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Steam turbine governing is the procedure of controlling the flow rate of steam to a steam turbine so as to maintain its speed of
rotation as constant. The variation in load during the operation of a steam turbine can have a significant impact on its performance. In
a practical situation the load frequently varies from the designed or economic load and thus there always exists a considerable
deviation from the desired performance of the turbine.[1] The primary objective in the steam turbine operation is to maintain a
constant speed of rotation irrespective of the varying load. This can be achieved by means of governing in a steam turbine.There are
many types of governors.
Contents
Overview
Throttle governing
Throttle governing – Small turbines
Throttle governing – Big turbines
Nozzle governing
By pass governing
Combination governing
Emergency governing
See also
References
Overview
Steam Turbine Governing is the procedure of monitoring and controlling the flow rate of steam into the turbine with the objective of
maintaining its speed of rotation as constant. The flow rate of steam is monitored and controlled by interposing valves between the
boiler and the turbine.[2] Depending upon the particular method adopted for control of steam flow rate, different types of governing
methods are being practiced. The principal methods used for governing are described below
.
Throttle governing
In throttle governing the pressure of steam is reduced at the turbine entry thereby decreasing the availability of energy. In this method
steam is passed through a restricted passage thereby reducing its pressure across the governing valve.[2] The flow rate is controlled
using a partially opened steam control valve. The reduction in pressure leads to a throttling process in which the enthalpy of steam
remains constant.[1]
Figure1: 2-D schematic of throttle governor
ṁ=aL+C
Where a is the steam rate in kg/kWh, 'L' is the load on turbine inKW and C is no load steam consumption.
Nozzle governing
In nozzle governing the flow rate of steam is regulated by opening and shutting of sets of nozzles rather than regulating its
pressure.[3] In this method groups of two, three or more nozzles form a set and each set is controlled by a separate valve. The
actuation of individual valve closes the corresponding set of nozzle thereby controlling the flow rate. In actual turbine, nozzle
governing is applied only to the first stage whereas the subsequent stages remain unaffected.[1] Since no regulation to the pressure is
applied, the advantage of this method lies in the exploitation of full boiler pressure and temperature. Figure 2 shows the mechanism
of nozzle governing applied to steam turbines.[2] As shown in the figure the three sets of nozzles are controlled by means of three
separate valves.
By pass governing
Occasionally the turbine is overloaded for short durations. During such operation, bypass valves are opened and fresh steam is
introduced into the later stages of the turbine. This generates more energy to satisfy the increased load. The schematic of bypass
governing is as shown in figure3.
Figure3: 2-D schematic of bypass governor
Combination governing
Combination governing employs usage of any two of the above mentioned methods of governing. Generally bypass and nozzle
governing are used simultaneously to match the load on turbine as shown in figure 3.
Emergency governing
[2]
Every steam turbine is also provided with emergency governors which come into action under the following condition.
See also
Turbine
Steam turbines
References
1. 1966_jachens_steam turbines their construction.pdf –“Steam urbines:
T Their Construction, Selection and
Operation”. W. B. Jachens (Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists Association -1966
2. “Thermal engineering” Rathore and Mahesh. M (2010) ata
T McGraw-hill.p.739.
3. “Turbines, compressors and fans” S M Yahya (fourth edition) Tata McGraw-hill.p.393.
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