ASSIGNMENT

1 Sulfuric acid is manufactured by the Contact process, the first stage of which involves
the conversion of sulfur or a sulfide ore, such as galena, PbS, into sulfur dioxide, SO 2
(a) Write an equation for the reaction between galena and oxygen to form sulfur dioxide
and lead(II) oxide.
(b) Identify the oxidation number changes that take place during this reaction.
(c) The second stage of the Contact process involves the production of sulfur trioxide,
SO3, from sulfur dioxide.
2SO2(g) + O2(g)------- 2SO3(g) ΔH = –197 kJ mol-1
(i) State the temperature usually chosen for this conversion and explain this in terms of
reaction rates and Le Chatelier’s principle.
temperature explanation
2 Sulfur trioxide is dissolved in 98% sulfuric acid followed by carefully controlled addition
of water to get sulphuric acid
(a) Explain why the sulfur trioxide is not dissolved directly in water to produce sulfuric
acid.
(b) Write equations for the reaction of sulfur trioxide with sulfuric acid and for the
subsequent reaction with water.

( c) The sulfur dioxide content of wine is most commonly measured by the Ripper
Method which involves titration with iodine in the presence of starch as an indicator.
SO2(aq) + I2(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2I- (aq) + SO42- (aq) + 4H+(aq)
A 50.0 cm3 sample of wine required 12.35 cm3 of 0.010 mol dm-3 I2 (aq) for complete
reaction with the SO2.
(i) How many moles of SO2 are present in 50.0 cm3 of wine?

moles of SO2 in 50.0 cm3 = .................................

(ii) How many moles of SO2 are present in 1 dm3 of wine?

moles of SO2 in 1 dm3 = .................................

(iii) How many milligrams, mg, of SO2 are present in 1 dm3 of wine? Give your answer
to three significant fi gures. (1 g = 1000 mg)
mass of SO2 in 1 dm3 = .................................mg

3 (a) What is meant by the term buffer solution?

(b)Silver phosphate, Ag3PO4, is sparingly soluble in water.
W rite an expression for the solubility product, Ksp, of Ag3PO4, and state its units.
Ksp =
units:
(c) The numerical value of Ksp is 1.25 × 10-20 at 298K. Use this value to calculate
[Ag+(aq)] in a saturated solution of Ag3PO4.

4 a At 800 K, nitrogen monoxide reacts with hydrogen according to the following

equation.
equation 2H2(g) + 2NO(g) → 2H2O(g) + N2(g)
The following table shows how the initial rate of this reaction depends on the partial
pressures of the reagents.
Experiment p(H2) /atm p(NO) /atm initial rate /atm s-1
1 0.64 1.60 1.50 × 10-7
2 0.64 0.80 3.75 × 10-8
3 0.32 1.60 7.50 × 10-8

Find the order of the reaction with respect to each reactant, explaining how you
arrive at your answer.

b The compound nitrosyl fluoride, NOF, can be formed by the following reaction.
2NO(g) + F2(g)--------- 2NOF(g)
The rate is first order with respect to NO and F2.
The reaction mechanism has two steps.
Suggest equations for the two steps of this mechanism, stating which is the rate
determining slower step.Write down the rate law expression also.

5aThe following table shows how the initial rate of this reaction varies with different
concentrations of reactants.
[[Ru(H2O)2 Cl 4]2- / moldm-3 [CO] / moldm-3 rate / moldm-3 s-1
1.1 × 10-2 1.7 × 10-3 1.6 × 10-7
1.6 × 10 -2 3.6 × 10 -3 2.3 × 10-7
2.2 × 10-2 2.7 × 10-3 3.2 × 10-7

Use these data to determine the order of reaction with respect to each reagent, and
write the rate equation for the reaction.

bThe diagram below shows, for a given temperature T, a Boltzmann distribution of the
kinetic energy of the molecules of a mixture of two gases that will react together, such
as nitrogen and hydrogen.
The activation energy for the reaction, Ea, is marked.
On the graph above,
(i) draw a new distribution curve, clearly labelled T, for the same mixture of gases at
a higher temperature, T
(ii) mark clearly, as H, the position of the activation energy of the reaction at the higher
temperature, T

[
(iii) Explain the meaning of the term activation energy.

6aThe reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to produce ammonia in the Haber
process is an example of a large-scale gaseous reaction that is catalysed. State the
catalyst used and give the operating temperature and pressure of the
Haber’s process.
catalyst temperature
pressure
b Use your answer to (ii) to explain how the use of a catalyst results in reactions
occurring at a faster rate.Write down the expression for the rate of reaction with
respect to reactant and product.
7The nitrogen-containing substance in urine is urea, CO(NH2)2, and this decomposes by
hydrolysis into ammonia and another colourless gas.
(a) Construct an equation for the hydrolysis of aqueous urea.Give any two uses of urea
(b) Ammonia is synthesised from its elements in the Haber Process.
(i) Write an equation for this process.
(ii) State the two usual operating conditions of the Haber Process.
(iii) State 0ne modern commercial uses of ammonia.

8 The combustion of fuels in motor vehicles, trains, aeroplanes and power stations
produces the pollutant gas NO2.
a (i) Write an equation to show how NO2 is formed in these situations.
(ii) How is the NO2 removed from the exhaust gases of motor vehicles?

(ii) Write an equation for this process.

b Sulphur dioxide is an atmospheric pollutant.
(i) State two sources of atmospheric SO2 that arise from human activity.
 (ii) Explain why SO2 is a pollutant, and state an environmental consequence of this
pollution.
(iii) Write down the reaction for manufacturing of sulfuric acid using SO 2

9Ammonium sulfate is a fertiliser which is manufactured by the reaction between

ammonia and sulfuric acid.
(a) Ammonia is described as a weak base and sulfuric acid as a strong acid.
By using an equation, explain clearly what is meant by the term weak base.
(b) Ammonia and sulfuric acid are both manufactured by processes which involve
chemical equilibria.
(i) Sulfuric acid is produced from sulfur trioxide which is made by the Contact process.
State three important operating conditions for the Contact process for the
manufacture of sulfur trioxide.
For each of your conditions, you should avoid the use of vague phrases such as
‘high temperature’.
(ii) How is the sulfur trioxide produced converted into sulfuric acid?
10 (a) Esters are compounds which provide the flavour of many fruits and the perfumes
of many flowers.
The ester CH3(CH2)2CO2CH3 contributes to the aroma of apples.
(i) State the reagents and conditions needed for the hydrolysis of this ester.

(ii) Write the equation for the hydrolysis of this ester.

(iii) Apart from their use as perfumes and food flavourings, state one major commercial
use of esters.

Ethanoic acid, CH3CO2H, is formed as vinegar by the bacterial oxidation of ethanol

present in wine and other solutions.
CH3CH2OH + 2[O] -----> CH3CO2H + H2O
Ethanoic acid can also be formed in the laboratory by the oxidation of ethanol.
(b) (i)What oxidising agent is used for this laboratory reaction?
(ii) What colour change would be observed?

(iii) Write down the reaction of ethanol with ethanoic acid

(iv) Name the reagent used for reaction between ethanol ethanoic acid

11 a A series of reactions based on propan-1-ol is shown.

(i) Suggest a suitable reagent and conditions for reaction 1.
(ii) Write an equation for reaction 2, using [O] to represent the oxidising agent.

b A, B, and C are all structural isomers with the molecular formula C4H8O.
A, B and C all give an orange precipitate when treated with 2,4-DNPH but only A and B
give a brick-red precipitate when warmed with Fehling’s solution.
(i)Draw the skeletal formulae of A, B and C.
(ii) Name the type of structural isomerism shown by A and B.

12 Compounds containing the allyl group, CH2=CHCH2–, have pungent smells and are
found in onions and garlic. Allyl alcohol, CH2=CHCH2OH, is a colourless liquid which is
soluble in water.
(a) Allyl alcohol behaves as a primary alcohol and as an alkene.
Give the structural formula of the organic compound formed when allyl alcohol is
reacted separately with each of the following reagents.
(i) acidified potassium dichromate(VI), heating under reflux

(ii) bromine in an inert organic solvent

(iii) cold, dilute, acidified potassium manganate(VII)

b(i) Explain the meaning of esterification with sutable example.Write down the equation.
(ii) Give test the presence of carboxylic compound .