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EVALUATION NOTES
While students may work in groups, each student must submit their own original work.
PART 1 – Basic Knowledge [ 34 marks ]
Rationale: In this section you are required to answer content specific questions. These
questions are very similar in structure and style to Test 2 questions and will therefore be
excellent study practice.
Instructions:.
Answer in the spaces provided
Read the questions carefully and thoroughly
Consider the point value of each question as a guide for how much detail you should include
Remember to write all answers IN YOUR OWN WORDS
For multiple choice/multi-select questions, indicate your answer(s) using the highlighter tool
For short answer and matching questions please answer using red font colour
H. Mucosa
A. Common bile duct I. Muscularis
B. Duodenum J. Pancreatic duct
C. Epiglottis K. Peristalsis
D. Ileocecal sphincter L. Pyloric sphincter
E. Ilium M. Serosa
F. Lower esophageal sphincter N. Submucosa
G. Jejunum O. Uvula
K Rhythmic, wave-like contractions of smooth muscle
H Inner layer of digestive (GI) tract
C Flap of skin that covers the trachea when swallowing
B Part of the small intestine that the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder secrete into
The four enzymes found in the pancreatic juice are pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase, and
nuclease.
3. (1 mark) Which of the following accurately describes bile? Select ALL that apply using
the highlighter tool.
a. It is produced by the gall bladder
b. It breaks triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids
c. It emulsifies lipids
d. It travels down the common bile duct
e. It is released into the stomach during digestion
f. It is present in the hepatic portal vein
g. It is an enzyme
4. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following statements is TRUE? Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Digestion of proteins begins in the mouth
b. Trypsin is produced by the stomach and the pancreas
c. Pepsin is inactive when hydrochloric acid is present
d. Nuclease is a brush border enzyme secreted by the small intestine
e. Peptidase breaks smaller polypeptides into amino acids
5. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following represents the correct order of
feces through the large intestine? Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
b. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
c. Ileocecal sphincter, cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, transverse
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anal sphincter, anus
d. Anal sphincter, cecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending
colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, ileocecal sphincter, anus
DONOR RECIPIENT
What antigens are present Donor only provides What antigens are present Which antibodies are
on the RBC? red blood cells NO on the RBC? present in the plasma?
antibodies are given.
The antigens No antibodies No antigens present The anti-A and
present are A anti-B
& B. antibodies are
present.
a) Will an antibodies in the recipient’s blood bind to antigens on the donor’s RBCs?
Yes.
b) Will agglutination occur?
Yes
c) Will this blood transfusion be safe?
No
8. (2 marks) Match the descriptions with an appropriate term. Answers are used only
once.
A. Hemoglobin
B. Heme
C. Hemolysis
D. Hematopoiesis
Artery Vein
NO VALVES HAS VALVES
Similarity:
Both vein and artery has 3 layers of walls.
10. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Which of the following is/are TRUE concerning alveoli? Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. They are sacs in the lungs
b. It is a location where gas exchange takes place via diffusion
c. They are surrounded by capillaries
d. Only A and C are correct
e. A, B and C are correct
11. (1 mark) Multiple choice – What is the role of chemoreceptors during ventilation? Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. They detect when pH is low within the blood
b. They communicate with the medulla oblongata to decrease breathing rate
c. They eventually cause you to breathe if you try to hold your breath for as long as possible
d. Only A and C are correct
e. A, B and C are correct
Instructions:
Answer in the spaces provided
Read the questions carefully and thoroughly
Consider the point value of each question as a guide for how much detail you should include
Remember to write all answers IN YOUR OWN WORDS
For multiple choice/multi-select questions, indicate your answer(s) using the highlighter tool
For short answer and matching questions, please answer using red font colour
Unfortunately, the past few weeks have taken their toll on Mary’s mental health and she is feeling
extremely burned out. Her stress levels are at an all-time high and she is struggling to manage the
demands of school, caring for her young son, Andrew, and working part-time 20 hours per week. All of
this exhaustion has caused her digestive disorder (lactose intolerance) to flare up despite the fact that
she can normally manage it very well with diet and medication. Specifically she has been forgetting to
restock her supply of Lactaid medication (an over-the-counter-drug) and has picked up the habit of
eating cheap, frozen pizzas that contain high quantities of starch and lactose. This has left her with
extreme bloating, nausea, and pain and has forced her to make regular emergency trips to the bathroom
while at school and at work.
13. (1 mark) Multiple choice – People with lactose intolerance cannot digest . Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Lactose
b. Lactase
c. Maltase
d. Maltose
e. Amylase
14. (1 mark) Multiple choice – Medications like Lactaid contain , a digestive enzyme
that is normally made by the . Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Maltase, small intestine
b. Amylase, pancreas
c. Lactose, small intestine
d. Lactase, small intestine
e. Lactase, pancreas
15. (9 marks) Track a piece of pizza through Mary’s digestive system by drawing a simplified
sketch of how various biological molecules are processed by Mary’s digestive system. Start
with the pizza entering through the mouth and show how the various enzymes break it down
into nutrients that can be absorbed within the body. For this question, you may assume that
the only biological molecules in the pizza are polysaccharides, from the starch-filled dough,
and lactose, from the cheese. You may ignore any other molecules that might be present.
You should also assume that Mary did NOT take her Lactaid medication when eating the
pizza.
Your drawing can be done by hand on paper or made digitally as long as a clear photo or a
screenshot of your work is pasted into this document (not submitted as an additional file).
A reminder that your image must be original – i.e. it is not copied directly from course
resources (E.g. lecture slides) or the internet.
She would not have any trouble digesting the lactose that she ingested.
17. (3 marks) Untreated lactose intolerance leads to inflammation within the gut that prevents key
nutrients from being absorbed. Explain how carbohydrate monomers normally get absorbed
into the body. Provide at least THREE details using correct terminology.
The cells in the small intestine have membranes that contain many transport proteins in order to
get the monosaccharides and other nutrients into the blood where they can be distributed to the rest of the
body. Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion while glucose and galactose are actively transported.
The liver is the first organ to receive glucose, fructose, and galactose. After receiving the liver converts
galactose into glucose and breaks fructose into an even smaller units and either stores glucose as
glycogen or transport it back to the blood.
Scenario: As Mary continues the semester, stress continues to take its toll on Mary’s body. While not
life threatening, Mary has noticed that she experiences constant outbreaks of acne, despite having a
history of clear, blemish-free skin. After doing a bit of research and chatting with her Biology professor,
she learns that stress can aggravate sebaceous glands in the skin and cause acne.
a. (1 mark) Where are sebaceous glands located in the body? Be as specific as possible.
Sebaceous glands are tiny, oil producing glands connected to hair follicles beneath the
surface of the skin.
b. (1 mark) What is the difference between a sebaceous gland and a sudoriferous gland?
d. (2 marks) Explain in detail how an excess of sebum can lead to the production of acne.
The subaceous gland produces oil(sebum) and goes up to the opening of the follicle but it
sometimes act as a glue to dead cells being shed by the skin. Together they form a soft plug
that blocks the shaft while the subaceous gland keeps producing sebum, the growing
blockage can stimulate bacteria like staphylococcus to reproduce, increasing bacteria leads
to a response by the immune system and a pimple or acne is the visible evidence of this
process.
19. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – If Mary is experiencing a heart attack, what blood circuit is mostly
likely compromised? Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Coronary
b. Systemic
b. Hepatic
c. Pulmonary
d. None of the above
20. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – Which component of blood is IV fluid meant to mimic? Select your
answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Electrolytes
b. Blood plasma
c. Erythrocytes
d. A and B only
e. All of the above
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
b. Once absorbed into the blood at the alveoli, oxygen is then transported through the blood
via the red blood cells within the blood.
ii. (1 mark) During hypoxia, what hormone would be released to increase the
number of red blood cells within the blood?
Erythropoietin
iii. (1 mark) True or False – A red blood cell is able to live for years within the
blood.
iv. (4 marks) What features do a red blood cell have that allows it to effectively
move through the blood and transport oxygen? List at least FOUR features
and explain how they help RBCs carry out their functions.
23. (8 marks) An echocardiogram is an ultrasound test that allows the heart to be imaged and blood
tracked through the heart. In the space below, map the pathway of blood through the heart. Start
with blood entering the heart via the vena cava and finish with blood leaving the heart through
the aorta. Be sure to list all chambers, valves, and blood vessels that the blood passes through IN
ORDER. Don’t forget to answer in your own words and use the checklist below as a guide.
4 heart valves are listed in the pathway (2 marks)
4 heart chambers are listed in the pathway (2marks)
4 blood major blood vessels attached to the heart are listed in the pathway (2 marks)
All structures are listed in the correct chronological order (1mark)
All names are written in FULL (no acronyms) with no spelling errors (1mark)
START ->Superior and Inferior Vena Cava ->Right Atrium ->Right Tricuspid Valve ->Right
Ventricle ->Pulmonary SL Valve ->Pulmonary Arteries ->Pulmonary Arterioles ->Capillaries -
>Pulmonary Venules ->Pulmonary Veins ->Left Atrium ->Left Bicuspid Valve ->Left Ventricle ->Aortic
SL Valve ->Aorta ->END
24. (1 mark) Which of the following are able to increase the speed of the cardiac cycle? Select
ALL that apply using the highlighter tool.
a. Sympathetic nervous system
b. Parasympathetic nervous system
c. Epinephrine
d. Norepinephrine
Scenario: After several more hours, Mary is discharged from the hospital with a diagnosis of “acute
panic attack.” Before leaving, she is told to rest and consider booking an appointment with a professional
psychologist for talk therapy. She is also told that if her panic attacks persist to try a variety of breathing
techniques and investigate various medications like cannabidiol (CBD) oil, an extract from the Cannabis
sativa plant that has been linked to anxiety reduction [Source]. Mary goes home and practices the
suggested breathing techniques. One of them, the “calming breath,” recommends taking a long, slow
breath in through the nose, holding your breath for 3 seconds, and exhaling slowly through pursed lips.
25. (5 marks) While performing these breathing exercises, describe IN YOUR OWN WORDS how
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles assist Mary’s inspiration and expiration.
During inspiration:
During this process the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and the diaphragm pulls
down. The rib cages moves up and out which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.
During expiration:
During expiration the diaphragm and intercostal muscle relax. The diaphragm moves up and the
rib cages moves down and in. This decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity.
26. (1 mark) Multiple Choice – What term is used to describe the amount of air moved with 1
breath at rest? Select your answer using the highlighter tool.
a. Inspiratory reserve volume
b. Expiratory reserve volume
c. Tidal volume
d. Vital capacity
e. Residual volume
27. (4 marks) Perform a quick Google search of CBD oil and digestive health. Is there any
CREDIBLE evidence to suggest that CBD can help manage inflammation within the
gut? Justify your answer and provide the link to your source.
TIP 2: You will not be marked on if your answer is right or wrong. Instead, it is your
job to formulate a clear response and back up your answer with credible evidence.
Answer:
Source: https://selfhacked.com/blog/cannabidiol-cbd/