Assignment-2

CSE306

Sumitted to:- Dinesh Sir Name :- Ravi

Kumar

Roll No:- B38

Reg No:- 10804644

Section:- C2802
 CSE-306 -Computer Networks

HomeWork 2

1. The coder part of the codec and demodulator part of

the codec are way too different from each other.
Write on some aspects of the difference between both
of them.

Ans :-

The demodulator takes the wavy analog signal from the line and converts it
do a digital signal. The codec puts the transmitted data together from the
data the demodulator spits out.

2. The Nyquist theorem is one of the deciding factor in

data communication. The fibre optics as well as the
copper wires are communication mediums. Do you
think the theorem is valid for the fiber optics or for
the copper wires.

Ans: Nyquist theorem says that if you have a function whose

Fourier spectrum does not contain any sines or cosines above f,
then by sampling the function at a frequency of 2f you capture all
the information there is. Thus, the Nyquist theorem is true for all
media. The concept behind digitizing sound. Working at Bell Labs,
Harry Nyquist discovered that it was not necessary to capture the
entire analog waveform; rather samples of the wave could be
taken at various points. He also found that in order to have
enough information in the sample pool to reconstruct the original
waveform, the sampling rate must be at least twice the signal
bandwidth.Nyquist theorem is a sampling theory, doesn't matter
what the media is, as long as the transmission is on a TDM
system.
 3. Noise affects all the signals which are there in air.
There are some communicating modulation
techniques. Noise affects which of the modulation
technique the most.

Ans :- Noise affects all the signals which are there in air. There
are some communicating modulation techniques. Noise affects
which of the modulation technique the most.

Ans : In order to study the effects of noise upon radio

communication,an amplitude- modulation radio system was set
up in the laboratory and provision was made for generating
electrical interference and introducing it, together with the
speech-modulated carrier from the transmitter, into the receiver.
In addition, arrangements were made for producing ambient
noise at the talkers' and listeners' positions, so that the separate
effects of acoustic noise and radio noise could be compared and
their combined effects could be studied. By means of word
articulation tests, the intelligibility of speech heard over the radio
system was determined as a function of signal-to-noise ratio for
each of a number of types of noise.Several principles of noise
reduction were studied, and basic parameters

of the radio link were varied systematically so that their influence

upon the effects of noise could be determined. With regard to
ambient noise, it was found that exclusion of noise at the
microphone is even more important as a prerequisite for effective
radio communication than it is for effective interphone
communication, especially if either compression or premodulation
clipping is employed in the radio transmitter. Noise exclusion at
the listeners'end of the line is also important because, for optimal
intelligibility under difficult conditions, it is necessary for the noise
reaching the ear through or under the earphone cushions to be at
least 10 decibels less decibels less intense than the noise coming
through the earphones from the receiver. The deleterious effect
of electrical interference was found to depend greatly upon the
relation between certain characteristics of the noise and
corresponding characteristics of the receiver circuits. In general,
interferences with continuous spectraare more detrimental than
those with line spectra, and non-impulsive types more
detrimental than impulsive types. Noise-reducing circuits were
ineffective against random fluctuation noise, but in the presence
of certain types of impulse interference, limiters and canceling
circuits provided such

great improvement in performance that it was possible to

maintain satisfactory communication despite a 35-decibel
reduction in carrier intensity. As a general principle, it
appears that, whenever there is a characteristic difference
between the wave forms or the spectra of the signal and the
interference, the impairment of intelligibility by electrical
interference may be reduced by employing amplitude-
selective or frequency-selective circuits in the radio receiver

4. Convert the following bit stream using Manchester

and differential modulation techniques.

a) 1111-

b) 0101

c) 0000

d) 1100

Ans-

S.No. Bits Manchester Differential

Manchester
a) 1111 10101010
b) 0101 01100110
c) 0000 01010101
d) 1100 10100101
 5. The DC component plays a role in designing encoding
scheme. Can we relate the DC component’s effect on
all the encoding schemes? Justify your answer by
giving an example.

Ans:- DC components: After line coding, the signal may

have zero frequency component in the spectrum of the
signal, which is known as the direct-current (DC)
component. DC component in a signal is not desirable
because the DC component does not pass through some
components of a communication system such as a
transformer. This leads to distortion of the signal and may
create error at the output. The DC component also results in
unwanted energy loss on the line.

6. Multiplexing technique is used for combining the

multiple channels into one channel.

Write the factors on which the combination is

happening.

Ans: Multiplexing – the process of combining signals from

multiple sources
for transmission across a single link.

Path – refers to the physical link

Channel – a portion of the path that carries a transmission
between a
given pair of devices.
7. There are numerous multiplexing techniques
available. What in your opinion is the most
appropriate multiplexing technique for the fiber
optics as well as copper wires?

Ans :-

Multiplexing Techniques

Multiplexing is the process where multiple channels are

combined for transmission over

a common transmission path.

There are two predominant ways to multiplex:

•Frequency Division Multiplexing

•Time Division Multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

In FDM, multiple channels are combined onto a single

aggregate signal for

transmission. The channels are separated in the aggregate

by their FREQUENCY.

There are always some unused frequency spaces between

channels, known as "guard

bands". These guard bands reduce the effects of "bleedover"

between adjacent channels,

a condition more commonly referred to as "crosstalk".

FDM was the first multiplexing scheme to enjoy wide scale

network deployment, and

such systems are still in use today. However, Time Division

Multiplexing is the preferred

approach today, due to its ability to support native data I/O

(Input/Output) channels.

Time Division Multiplexing

Timeplex is probably the best in the business (IMHO) at Time

Division Multiplexing, as

it has 25+ years or experience. When Timeplex was started

by a couple of ex-Western

Union guys in 1969 it was among the first commercial TDM

companies in the United
 States. In fact, "Timeplex" was derived from TIME division
multiplexing.

In Time Division Multiplexing, channels "share" the common

aggregate based upon

time

8. While transferring the data from the transmission

medium there are various aspects of your data
getting tempered by other users. What in your
opinion is the most secure and insecure transmission
medium? Justify your answer with an example.

Ans:- There are three broad categories of media: Wire, fiber

and wireless. On a very high level, it could be said that fiber is
the most secure as it is the hardest to tap. Cable is

a little more secure, as physical access is not hard to tap and

sniff the passing traffic.

Then there is wireless, it broadcasts point-to-point or well

beyond the facility in all

possible directions. Anyone that can pick up the signal may be

able to sniff sensitive

information. Although there is a second item we must consider,

and that is the physical

and technical controls that have been implemented. Wireless

can be made more secure

by using WPA, encryption or 802.1x. A cabled network can be

fully switched, use

encryption and have implemented VLANS. So the point would

be that even seemingly
weaker systems can have controls implemented to make their
security more robust.