1- Consider the case shown in where a perfect 120 𝑉𝑎𝑐 𝑅𝑀𝑆

Power system with 1 Ω internal resistance supplies a triac

controlled 1000W incandescent lamp.
- Let the firing angle is 900 , so the lamp is operating at half-
power
- Calculate: The power for each Element & THD

Givens: 𝑉𝑠𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 120 𝑉 , 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 1Ω , 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 = 1000 𝑊 , 𝛼 = 90𝑜 ,

𝑖(𝑡) = 
𝑉
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = , ∴ 𝑉𝑠 = 120√2 𝑉 → 𝑉𝑠 = 120√2 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 0𝑜 )
√2

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 (120)2
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 = → ∴ 𝑅𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 = = 14.4 Ω
𝑅𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 1000

120√2 6.99
𝑃𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉𝑠 × 𝐼𝑠 × cos(𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝐼 ) = × cos(0 − (−32.5))
√2 √2
= 𝟓𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟑 𝑾

6.99 2
2
3.75 2 1.25 2
𝑃1Ω =𝐼 𝑅=( ) (1) + ( ) (1) + ( ) (1) = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕
√2 √2 √2

2
6.99 2
3.75 2 1.25 2
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 = ( ) (14.4) + ( ) (14.4) + ( ) (14.4)
√2 √2 √2
= 464.29272 ≈ 𝟒𝟔𝟒. 𝟑 𝑾

𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑐 = 𝑃𝑠 − (𝑃1Ω + 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 ) = 500.23 − (32.24 + 464.3) = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟗 𝑾

ANOTHER METHOD OF SOLUTION (BASED ON THE LECTURE SLIDES):

𝑉𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑖 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝑖(𝑡) = 6.99 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 32.5𝑜 ) + 3.75 sin(3 𝜔𝑡 − 90) + 1.25 sin (5𝜔𝑡 − 90)

∴ 𝑉𝐿 = 163.85 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 1.3𝑜 ) + 3.75 sin(3𝜔𝑡 + 90𝑜 ) + 1.25 sin(5𝜔𝑡 + 90𝑜 )

163.8×6.99 3.75×3.75 1.25×1.25

𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑(𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑐+𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝) = cos(1.3 − (−32.5𝑜 )) + cos(90 − (−90)) + cos(90 − (−90))
2 2 2

= 475.7 − 7.03 − 0.78 = 467.9 𝑊

𝑃1Ω = 𝑃𝑠 − 𝑃𝐿 = 500.23 − 467.97 = 32.26 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡

𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑐 = 𝑃𝐿 − 𝑃14.4Ω = 467.97 − 464.3 = 3.67 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡

3.75 2 1.25 2
( ) +( )
√2 √2
𝑇𝐻𝐷 = = 32%
6.99 2
( )
√2
 2- 𝜔 = 50 , 𝐿 = 2𝐻 , 𝑖(𝑡) = 5 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 2 sin(3𝜔𝑡) + sin(5𝜔𝑡)

Find: The voltage using time domain method & Frequency domain method

Solution:

1) Time Domain method:

𝑑𝑖 𝑑
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝐿 =2× ( 5 sin 50𝑡 + 2 sin 150𝑡 + sin 250𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = 2 ( 250 cos 50𝑡 + 300 cos 150𝑡 + 250 cos 250𝑡 )
= 500 cos 50𝑡 + 600 cos 150𝑡 + 500 cos 250𝑡

500 600 500

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = + + = 1131.37 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
√2 √2 √2

2) Frequency domain method

𝑉 = 𝑉 ′ + 𝑉 ′′ + 𝑉 ′′′
𝑉 =𝐼×𝑍
∴ 𝑉 ′ = 5 ∟0 × 100 ∟90𝑜 = 500 ∟90 = 500 sin(90 + 50𝑡) = 500 cos(50𝑡)
𝑉 ′′ = 2∟0𝑜 × 300 ∟90𝑜 = 600 ∟90𝑜 = 600 sin(90 + 150𝑡) = 600 cos(150𝑡)
𝑉 ′′′ = 1∟0𝑜 × 500∟90𝑜 = 500∟90𝑜 = 500 sin(90 + 250𝑡) = 500 cos(250𝑡)
∵ 𝑉 = 𝑉 ′ + 𝑉 ′′ + 𝑉 ′′′ → 𝑉 = 500 ∟90 + 600 ∟90𝑜 + 500∟90𝑜 = 1600∟90𝑜
∴ 𝑉 = 500 cos 50𝑡 + 600 cos 150𝑡 + 500 cos 250𝑡
1600
∴ 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 1131.37 𝑉
√2
∴ 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒈𝒐𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 ⋕