Project Title: Hypermarket at Salwa Road, Doha, Qatar

Smoke Management Calculation

Prepared for: --------------------------

Document Reference number: Smoke MNG-CAL-Rev.0

Prepared by: -------------------------------------

 Table of Contents

1 ATRIUM SMOKE MANAGEMENT CALCULATION............................................................................. 3

2 Car Parking Smoke Ventilation......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3 Generator Room Ventilation............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

4 Fire Pump room ventilation. ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Appendix-01 ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Smoke MNG-CAL-Rev.0 Page 2 of 7 Smoke Management Calculation

 1 ATRIUM SMOKE MANAGEMENT CALCULATION

Atrium smoke management and calculation is performed based on QCD and NFPA 92 requirements.

Mechanical means are used by extraction fans (smoke exhaust fans number SEF-3 & SEF-4) located
at the roof.

Design Basis Fire (Type, Size and Location)

Type:

Since the atrium is protected with sprinklers, the design fire can be safely considered as a “Sprinkler
Controlled Fire”. This is defined in NFPA 92 as a fire that has a constant or decaying heat release rate
due to the action of sprinkler spray. To maintain a certain safety factor, the design fire will be
considered to have a constant heat release rate; i.e. a Steady Fire.

Size:

The size of the design fire depends on the expected amount of combustible material (fuel loading) in
the atrium, which in turn depends on the occupancy. In our case, the atrium is located in retail
distribution area accordingly shall be considered as fuel restricted atrium having heat release rate of
2100 kw (Based on ASHRAE Application Handbook 2019, Chapter 54 – Fire and smoke control, table 8
– Steady Design Fir Sizes for Atriums).

Based on above 2100 kW HRR shall be adopted in the calculations

Summary:

As per the above considerations, the following summarizes the design fire:

 Type: Steady Fire

 Heat Release Rate: 2100 kW
 Location: Plume originating on the atrium base (axisymmetric plume)
 Atrium Height: 9.65 m

Atrium Smoke Management Calculation

Design Smoke Layer Height

The clear height that shall be maintained underneath the smoke plume is 1.8 m.
Depth of Design Smoke Layer = 9.65 m – 7.8 m = 1.85 m. The height of smoke Plume (Z) (From Ground
floor till bottom of smoke layer interface) = 7.8

Rate of Smoke Mass Production for the Axisymmetric Plume Scenario

Below equations from NFPA 92 determine the mass rate of smoke production when the smoke plume
is axisymmetric as follows:

Smoke MNG-CAL-Rev.0 Page 3 of 7 Smoke Management Calculation

 Zl = 0.166Qc2/5
m = (0.071Qc1/3z5/3) +0.0018Qc When z>zl
m = 0.032Qc3/5z When z≤ zl
Where,
zl = limiting elevation (m)
Qc = convective portion of heat release rate (KW)
Z = distance above the base of the fire to the smoke layer interface in meters
m = mass flow rate in plume at height z (kg/sec).
The mass flow rate of smoke is calculated when the plume reaches the design smoke layer base,
i.e. Z = 3.35 m (Design smoke layer height)
The convective portion of heat release rate is estimated as 70% of the total heat release
rate:
Qc = 2100 (KW) x 0.7 = 1470 (KW)
zl = 0.166 x (1470 KW)2/5 = 4.34 m < Z (8 m)
Below equation will be used:


m = [0.071 x (1470)1/3 x (8)5/3] + 0.0018 x 3500

m = 27.41kg/sec ~ 28 kg/sec

Average Plume Temperature

It is important to have an estimate of the average temperature of the plume above the flame since
there is a condition of having the temperature rises above ambient is above 2.2˚C. (NFPA 92)
Restriction: Equations for the mass flow rate of plumes were developed for strongly buoyant plumes;
for small temperature differences between the plume and ambient, errors due to low buoyancy could
be significant).

Average plume temperature (Tp) is determined through below equation from NFPA 92:

Tp = T0 + Qc/(m x Cp)

Where:
Tp = average plume temperature at elevation z (˚C) = winter ambient temperature (˚C) = 10oC
Qc = convective portion of heat release (KW)
m = mass flow rate of the plume at elevation z (kg/sec) Cp = specific heat of plume gases (1.0 KJ/kg.˚C)
Tp – T0 = 1470 KW / (28 kg/sec x 1.0 KJ/kg-˚C) ≈ 53.6 ˚C > 2.2˚C.

Smoke MNG-CAL-Rev.0 Page 4 of 7 Smoke Management Calculation

 Smoke Exhaust Rate
As stated before, the objective of the smoke management system is to maintain the smoke layer at
the design smoke layer height.

An equilibrium position for smoke layer interface can be achieved by exhausting the same rate of
smoke as is supplied to the smoke layer.
Mass Smoke Exhaust rate = mass flow rate in plume at height (Z=7.8m) is 28

kg/sec.
Below equation determines the volumetric smoke exhaust rate:
V=m/ρ
Where:

V = volumetric flow rate of smoke exhaust (m3/sec)

m = mass flow rate of smoke exhaust (kg/sec)

ρ = density of smoke (kg/m3)

Density of smoke can be estimated using the following equation:

ρ = Patm / R x T

Where:

ρ = density of smoke at temperature T (kg/m3) Patm = atmospheric pressure (Pa)

R = Gas Constant (287)
T = Absolute temperature of smoke (K)
ρ = 101.3/ 287x (131.8+273) = 0.947 kg / m3


Therefore, the volumetric exhaust rate is determined as follows:

V = 28 / 0.947 ≈ 29 m3/sec


Two exhaust air fans SEF-03&SEF-04 utilized to exhaust smoke from the atrium each 14790 l/sec.
(31356 CFM) located on the roof.

Make Up Air
Air make-up introduced through main entrance doors which shall automatically via fire alarm panel

 With the same manner and parameters’ values except that the smoke clear height(Z) shall be
changed to be 1.8 m, where the origin of the fire will be at mezzanine floor which will have
dramatically effect on the flow rate.
 Based on the below spread sheet the flow rate in this case will be 8.3 m3/sec.
 For simplicity of control and for more safety the same fans SEF-03&SEF-04 shall be utilized to
exhaust smoke from the atrium each 14790 l/sec. (31356 CFM) located on the roof.

Smoke MNG-CAL-Rev.0 Page 5 of 7 Smoke Management Calculation

 2 HYPERMARKET SMOKE MANAGEMENT CALCULATIONs:

Where the hypermarket compromises two separated floor connected only through some convenience
openings, accordingly the calculation shall be performed for each floor separately.

Based on the previous equations but with modification of some parameters to be matched with the
hypermarket typology as follows:

 Height = 3.4 m
 Fire size 9.3 m2, based on ((Based on ASHRAE Application Handbook 2019, Chapter 54 – Fire
and smoke control & NFPA 92).
 Heat release rate HRR (620 kw/m²) X9.3= 5766 kw, accordingly Qc=4000 kw
 Smoke clear height(Z) =1.8
 Smoke layer depth(d)= 1.6

Based on above values the required smoke extraction flow rate = 14 m³/s (29700 CFM)

One smoke fan SEF-02 utilized to exhaust smoke from hypermarket mezzanine floor having 14790
l/sec. (31356 CFM) located on the roof.

With the same manner and parameters’ values except that the smoke layer depth(d) shall be changed
to be 2.6 m, where the origin of the fire will be at ground floor which will have no effect on the flow
rate. Accordingly, the same flow rate calculated for mezzanine floor shall be adopted for ground floor
utilizing One smoke fan SEF-01 utilized to exhaust smoke from hypermarket mezzanine floor having
14790 l/sec. (31356 CFM) located on the roof.

Please find below calculation spread sheets printed out from ASHRAE Atrium Calculator.

Smoke MNG-CAL-Rev.0 Page 6 of 7 Smoke Management Calculation

AtriumCalc Version 1.1 © 2014 John H. Klote

Project: Atrium in Hyper Market Project In case of fire at Ground Floor
Routine 1: Atrium Smoke Exhaust with an Axisymmetric Plume

Input: Q = 2,100 kW Output: Qc = 1,470 kW

z = 7.80 m zl = 3.07 m
o
To = 46.0 C m = 27.41 kg/s
o
p atm = 101,300 Pa Ts = 99.6 C
3
Ks = 1.0 (See note 2 above) 0.947 kg/m
3
0.70 (Almost always 0.70) V= 28.9 m /s
 
 
AtriumCalc Version 1.1 © 2014 John H. Klote

Project: Atrium in Hyper Market Project In case of fire at Mezz.  Floor
Routine 1: Atrium Smoke Exhaust with an Axisymmetric Plume

Input: Q = 2,100 kW Output: Qc = 1,470 kW

z = 1.80 m zl = 3.07 m
o
To = 46.0 C m = 4.58 kg/s
o
p atm = 101,300 Pa Ts = 367.0 C
3
Ks = 1.0 (See note 2 above) 0.552 kg/m
3
0.70 (Almost always 0.70) V= 8.3 m /s
 
 
AtriumCalc Version 1.1 © 2014 John H. Klote

Project: Atrium in Hyper Market Project In case of fire at Mezz.  Floor
Routine 4A: Preventing Plugholing with Rectangular Inlets 

o
Input: Qc = 1470 kW Output: Ts = 206.5 C
o 3
To = 46.0 C V max = 6.82 m /s
3
m = 4.58 kg/s Ve = 0.21 m /s
3
V= 8.30 m /s S min = 0.41 m (See note 6 above.)
d = 1.85 m Di = 0.32 m
0.5 (See notes 1, 2 and 3) d /D i = 5.84
Ks = 0.5 (See note 7 above) vi = 2.80 m/s
a = 0.75 m
b = 0.20 m
N = 40 Number of Inlets
Ar = 0.50 (In the absence of better data, 0.5 is suggested.)
Check 1: The requirement of note 4 above is satisfied.
Check 2: The requirement of note 5 above is satisfied.
AtriumCalc Version 1.1 © 2014 John H. Klote

Project: Atrium in Hyper Market Project In case of fire at Ground Floor
Routine 4A: Preventing Plugholing with Rectangular Inlets 

o
Input: Qc = 1470 kW Output: Ts = 72.8 C
o 3
To = 46.0 C V max = 2.79 m /s
3
m = 27.41 kg/s Ve = 0.72 m /s
3
V= 28.90 m /s S min = 0.76 m (See note 6 above.)
d = 1.85 m Di = 0.32 m
0.5 (See notes 1, 2 and 3) d /D i = 5.84
Ks = 0.5 (See note 7 above) vi = 9.60 m/s
a = 0.75 m
b = 0.20 m
N = 40 Number of Inlets
Ar = 0.50 (In the absence of better data, 0.5 is suggested.)
Check 1: The requirement of note 4 above is satisfied.
Check 2: The requirement of note 5 above is satisfied.
AtriumCalc Version 1.1 © 2014 John H. Klote

Project: Hyper Market Project In case of fire at hyper market mezzanine Floor
Routine 1: Atrium Smoke Exhaust with an Axisymmetric Plume

Input: Q = 4,000 kW Output: Qc = 2,800 kW

z = 1.80 m zl = 3.97 m
o
To = 46.0 C m = 6.74 kg/s
o
p atm = 101,300 Pa Ts = 461.4 C
3
Ks = 1.0 (See note 2 above) 0.481 kg/m
3
0.70 (Almost always 0.70) V = 14.0 m /s
AtriumCalc Version 1.1 © 2014 John H. Klote

Project: Hyper Market Project In case of fire at hyper market ground Floor
Routine 1: Atrium Smoke Exhaust with an Axisymmetric Plume

Input: Q = 4,000 kW Output: Qc = 2,800 kW

z = 1.80 m zl = 3.97 m
o
To = 46.0 C m = 6.74 kg/s
o
p atm = 101,300 Pa Ts = 461.4 C
3
Ks = 1.0 (See note 2 above) 0.481 kg/m
3
0.70 (Almost always 0.70) V = 14.0 m /s
AtriumCalc Version 1.1 © 2014 John H. Klote

Project: Hyper Market Project In case of fire at hyper market mezzanine Floor
Routine 4A: Preventing Plugholing with Rectangular Inlets

o
Input: Qc = 4000 kW Output: Ts = 342.7 C
o 3
To = 46.0 C V max = 6.50 m /s
3
m = 6.74 kg/s Ve = 4.67 m /s
3
V = 14.00 m /s S min = 1.94 m (See note 6 above.)
d = 1.60 m Di = 0.67 m
0.5 (See notes 1, 2 and 3) d /D i = 2.40
Ks = 0.5 (See note 7 above) vi = 18.68 m/s
a = 1.00 m
b = 0.50 m
N = 3 Number of Inlets
Ar = 0.50 (In the absence of better data, 0.5 is suggested.)
Check 1: The requirement of note 4 above is satisfied.
Check 2: The requirement of note 5 above is satisfied.
AtriumCalc Version 1.1 © 2014 John H. Klote

Project: Hyper Market Project In case of fire at hyper market ground Floor
Routine 4A: Preventing Plugholing with Rectangular Inlets

o
Input: Qc = 4000 kW Output: Ts = 342.7 C
o 3
To = 46.0 C V max = 43.73 m /s
3
m = 6.74 kg/s Ve = 2.33 m /s
3
V = 14.00 m /s S min = 1.37 m (See note 6 above.)
d = 2.60 m Di = 0.67 m
1.0 (See notes 1, 2 and 3) d /D i = 3.90
Ks = 0.5 (See note 7 above) vi = 9.32 m/s
a = 1.00 m
b = 0.50 m
N = 6 Number of Inlets
Ar = 0.50 (In the absence of better data, 0.5 is suggested.)
Check 1: The requirement of note 4 above is satisfied.
Check 2: The requirement of note 5 above is satisfied.