Le cours de physique (18 blocs) : Outils pour le cours de mécanique quantique

mécanique quantique (7) et physique statistique (11)

Livres (existent aussi en anglais) :
•! « Mécanique quantique »
Jean-Louis Basdevant et Jean Dalibard
•! « Problèmes quantiques »
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+ CD-rom d’illustrations et de simulations, Manuel Joffre

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Principes de la mécanique quantique

Idées clés de la description quantique d'un système physique :

!! Etats du système
!! "Observables" de ce système 1.
!! Evolution dans le temps du système
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 Â A (4) (4)
Â
|ψ" (3) B̂
 (4)
 (4) ÂB̂ = B̂ Â
|ψ" Â (3) (4) Â ÂB̂ = B̂ Â (4)
A%4"b#1'.)07+)%'pq&+$4("!10$%1"qr'(!'K!(%4)'' B̂ (5) (5)
B̂
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B̂
 !ψ| |ψ" = aα
2 2 (4) (1) ÂB̂ = B̂ Â
B̂ (5)
!ψ|Â2 |ψ" = aÂ2α B̂ (1) (4) (5)
I#$$4"!"%4)'7%'7%4/'#@&%)K!@(%&':'' [Â, B̂] ≡ ÂB̂ − B̂ Â
f1'-#1&+7,)%'2N'&6&",$%&'.)0.!)0&'7!1&'(%'$H$%'0"!"'' B̂ (5) B̂
ÂB̂ = B̂ Â ÂB̂ = B̂ Â (6) ÂB̂ (6)= [B̂ Â,ÂB̂] ≡ ÂB̂ − B̂ Â (5)
!ψ|Â |ψ" = aα !ψ|Â|ψ" = aα
2 B̂ 2
(1)(5) (2) [Â, B̂] ≡ ÂB̂ − B̂ Â
ÂB̂ = B̂ Â (6)
P+'7%4/'#@&%)K!@(%&'-#$$4"%1"Z'-J%&"bXb7+)%'&+'
!ψ|Â|ψ" = aB̂α ÂB̂ = ÂB̂ Â
B̂ = B̂ Â (2) (6)
(6) [Â, B̂] = 0
[Â, B̂] ≡ ÂB̂ − B̂ Â B̂] ≡ ÂB̂ − B̂ Â (5) (7)
[Â, =% ÂB̂ = B̂ Â [Â, B̂] #4'%1-#)%'
≡(7)ÂB̂ − B̂ [Â,
ÂB̂] = 0 (6)
!ψ|Â |ψ" = aα
2 2
!ψ|Â B̂ == B̂
Â|ψ" aα |ψ" (1) (2)(6) (3)
+('%/+&"%'41%'@!&%'>#)$0%'7%'K%-"%4)&'.)#.)%&'-#$$41&'X'-%&'7%4/'#@&%)K!@(%&'
[Â, B̂] = 0
*%&4)%'7%'A'&4)'N'&6&",$%&' [Â,*%&4)%'7%'B'&4)'N'&6&",$%&'
B̂] ≡ ÂB̂ − B̂ Â (7)
[Â, B̂] ≡ ÂB̂ − B̂ Â (3) (6) (7)
|ψ"
ÂB̂ = B̂ Â [Â, B̂] ≡ ÂB̂ − B̂ Â (7)
[Â, B̂] = 0 [Â, B̂] = 0 (8) [Â,(8)
B̂] = 0
!ψ|Â|ψ" = aα [Â, B̂] |ψ" ≡ ÂB̂ − B̂ Â Â (2) (3)(7) (4) |ψi "
[Â, B̂] = 0
A%4"b#1'!K#+)'&+$4("!10$%1"''''''''''''''''''''%"'''''''''''''''''''s'
(8)
[Â, B̂] = 0 (4) (7) (8)
 ≡ ÂB̂
[Â, B̂] − B̂ Â[Â, B̂] = 0 (8)
(9)
|ψi " |ψi " (9)A#4)'41'&6&",$%'.)0.!)0'7!1&'(J0"!"'''''''''Z'(%')0&4("!"'7J41%'$%&4)%'7%&''
|ψi "
|ψ" [Â,ÂB̂] = 0
R('>!4"'34%'(J0"!"''''''''&#+"'X'(!'>#+&'0"!"'.)#.)%'7%'''''%"'0"!"'.)#.)%'7%'' B̂ (3) (4)(8)
2)!17%4)&'.56&+34%&' (5)
A'#4'B'%&"'-%)"!+1':''' αi #4' βi
|ψi " (9)
B̂[Â, B̂] = 0 |ψi " |ψi " (5) (8) (9) L$%J<+<."&',$%"*%8",%!$%4&*,'$*.,%-=,$.@"=&$,%
(9)
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αi βi αi βi (10) (10)
 B̂|ψi " (4) D-*$."%*+%.E&$%8.*8'"&%!"+,%&9<#*!$%!$%,F,#G($,%1H%I"#-($%!96F!.-JG+$K%
(5)(9)
αi βi (10)
ÂB̂ = B̂|ψ Â i " αi βi (6) (10)
h̄ ∂ αi βi h̄ ∂ (9) (10)
p̂x = p̂x = (11) (11)
B̂ i ∂x αi h̄ βi∂ i ∂x (5) (10)
d/%$.(%':'+$.4(&+#1'7J41%'.!)"+-4(%'.#1-"4%((%'
h̄ ∂ p̂x = d/%$.(%'F:'-#$$%1"'"+)%)'.!)"+'7J41%'&6$0")+%'s'
(11)
[Â, B̂] ≡ ÂαB̂i − B̂p̂β x = h̄ ∂i ∂x (7) (10) (11)
i ik ixp̂∂x
x = (11)
h̄ ∂ ψ(x, y, z) = e (12)
ikx x
ψ(x, y, z) = e x φ(y, z) i ∂x φ(y, z) *#4K%$%1"'7!1&'41'.#"%1"+%('.!+)'
(12) MM:N'
R$.4(&+#1'7%'(!'.!)"+-4(%'(%'(#12'7%'(J!/%'x':'' p̂x = ik x (11)
‘ ψ(x, y, z) = ie ∂x x
φ(y, z) (12)
[Â, B̂] =
ψ(x,0 y, z)
h̄ ∂ = eikx x φ(y, ikxz) (8) (12) :%
p̂x = ψ(x, y, z) = e (12) !K%-'
x
0"!"&'.)#.)%&'7%'-%"'#.0)!"%4)':'' φ(y, z) (11)
‘ i ∂x
#17%'.(!1%'7!1&'(!'7+)%-"+#1'
h̄kx x, +$.4(&+#1'&%(#1'x':''h̄kx (13) (13)
>#1-"+#1'34%(-#134%'&%(#1'y'%"'z f1'+1")#74+"'(J#.0)!"%4)'8.!)+"09''''''70>+1+'.!)'
|ψ " (9) (13)
ψ(x, y,iz) =p̂eyik=x xh̄φ(y, h̄k
∂ z) h̄kx (12) (14) (13)
i ∂y x
h̄ ∂ W!'&6$0")+%'7%'(J5!$+("#1+%1'&%'")!74+"'.!)':'
R$.4(&+#1'7%'(!'.!)"+-4(%'(%'(#12'7%'(J!/%' h̄y':''∂ p̂y = (14)
αi βi p̂ y = i ∂y
(10) (14)Ĥ %"'''''''#1"'7#1-'41%'@!&%'7%'>#1-"+#1&'.)#.)%&'-#$$41%&'
P̂ (1) (1)
i ∂y
0"!"&'.)#.)%&':'' ψ(x, y, z) = eiky y χ(x, z) (15)
h̄kx (13)
[!(%4)&'.)#.)%&':'
h̄ψ(x,
∂ y,h̄ z)∂ = e iky y
χ(x, z) h̄2 K 2 Ĥ
(15) (2)
p̂x = p̂y =
W%&'#.0)!"%4)&'''''''%"''''''''-#$$4"%1"='f1'.%4"'.)0.!)%)'(!'.!)"+-4(%'7!1&' Etot. =
(11) (14) + Erel. (2)
d"!"&'.)#.)%&:'>#1-"+#1&'.!+)%&'#4'+$.!+)%&'
i ∂x i ∂y 2M
41'0"!"'#u'(J+$.4(&+#1'&%(#1':'%"'(J+$.4(&+#1'&%(#1'F'&#1"'&+$4("!10$%1"''
@+%1'70>+1+%&':' f1'.%4"'-5%)-5%)'(%&'0"!"&'.)#.)%&'7%'''''''
h̄2 K 2 &#4&'>#)$%'7%'>#1-"+#1&'.!+)%&'#4'+$.!+)%&'
ψ(x,
ikx xy, z) = eikx x eiky y F (z) h̄2 E(16)
tot. = +E (3)
z) =y,ez)
ψ(x, y,ψ(x, = φ(y,
eiky yz)χ(x, z) (12)
− ∆ψ("
(15) ) = Erel. rel.
r ) + V ("r )ψ("r2M ψ("r ) (3)
2µ

h̄2
 [A, B] ≡ AB − BA (7)
ψ(x, y, z) = eiky y χ(x, z) (16)
[Â, B̂] = 0 (8)
i"+(+&!"+#1'pq5%4)+&"+34%qr'7%'(!')%(!"+#1'7J+1-%)"+"47%'
f@&%)K!@(%&'34+'1%'-#$$4"%1"'.!&'
ψ(x, y, z) = e ikx x iky y
e F (z) (17)
W!')%(!"+#1'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''%&"'&#4K%1"'4"+(+&0%'.#4)'%&"+$%)'(J#)7)%'7%'
[Â, B̂] %= 0
P+'7%4/'#@&%)K!@(%&'1%'-#$$4"%1"'.!&Z'-J%&"bXb7+)%'&+'''''''''''''''''''''''Z' (9)
2)!17%4)'7%'(J01%)2+%'%"'7%'(J%/"%1&+#1'7%'(J0"!"'>#17!$%1"!('7!1&'41'.#"%1"+%('
+('1J%&"'%1'2010)!('.!&'.#&&+@(%'7%'.)0.!)%)'(%'&6&",$%'7!1&'41'0"!"'#u''
p̂x (18)
(%&'34!1"+"0&'A'%"'B'&#1"'@+%1'70"%)$+10%&=''
|ψi " (10)
d/%$.(%'7%'(J#&-+((!"%4)'5!)$#1+34%':'
1 !! !
! n=2
A(4&'.)0-+&0$%1"':' ∆a ∆b ≥ !!ψ|[Â, B̂]|ψ"! ->='AI' (19)
2
αi βi d"!"'>#17!$%1"!(':' (11)
d/%$.(%':'(%'-#4.(%'.#&+"+#1'+$.4(&+#1'&%(#1'41'$H$%'!/%='
n=1
*+1+$+&!"+#1'7%'' !K%-'-%""%'-#1")!+1"%'s'
h̄ ∂
p̂x = (12)
i ∂x
n=0
I#v1-+7%'!K%-'(%')0&4("!"'%/!-"'w'''''
ψ(x, y, z) = e
N$&"#'-+%!<(-+#.<$%&9"+%!$.+'$.%B%4".#'.%!$%&"%#."+,7-.(<$%!$%;-*.'$./%
φ(y, z)ikx x
(13)
L!..%(':'&.%-")%'7%'(J#&-='5!)$=''
"44"."O#%'8'%8-(($%8-+,<P*$+8$%!9*+$%.$&"#'-+%4&*,%J<+<."&$%
‘

h̄kx (14)
W!'K+@)!"+#1'7V41%'$#(0-4(%'MIfN' d/%$.(%'F':'0(%-")#1'7!1&'41'.4+"&'34!1"+34%'
h̄ ∂
p̂y = (15)
i ∂y P!17<+-5'7%''
A#"%1"+%('0(%-")#&"!"+34%'K4'.!)'
j('a!'j&'y'a!'j&'y'j('a!'j&'
41'0(%-")#1'7%'-#174-"+#1''

_Z_E'x' ψ(x, y, z) = eiky y χ(x, z) (16)

L
ψ(x, y, z) = e ikx x
e iky y
F (z) (17)

d&"+$!"+#1'7%'(J01%)2+%'74'>#17!$%1"!('7!1&'(!'(+$+"%'V0'"),&'2)!17'
p̂x (18)

X'-#$.!)%)'!4')0&4("!"'%/!-"'7!1&'(!'(+$+"%'''''''''''''''''':'
 d$+&&+#1'7%'(4$+,)%'.!)''
41'pq.#+1"'34!1"+34%qr'
1!1#-)+&"!('7J#)'
Mi1+K='I5+-!2#N'
D='
c'-#4-5%&''
_F'-#4-5%&''
!"#$+34%&'
!"#$+34%&' dK#(4"+#1'7J41'&6&",$%'34!1"+34%''
M%1'7%5#)&'7J41%'$%&4)%N'

U)='U='\!(!.+1Z'i1+K%)&+"6'#>'B!$@4)2''

k(4#)%&-%1-%'+174+"%'.!)'(4$+,)%'i['&4)''
7%&'1!1#-)+&"!4/'I7P%'7%'"!+((%'-)#+&&!1"%'

dK#(4"+#1'"%$.#)%((%'7%&'&6&",$%&' L0&#(4"+#1'7%'(J034!"+#1'7%'P-5)Q7+12%)'

A)+1-+.%':'(J0K#(4"+#1'7!1&'(%'"%$.&'74'K%-"%4)'7J0"!"'''''''''''''%&"'7#110%'.!)'' P+'#1'!'.4'70"%)$+1%)'(%&'K%-"%4)&'.)#.)%&'''''''''''%"'(%&'K!(%4)&'.)#.)%&'
''''''''''''''''(J034!"+#1'7%'P-5)Q7+12%)''
M'''''''+170.7"='74'"%$.&N'

&'$+%#$(4,S<+$.J'$% !(#)&Z'.#4)'"#4"'0"!"'+1+"+!(''''''''''''''Z'+('&4>>+"'7%':'''

'Lz(%'034+K!(%1"'X'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''%1'.56&+34%'1%<"#1+%11%' m!'70-#$.#&%)''''''''''''''&4)'(!'@!&%'''''''''''''':''

!K%-'

m!'#@"%1+)'(%'K%-"%4)''''''''''''''X''1V+$.#)"%'34%('+1&"!1"'4("0)+%4)'2){-%'X':'
A#4)'41'&6&",$%'+&#(0Z''''''''%&"'+170.%17!1"'74'"%$.&'

Q$##$%<P*"#'-+%7"'#%"&-.,%R-*$.%*+%.E&$%%
4".#'8*&'$.%"*:%@$8#$*.,%4.-4.$,%!$%%
 " 1 !! !
!
a= ∆a ∆b ≥
h̄/mω !"ψ|[Â, B̂]|ψ#! (22) (19)
2
ω (25)

d/%$.(%':'#&-+((!"%4)'5!)$#1+34%' ψ0 (x) ∝ e −x2 /2a2 d1')0&4$0|'

(20)
(E1 − En=2
0 )/h̄ = ω (23)
1 !! Â !
! ! ! (26)
P+'(V0"!"'+1+"+!('%&"' ∆a ∆b ≥ !"ψ|[Â, B̂]|ψ#
∆a ! ≥ 1 !!"ψ|[Â, B̂]|ψ#!!
∆b (19) (19)
2 W!'7%&-)+."+#1'34!1"+34%'7J41'&6&",$%'.56&+34%'&%'>!+"'7!1&'(J%&.!-%'7%'
a ψ1 (x)2∝ x e−x /2a
n=1 2 2

!(#)&' B+(@%)"'pq!..)#.)+0qr' (21)

"x#(t) = √ cos(ωt) (24)
h̄ω 2 2 2 (27)
d&.!-%'7%'7+$%1&+#1'>+1+%'MF'.#4)'(!'.#(!)+&!"+#1'74'.5#"#1N'#4'+1>+1+%''
ψ0 (x) ∝ e−x /2an=0 2 2
(20)
ψ0 (x) ∝ e−x /2a (20)
M>#1-"+#1&'7%'-!))0'&#$$!@(%'.#4)'(%'$#4K%$%1"'7J41%'.!)"+-4(%N'

A!&'7%'$#4K%$%1"'w' d"!"'&"!"+#11!+)%' ω (25)

ψ1 (x) ∝ x e−x
2
/2a2 W%&'2)!17%4)&'.56&+34%&'&#1"'70-)+"%&'.!)'7%&'#@&%)K!@(%&Z''
(21)
+=%='#.0)!"%4)&'5%)$+"+%1&'&4)'(J%&.!-%'7%'B+(@%)"'

P+'(V0"!"'+1+"+!('%&"' W%')0&4("!"'7J41%'$%&4)%'7J41%'34!1"+"0'.56&+34%'A''
"
a= h̄/mω 1%'.%4"'H")%'34J41%'K!(%4)'.)#.)%'7%'(J#.0)!"%4)''
(22)
!(#)&'

*#74(!"+#1'7%''''''''''''''''''''X'(!'.4(&!"+#1' (E1 − E0 )/h̄ = ω U%4/'"6.%&'7J0K#(4"+#1'&#1"'.#&&+@(%&'7J41'&6&",$%'34!1"+34%'

(23)
m!'0K#(='pq)0K%)&+@(%qr'&#4&'(J%>>%"'7%'(J5!$+("#1+%1'%1'(J!@&%1-%'7%'$%&4)%'
A!)'%/%$.(%':' !x"(t) = x0 cos(ωt) (1) m!'0K#(='pq+))0K%)&+@(%qr'M.)#t%-"+#1N'(#)&'7J41%'$%&4)%''

!ψ|Â2 |ψ" = a2α (2)

!ψ|Â|ψ" = aα (3)

|ψ" (4)

 (5)

B̂ (6)

ÂB̂ = B̂ Â (7)

[Â, B̂] ≡ ÂB̂ − B̂ Â (8)

[Â, B̂] = 0 (9)