/DIV = 0.2ms,
coupling = AC;
measure the peak input voltage and write the value in the Table;
measure the peak voltage at the edges of R3 and write the value in the Table;
measure the period of the alternating voltage in divisions and write the values in the Table;
calculate the number of degrees per division and write the value in the Table;
set the wave at the edges of R3 to the center of the screen;
read the number of horizontal divisions from the center of the screen between the voltage and the
current and note it in the Table;
determine the phase angle as the product between the number of horizontal divisions, between the
voltage and the current, and the number of degrees per division and write the value in the Table;
move the CH2 probe from jack 4 to jack 3;
adjust the CH2 amplitude to 0.5 VOLT/DIV;
observe on the oscilloscope display, the signal at the edges of C1 and represent it in a paper, as in
Fig.4.3, with a continuous line;
measure the peak voltage at the edges if C1 and write the value in the Table;
calculate the peak voltage at the edges of R1 and write the value in the Table;
calculate the phase angle and write the value in the Table;
calculate the impedance and write the value in the Table;
PARALLEL R-C CIRCUIT

set the switch S1 to ON;
CH1 = 1 VOLT/DIV
CH2 = 50 mVOLT/DIV,
TIME/DIV = 0.2ms,
coupling = AC;
set the wave representing the current to the center of the screen;
determine the phase angle as the number of horizontal divisions, between the voltage and the current,
for number of degrees per division and write the value in the Table;
calculate the impedance, the conductance, the susceptance and the admittance and write the values in
the Table;
QUESTIONS
If the frequency of the voltage applied to an RC circuit increases, what happens to the impedance?
Increases
Decreases
Remain unchanged
The impedance is measured in :
Volt
Volt*Ampere
Ohm
The conductance represents the inverse of the:
Impedance
Resistance
Admittance
TROUBLESHOOTING
in the circuit.
R1 interrupted
C1 interrupted
C3 short-circuited
R2 short-circuited

Blank page
Unit N.5: Inductive Circuit
Purposes: Determine the value of the inductive reactance as a function of the

frequency
Determine the phase angle between current and voltage
Determine the inductive reactance and the series and parallel
equivalent inductance
Unit 1 and 2 of the Module 07 (Practical Guide)
Signal generator
Cable set
Blank page
Inductive Circuit
Electrical Diagrams
Fig. 5.1.a Fig. 5.1.b Fig. 5.1.c
Components List
R1 = 10kΩ - 1/4W - 5%
L1 = 10 mH
L2 = 4.7 mH
Calculation data
Inductive reactance
where:
Series inductive reactance
Series inductance Lt(ser) = L1 + L2
Parallel inductive reactance
Parallel inductance Lt(par) =

Obtained Results
f Ui(p) UR1(p) I(p) T

[KHz] [V] [mV] [mA] div ms
20
18
16
14
N° N°
f
degrees per horizontal ϕ XL1
[KHz]
division divisions degrees [Ω]
20
18
16
14
Tab. 5.1
f Ui(p) UR1(p) I(p)
[KHz] [V] [mV] [mA]
series
20
inductors
parallel
20
inductors
f XL(ser) Lt(ser) XL(par) Lt(par)
[KHz] [Ω] [mΗ] [Ω] [mΗ]
series
20
inductors
parallel
20
inductors
Tab. 5.2
EXPERIMENTATION
CH1 = 1 VOLT/DIV
CH2 = 20 mVOLT/DIV,
TIME/DIV = 10 μ s,
coupling = AC;
observe, on the oscilloscope display, the signal at the edges of R1 (jack 6-GND): this signal is lag as
measure the period of the alternating voltage in divisions, in ms and write the values in Tab.5.1;
set the input wave to the center of the screen;
current and note it in Tab.5.1;
voltage and the current, and the number of degrees per division and write the value in Tab.5.1;
calculate the inductive reactance XL1 and to write the value in Tab.5.1;
repeat the previous operations for all the values of the frequency written in Tab.5.1 and write the
values in the same table;
SERIES INDUCTANCES
CH1 = 1 VOLT/DIV
CH2 = 20 mVOLT/DIV,
TIME/DIV = 10 μ s,
coupling = AC;
calculate the total series inductive reactance and write the value in Tab.5.2;
calculate the total series inductance and write the value in Tab.5.2;
PARALLEL INDUCTANCES
connect the circuit, the signal generator and the oscilloscope as shown in Fig.5.2.c;
CH1 = 0.5 VOLT/DIV
CH2 = 20 mVOLT/DIV,
TIME/DIV = 10 μ s,
coupling = AC;
calculate the total parallel inductive reactance and write the value in Tab.5.2;
calculate the total parallel inductance and write the value in Tab.5.2;
QUESTIONS
The inductive reactance can be calculated with the formula:
XL = 1/(2·3,14·fL)
XL = 1/(2·3,14·fL)
XL = 2·3,14·fL
Which is the lower inductance?
0.33mH
33μH
0.0000033H
Two inductors of 1mH and 3.3mH are parallel connected; the total inductance is:
Higher than 1mH
Lower than 1mH
Equal to 1mH
TROUBLESHOOTING
in the circuit.
L1 faulty
L1 interrupted
L2 short-circuited
R1 interrupted

Unit N.6: R-L Circuit (series and parallel)
Purposes: Determine the voltage of an R-L network
Determine the phase angle
Determine the impedance
Units 1, 2 and 5 of the Module 07 (Practical Guide)
Signal generator
Cable set
Blank page
R-L Circuit (series and parallel)
Electrical Diagrams
Fig. 6.1.b
Fig. 6.1.a
Components List
R1 = 470Ω - 1/4W - 5%
R2 = 470Ω - 1/4W - 5%
R3 = 10Ω - 1/4W - 5%
L1 = 10mH
L2 = 10mH
Calculation data
SERIES R-L CIRCUIT
Input voltage Ui(p)2 = UR1(p)2 + UL1(p)2
Voltage at the edges of R1 UR1(p)2 = Ui(p)2 + UL1(p)2
Impedance Z = Ui(p) / I(p) = square root (R12 + XL12)

PARALLEL R-L CIRCUIT
Impedance Z(par) = Ui(p) / I(p)

Conductance G = 1 / R2
Susceptance B = 1 / XL2
Admittance Y = 1 / Z(par) = square root (B2 + G2)
Obtained Results
Fig. 6.3 Fig. 6.4
Ui(p) UR3(p) I(p) N°
T
Circuit degrees per
[V] [mV] [mA] [div]
division
R-L
series
R-L
parallel
N° ϕ U U ϕ
horizontal measured L1(p) R1(p) calculated
divisions [degrees] [V] [V]
[degrees]
R-L
series
R-L
parallel
Z G B Y
[Ω] [s] [s] [s]
R-L
series
R-L
parallel
EXPERIMENTATION
SERIES R-L CIRCUIT

set the switch S1 to OFF;
CH1 = 1 VOLT/DIV
CH2 = 20 mVOLT/DIV,
TIME/DIV = 20 μ s,
coupling = AC;
determine the phase angle as the product between the number of horizontal divisions between the
voltage and the current and the number of degrees per division and write the value in the Table;
move the CH2 probe from jack 4 to jack 3;
adjust the CH2 amplitude to 0.5 VOLT/DIV;
observe on the oscilloscope display, the signal at the edges of L1 and represent it in a paper, as in
Fig.6.3, with a continuous line;
measure the peak voltage at the edges if L1 and write the value in the Table;
calculate the peak voltage at the edges of R1 and write the value in the Table;
calculate the impedance and write the value in the Table;
PARALLEL R-L CIRCUIT

CH1 = 1 VOLT/DIV,
CH2 = 0.1 mVOLT/DIV,
TIME/DIV = 0.1ms,
coupling = AC;
supplying the signal generator, superpose, at the half of the oscilloscope display, the line of channel 1
and the one of channel 2;
voltage and the current, and the number of degrees per division and write the value in the Table;
calculate the impedance, the conductance, the susceptance and the admittance and write the value in
the Table;
QUESTIONS
The phase relationships of a series RL circuit between current and voltage of R and L are:
R: I in phase with U
L: I in advance against U
R: I in phase with U
L: I late against U
In a series circuit with R = 100 Ohm and XL = 50 Ohm the impedance is about:
150 Ohm
112 Ohm
212 Ohm
In a parallel circuit with R = 100 Ohm and XL = 50 Ohm the phase angle is about:
63 degrees
73 degrees
90 degrees
TROUBLESHOOTING
in the circuit.
L1 interrupted
L2 interrupted
R2 short-circuited
R2 interrupted

Blank page
Unit N.7: Series Resonant Circuit
Purposes: Determine the series resonance frequency

Determine the factor Q and the band width
Determine the current and the impedance as a function of the
frequency
Requisites: Lessons N.1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the Module 07 (Theoretical Guide)
Units N.1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the Module 07 (Practical Guide)
Signal generator
Cable set
Blank page
Series Resonant Circuit
Electrical Diagrams
Fig. 7.1.a Fig. 7.1.b
Components List
R1 = 100Ω - 1/4W - 5%
R2 = 470Ω - 1/4W - 5%
L1 = 10mH
C2 = 0.01 μ F
Calculation data
Resonance frequency
Voltage at the edges of L1 and C1 at the resonance UL1(p) = I(p) · XL1 UC1(p) = I(p) · XC1
frequency
where: I(p) = UR(p) / R
Factor Q
where: XL1 and XC1 are the reactances at the resonance frequency
Band width B
Z = square root R2 + (XL1 - XC1)2 if XL1 >

XC1
Impedance
Z = square root R2 + (XC1 - XL1)2 if XL1 <
XC1
where: XL1 = 2 π fr . L1, XC1 =

Obtained Results
S1 on "OFF" S1 on "ON"
f UR2(p) I(p) Z UR1(p) I(p) Z

[KHz] [V] [mA] [Ω] [V] [mA] [Ω]
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Tab. 7.1
fr fr
UC1(p) UL1(p) B
measured calculated Q
[V] [V] [Hz]
[Hz] [Hz]
S1 on
"OFF"
S1 on "ON"
Tab. 7.2
EXPERIMENTATION
set the switch S1 to OFF
connect the circuit, the signal generator and the oscilloscope as shown in Fig.7.2
CH1 = 0.2 VOLT/DIV,
CH2 = 0.1 VOLT/DIV,
TIME/DIV = 20 μ s,
coupling = AC;
supply the signal generator and adjust the output to a sinusoidal voltage of 1.2V peak to peak - 6KHz;
observe, on the oscilloscope display, the signal at the edges of R2 (jack 4-GND);
adjust the frequency to 8KHz;
adjust the frequency for all the values reported in Tab.7.1 and measure, each time, the voltage at the
edges of R2 by writing the values in Tab.7.1;
NOTE: adjust, each time, the time base and the amplitude of channel 2;
calculate, for all the values of the frequency written in Tab.7.2, the values of the peak current and
write them in Tab.7.1;
calculate the impedance for all the values of the frequency written in Tab.7.1 and write the results in
the table itself;
draw in a paper, as in Fig.7.3, the current curve as a function of the frequency;
draw in a paper, as in Fig.7.4, the impedance curve as a function of the frequency;
observe Tab.7.1 and adjust the frequency in such a way that the voltage at the edges of R2 is
maximum (resonance frequency);
write the value of the resonance frequency in Tab.7.2;
calculate the resonance frequency and write the value in Tab.7.2;
compare the measured value of the resonance frequency with the calculated one and comment the
results;
calculate the voltage at the edges of C1 and L1 at the resonance frequency and write the values in
Tab.7.2;
determine the factor Q and the passband B at the resonance frequency and write the values in Tab.7.2;
repeat all the previous operations, by using a peak-to-peak voltage of 0.8V and write the values in
Tab.7.1 and Tab.7.2;
QUESTIONS
In an RLC circuit, if C increases what happens to the resonance frequency?
It decreases
It increases
It remains unchanged
The Bandwidth is equal to:
B = Q/fr
B = fr/Q
Q = fr/B
TROUBLESHOOTING
in the circuit.
L1 interrupted
R1 faulty (in loss)
C1 short-circuited

Unit N.8: Parallel Resonant Circuit
Purposes: Determine the parallel resonance frequency

Determine the factor Q and the band width
Determine the current and the impedance as a function of the
frequency
Requisites: Lessons N.1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the Module 07 (Theoretical Guide)
Units N.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the Module 07 (Practical Guide)
Signal generator
Cable set
Blank page
Parallel Resonant Circuit
Electrical Diagrams
Fig. 8.1
Components List
R1 = 2.2KΩ - 1/4W - 5%
R2 = 10Ω - 1/4W - 5%
L1 = 10mH
C2 = 0.01 μ F
Calculation data
Resonance frequency
Factor Q
where: XL1 and XC1 are the reactances at the resonance frequency
Band width B
Inductive susceptance BL1 = 1 / XL1

Capacitive susceptance BC1 = 1 / XC1
Impedance Z = 1/Y = Ui(p) / I(p)
Obtained Results
Tab. 8.1
f UR2(p) I(p) Z
[KHz] [V] [mA] [Ω]
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Tab. 8.2
fr fr
BL1 BC1 B
measured calculated Q
[s] [s] [Hz]
[Hz] [Hz]
EXPERIMENTATION
CH1 = 0.2 VOLT/DIV,
CH2 = 10 mVOLT/DIV,
TIME/DIV = 20 μ s,
coupling = AC;
supply the signal generator and adjust the output to a sinusoidal voltage of 1.2V peak to peak - 6KHz;
observe, on the oscilloscope display, the signal at the edges of R2 (jack 3-GND);
adjust the frequency for all the values reported in Tab.8.1 and measure, each time, the current by
writing the values in the same table;
NOTE: adjust, each time, the time base and the amplitude of channel 2;
calculate the impedance for all the values of the frequency written in Tab.8.1, and write in the table
itself;
draw in a paper, as in Fig.8.3, the current curve as a function of the frequency;
draw in a paper, as in Fig.8.4, the impedance curve as a function of the frequency;
observe Tab.8.1 and adjust the frequency (resonance frequency) in such a way that the voltage at the
edges of R2 is minimum;
write the value of the resonance frequency in Tab.8.2;
compare the measured value of the resonance frequency with the calculated one and comment the
results;
calculate the inductive and capacitive susceptance at the resonance frequency and write the values in
Tab.8.2;
determine the factor Q and the passband B at the resonance frequency and write the values in Tab.8.2;
QUESTIONS
In an RLC circuit, if R decreases, the bandwidth:
Decreases
Increases
Remains unchanged
In resonance the current in the coil and in the capacitor of a parallel resonant circuit are:
Out of phase of 180 degrees
In phase
Null
TROUBLESHOOTING
A component has been added to C1
Interrupted circuit
L2 short-circuited
C1 short-circuited.

Unit N.9: Low-pass filter (R-C), High-pass filter (C-R)
Purposes: Determine the cutoff frequency and the attenuation in dB of a low-

pass and high-pass filter
Requisites: Lessons N. 5 of the Module 07 (Theoretical Guide)
Units N. 7 and 8 of the Module 07 (Practical Guide)
Signal generator
Cable set
Blank page
Low-pass filter (R-C), High-pass filter (C-R)
Electrical Diagrams
Fig. 9.1.a Fig. 9.1.b
Components List
R1 = 470Ω - 1/4W - 5%
R2 = 470Ω - 1/4W - 5%
C1 = 0.1 μ F
C2 = 0.1 μ F
Calculation data
Cutoff frequency
Attenuation: attenuation =
attenuation [dB] =
Obtained Results
Tab. 9.1
U0(p) T N° N°
f
degrees horizontal ϕ Attenuation
[KHz] [V] [div] [dB]
per division divisions [degrees]
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
8
10
15
20
Fig. 9.3
Tab. 9.2
ft ft
ϕ
measured calculated
[degrees]
[KHz] [KHz]
Tab. 9.3
U0(p) T N° N°
f
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
8
10
15
20
Fig. 9.4
Tab. 9.4
ft ft
ϕ
measured calculated
[degrees]
[KHz] [KHz]
EXPERIMENTATION
LOW-PASS FILTER (R-C)

CH1 = 0.2 VOLT/DIV,
CH2 = 0.5 VOLT/DIV,
TIME/DIV = 0.2 ms,
coupling = AC;
supply the signal generator and adjust the output to a sinusoidal voltage of 1.2V peak to peak - 500Hz;
observe, on the oscilloscope display, the signal at the edges of C1 (output voltage Uo);
measure the output peak voltage Uo at the edges of C1 and write the value in Tab.9.1;
measure the period of the alternating voltage in divisions and write the values in Tab.9.1;
set the input wave at the center of the screen;
read the number of horizontal divisions from the center of the screen between the input voltage and
the output voltage and write the value in Tab.9.1;
determine the phase angle as the ratio between the number of horizontal divisions, between the input
voltage and the output voltage and the number of degrees per division and write the value in Tab.9.1;
repeat all the previous operations for all the values of the frequency written in Tab.9.1 and write the
results in the same table;
adjust the frequency (cutoff frequency) to which the Uo(p) = 0.707Ui(p);
write the value of the cutoff frequency in Tab.9.2;
calculate the cutoff frequency and write the value in Tab.9.2;
measure the phase angle and write the value in Tab.9.2;
compare and comment the results;
calculate the attenuation in decibel and write the value in Tab.9.1;
draw in a paper, as in Fig.9.3, the attenuation curve in dB as a function of the frequency;
HIGH-PASS FILTER (C-R)

CH1 = 0.2 VOLT/DIV,
CH2 = 0.1 VOLT/DIV,
TIME/DIV = 0.5 ms,
coupling = AC;
observe, on the oscilloscope display, the signal at the edges of R2 (output voltage Uo);
measure the output peak voltage Uo at the edges of R2 and write the value in Tab.9.3;
set the input wave at the center of the screen;
read the number of horizontal divisions from the center of the screen between the input voltage and
determine the phase angle as the ratio between the number of horizontal divisions, between the voltage
Ui and Uo and the number of degrees per division and write the value in Tab.9.3;
adjust the frequency (cut frequency) to which the Uo(p) = 0.707Ui(p);
write the value of the cut frequency in Tab.9.4;
QUESTIONS
An RC circuit composed of R = 10 kOhm and C = 100nF has a cutoff frequency of:
259 Hz
159 Hz
100 Hz
At the cutoff frequency the voltage at the ends of R is, against the one of C:
Higher
Lower
Equal
TROUBLESHOOTING
in the circuit.
R1 interrupted
Interrupted circuit
C1 short-circuited
C1 faulty

Unit N.10: Low-pass Filter (L-R), High-pass Filter (R-L)
Purposes: Determine the cutoff frequency and the attenuation in dB of a low-

pass and high-pass filter
Signal generator
Cable set
Blank page
Low-pass filter (L-R), High-pass filter (R-L)
Electrical Diagrams
Fig. 10.1.a Fig. 10.1.b
Components List
R1 = 470Ω - 1/4W - 5%
R2 = 470Ω - 1/4W - 5%
L1 = 10 mH
L2 = 10 mH
Calculation data
Cutoff frequency
Attenuation: attenuation =
attenuation [dB] =
Obtained Results
Tab. 10.1
U0(p) T N° N°
f
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
8
10
15
20
Fig. 10.3
Tab. 10.2
ft ft
ϕ
measured calculated
[degrees]
[KHz] [KHz]
Tab. 10.3
U0(p) T N° N°
f
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
5
6
8
10
15
20
Fig. 10.4
Tab. 10.4
ft ft
ϕ
measured calculated
[degrees]
[KHz] [KHz]
EXPERIMENTATION
LOW-PASS FILTER (L-R)

CH1 = 0.2 VOLT/DIV,
CH2 = 0.5 VOLT/DIV,
TIME/DIV = 0.2 ms,
coupling = AC;
observe, on the oscilloscope display, the signal at the edges of R1 (output voltage Uo);
set the input wave at the centre of the screen;
read the number of horizontal divisions from the centre of the screen between the input voltage and
determine the phase angle as the ratio between the number of horizontal divisions between the input
voltage and the output voltage and the number of degrees per division and write the value in Tab.10.1;
HIGH-PASS FILTER (R-L)
CH1 = 0.2 VOLT/DIV,
CH2 = 0.1 VOLT/DIV,
TIME/DIV = 0.5 ms,
coupling = AC;
observe, on the oscilloscope display, the signal at the edges of L2 (output voltage Uo);
measure the output peak voltage Uo at the edges of L2 and write the value in Tab.10.3;
set the input wave at the centre of the screen;
read the number of horizontal divisions from the centre of the screen between the input voltage and
determine the phase angle as the ratio between the number of horizontal divisions between the voltage
and the current and the number of degrees per division and write the value in Tab.10.3;
QUESTIONS
The cutoff frequency of an RL low-pass filter is:
1/(2·π·√(LC))
1/(2·π·√(LR))
R/(2·π·L)
An RL high-pass filter has a resistance of 100 Ohm and the ratio L/R = 0.5ms. Which is the cutoff
frequency?
318 Hz
520 Hz
1 kHz
TROUBLESHOOTING
in the circuit.
A component has been added to L1
R1 interrupted
L2 short-circuited
R1 short-circuited

Unit N.11: Pass-band Filter
Purposes: Determine the frequency response of a pass-band filter
Signal generator
Cable set
Blank page
Pass-band filter
Electrical Diagrams
Fig. 11.1
Components List
R1 = 2.2kΩ - 1/4W - 5%
L1 = 10 mH - 100 Ω
C1 = 0.1 μ F
Calculation data
Resonance frequency
Factor Q
Band width
attenuation [dB] =
Obtained Results
Tab. 11.1 Tab. 11.2
f U0(p) Attenuation fr B
[KHz] [V] [dB] calculated
calculated
0.5 [KHz] [KHz]
1
2
Fig. 11.3
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
7
8
10
EXPERIMENTATION
CH1 = 0.2 VOLT/DIV,
CH2 = 50 mVOLT/DIV,
TIME/DIV = 0.5 ms,
coupling = AC;
observe, on the oscilloscope display, the output voltage Uo (jack 3 and ground);
repeat the previous operations for all the values of the frequency written in Tab.11.1 and write the
calculate the band width and write the value in Tab.11.2;
draw in a paper, as in Fig.11.3, the curve of the attenuation in dB as a function of the frequency;
QUESTIONS
A band-pass filter has the lower cutoff frequency equal to 3.5 kHz and the higher one equal to 6
kHz. Which is the pass-band?
1 kHz
1.5 kHz
2.5 kHz
A band-pass filter has a resonance frequency of 12 kHz and a Q factor equal to 10. Which is the
pass-band?
1 kHz
1.2 kHz
1.8 kHz
TROUBLESHOOTING
C1-L1 in loss
R1 short-circuited
L1 interrupted
C1 short-circuited

© 1996 - 2008 DE LORENZO SRL - Printed in Italy - All right reserved
DE LORENZO SRL
V.le Romagna, 20 - 20089 Rozzano (MI) Italy
Tel. ++39 02 8254551 - Telefax ++39 02 8255181
E-mail: delorenzo@delorenzo.it
Web site: www.delorenzogroup.com

Manual DL - 3155m07 Go Ing - Ver 2008

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Manual DL - 3155m07 Go Ing - Ver 2008

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Always leading the pack

Purposes: Measure the period and the frequency of a sinusoidal wave

Measure the effective value of the voltage

Requisites: Lesson 1 of the Module 07 (Theoretical Guide)

Period T (in ms) = T (in DIV) x time base

Effective voltage Ueff = 0.707 Up

Quantity Calculated value Measured value Measurement unit

The frequency of a periodic quantity indicates:

How many times its maximum is present in the unit of time

How many times it assumes null value in the unit of time

Remove all the connections.

Determine the phase angle between current and voltage

Requisites: Lessons 1, 2 and 3 of the Module 07 (Theoretical Guide)

Unit 1 of the Module 07 (Practical Guide)

where: UR2(p) = UR2(pp) / 2

f Ui(pp) UR2(pp) I(p) I(eff) Sens(I)

Is the Ohm’s law valid for a purely resistive circuit ?

Push the INSERT button to insert the fault in the circuit.

Which is the fault ?

Remove all the connections.

Purposes: Determine the value of the capacitive reactance as a function of the

Determine the capacitive reactance and the equivalent capacitance of

Requisites: Lessons 1, 2 and 3 of the Module 07 (Theoretical Guide)

Unit 1 of the Module 07 (Practical Guide)

Fig. 3.1.a Fig. 3.1.b Fig. 3.1.c

Number of degrees per divisions 360/T [DIV] [degrees/DIV]

Series capacitive reactance

Parallel capacitive reactance

Parallel capacitance Ct(par) = C1 + C2

f Ui(p) UR1(p) I(p) T

When the frequency increases the capacitive reactance:

The series reactance is given by:

Xcs = Xc1 + Xc2 +.........

Xcs = 1/Xc1 + 1/Xc2 +.......

Which is the fault ?

Remove all the connections.

Purposes: Determine the voltage of an R-C network

Determine the phase angle

Determine the impedance

Requisites: Lessons 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the Module 07 (Theoretical Guide)

Units 1, 2 and 3 of the Module 07 (Practical Guide)

Phase angle ϕ = arctang( )

Impedance Z = Ui(p) / I(p) = square root (R12 + XC12)

Phase angle ϕ = arctang( )

Impedance Z(par) = Ui(p) / I(p)

SERIES R-C CIRCUIT

PARALLEL R-C CIRCUIT

The impedance is measured in :

The conductance represents the inverse of the:

Which is the fault ?

Remove all the connections.

Purposes: Determine the value of the inductive reactance as a function of the

Requisites: Lessons 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the Module 07 (Theoretical Guide)

Unit 1 and 2 of the Module 07 (Practical Guide)

Fig. 5.1.a Fig. 5.1.b Fig. 5.1.c

Series inductive reactance

Series inductance Lt(ser) = L1 + L2

Parallel inductive reactance

Parallel inductance Lt(par) =

f Ui(p) UR1(p) I(p) T

The inductive reactance can be calculated with the formula:

Which is the lower inductance?

Higher than 1mH