CHAPTER 29 Couple, Parenting, and Interpersonal Therapies for Depression in Adults Toward Common Clinical Guidelines within a Stress-Generation Framework Saves R. H. BEActl, MARK A, WHISMAN, and Guy BODENMANN Psa peat cnn an rin x ae dpi ons Beck Se Wha 2012 ae conces shure merpersonel aes of ein We et rv ioe he ao ey aE cor ea rt ts et ray ‘aren, pring en of may est tour mere aa ‘prions, aad we propose preliminary referral guidelines. Using the coe (aa sslaonship dey, for which ws rel fo eal ty oh explored, we examine briefly the potential for development of an e rol {of inary dson making rls ha col ge cna en OEM Seti sey mein nt eee Soon cu el ct INTERPERSONAL PROMLEMS AND DEIRESSION Socal Impalment and Depression eon as hp is hee of bth alte nd thay en ban: roi sos od concn nee aa S60 Se, 2005 ee ao Kener eal, Chap, the wma wena ee stb ang pats wit depenion as paral i oe pes fling ede of deresion (orcs S00, Depend en fos ames kading ceo dabiy weve noes ese f deren sll pry Capen Reina, Rei 3010 we Si hai ako we preity concur lant pons soc, [Whisan & Usher 2006 Accordingly adieingiasomhp redone te ‘ily particularly thot etified as stem eeeraing, il be request one sepa sf prevention and terme eft wed the lang om dak sae oh Sireion Tht pectio’ ead ft nial apracy se oben confone wi core “Eco aos whith pts recommen fx ani rete wath ine {Ree tat imepeon! an amy polo lar teed of penn Se us carer appr oat snes -generation framework can provide a use ‘Etc ramewer win sth opie he broad adconrca eat o8 ScaTSmctoosCexmen ierpont proces sd dc a 0 oe tot cl mld sper pion wth cn ome = ince eer ey tae Felatonsip Distress an Depression ‘Tires iely sent asiciaion fesse elton dress ae depeie ‘amos that hovers around = 40 (Whim, 2001 and pecs ss chee artion beeen sont dstess ndteboe cons af welloong nc Hams, & Buhler, 2007, wigesting thatthe maga he stants et ‘ee dies messes of teal health aad wt bing, Frkerman, pcg eh seyesine doners rept lover lationship aly than do poe wih ah oe ties (ex, Whinan 1998, 2007. The moderate sncion fle the het ate gine reasons of men and women ith depesion a fen fica ‘Sued and that the corelaon i conatent with wistional ar Wiccan ‘8 caution, upg thar nse may po om ltrs ded ‘awl athe reve, eee ners sen sah spare dood of elainship dion contr increase sak line wt depen a it & teary. 2000, Simin, reason confis wth piyscal shes eos fest lnc doresre spans evn ater euler depress syptons se pisses ate conoid (leche a, 3004) Likewise gisdaal ieasia {fs hve denon at atonship dre peice ost of Sepenc ones » Whisnan Bris, 199) an ines in dopsresymptoms es Beas ene Brody, 2005 Fal, Whismam and Uta (2009 ound arse ineeben a ene recto serch eric ee rere ih i feck es ecient irene es cnr emma ete ihedagntrnes Seer amet feats Cagis Donan ait en yacare Ee ene ce gees Srey Entra Sera ees ean arr Mion ckete ammeter Sore ponent Since cone ae cme nce scent crm els tas treat es Sra Cement ei Ehime ag rience eae pa tee merc i a pe td ar Selah Stem yi ir rs Mens ite ecitene aterm SSeS Seer atten ae Couple Poti and Interpersonal Pepe Ady sss Partrer Super and Depression "osc Lewis 1994 In ation, when paraer extn ee ee satonshi ican romp an experienc of hoes se eaten eh ‘ie manifesecl a confis od otis st wthdrwal fick ie enka ae Randall Bodaminn, 209, The cs thravos wie ie not ‘ty aio Be character aa erm generating ne cen ah ton, Dail, Badbury Cohan, and Tock 99 heramind a eee ‘orl cack ecto, bing exagpating proms ate et tht wes wih seater ll of dpe sym owed mre sept at ‘etavon and expectations and dha meats rapport leks aon he Gee seni epee ratomaip n,n oe ‘According thee i god saan wo examine apport bbs in martage as ‘esha dein the at Bonn ral, 208A on nee pres ‘sort equi cong the partner without dps nts es ee ‘cuicing bah parne rons by enesrglg muna capes ele eek Merce wis inate tht proving seperti ee a ween ee ‘or beni and cvar with hater we eng a ower mowsey We ee Nowe, Vinokur, & Sait, 20), undencoring he ae of enurpon cae Parting ant Onoresson Ge te interconnected nature of taly sues athe srg conection o eqreon ofr and itepesonal tenons et om spineg ha hee at {ik ewe prcting shor and depron, Obras! we see pee Inbar of women with depen (Lover Crys Ofna Nas soy ‘SE tht mothers with dpson are owe within ar eeh oa ase thn are ps The deen aid chs parse ted ined prensa drape behave chien Conger & Ge, 1985 Hainan Cine Baker 2008) and decreas eg eee, elon tina oa, 26, her exccotng cae ne ea ‘catnip (eg, Weber uation & Spc 196) tad conser she cee ‘is of poche de docu to Brean amon chide fees eh roto eaeo ther clin Bender Posontity Due Gale See hm, oe nde, pores manly say ort tah ofthe sik for fate protcon aston sepa of fens oe lps {ection o's iat hemes cing plone Seat ecomey atl dats we onsen wi leone596 PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION ‘neon ning ht any, no alpen wih denon ith i ‘ate von xc hc cng ele ra ce Smtr an aor mpc cating Fane imptenr ang ‘Wiis wih depen when stele oer of which are sil in ata and which alo ae patil com one deptenen vial pree nfl epee Cost Seem tteaes ay be povose mre Retay ional rma ant pd Schein pio yin ei depois i {Seal pchorhenpy UP oe dees ey Sea 205, Desks fs pe [Buran anocaed ws tincald incest a majo depression ad ar eeu nage se i sg ey Sd le es Co Chins, 199) upgesng ede pocnl dco fe interpersonal iron ‘Saka, conparng pete toda te li of bere cpl Fremaunced fe thn king cl spre (oreman, Well, Bera, 200%) Ar [Eotame ine onthe ote ers soesae ht tha the our, dpi cg they provi suther speach or erento sass GeNenaToN: AX ORGANIZING FRAMEWORK : FOR UNDERSTANDING INTERPERSONAL PROBLEMS il en eos tamer yan wh chan Dla ts cane cee ae ead oe a ‘St lun pe ss menial aoe ‘enh wit erosion pra hn wien {ie tan denim pts yun ny eet ‘Serene et me ey of cal ‘erate ewer an 0 Rg Su mn Men lt Sh bur iT ec mee ce re he dacs pecan nto pe depend ful ‘Of grea cncal ime it the oberon tat dependent ST ARLS ptiny he tnd come me ee Sotraterle led ce" mle neon tty Ee Cet tr Kao nec 199 Det ea ‘purl sybase ca “= TESS dn pre eae mt {amnmen, 2006; Liu 8 Alloy, 2010), Iris possible that stress ysneratian {Sen nome ea ln, 20 aon ca es el Seti ve ce tect os Psst peas Wipe a Se, Sih tse tn Shae apr om ti aa patina Wi a er Bue Ke hw po hen oe Con Ping, a Itereronl Theis aie fer may be pa of nv te evn na "Sn depesinesptoms, nso min. ‘Win Irenvieyrions ITeRnuer Srmess-Guei TING: INTERPERSONAL PROBLENS? ‘gndroma symp. Accorigy, ren geerning ocene nae eee mo haven deen sr las smn hemi depen they ote to pot exsist: nen Pee ‘neprsonal dams Coupe fami and ths napa tones rt let pin of theapeat nern fr pre mah dapeon Lp ‘cating behest domain ate amenable chang the an oi or fmerdprenon in ke he ner changin poms eae ‘pies hat cel iteration proces aredanindgrennpenete eae in tha procs inka spr mineanechane wen nace er eh inst aerating beivoscan be mien ont tine eg, Hag aati ‘WelLEstabished Iterenton for Relations Problems Aether potely etn inventions fo tinh res, parenting dific- ‘and tripe tes generator? For lato dec mele Fer sample eel spronces wo coc tesy ane Ser oend wee, ‘ling behavioral ‘aun therapy, coon choral comple these ane Secs heap fo copin andi one cole therapy erste eee 2006), arn manage ining tran Rl, ak, 1982), which ages the core snd apie pers of ee dda ton cscs chides presenting nth apestonl Rasen aha ‘a weed taint for dvupene bohm dnendes eg epee ae tm dur, cndact done in chien aad 2095, nie poinng ‘Sanchar wee eves gesting tha wre ie it Ree ‘ania ani the allevaton of peal dgpeion Lee Tene oe sida wel se, npn apps ht osu ona eo ltatsion, trance and prcating veins ppealy eke ay ‘herent wth depression cap ardo act ooneappoahnerea een fr decide inlaing an nlvidaly feud renin ox cola alend SO E21 modi foe wealuion of comple wt restos Shean Hook fa Samia preva become ses onratng, we belly ew elias dee ‘hone or WlLEstabshed Couple Therapy Approaches Fiche snon we review th otome dts ere ole itp poss sa "cle ho ein ning ata dren aed ee iret he aornts incon cogs tt hn Renee ee eae Ps pesto; ra mre xan reel hee ee{88 PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION | ‘aan th Inpro! Tepes At “with chese approaches, see Beach and Whisman (2012) and Whisman, Johnson, BE, and | Lane, and Kelly (2004) examie a mans i sndaed mee hc tf han pe inn compre ‘oy with sir esas Beach 8 O'Leary, 1992; Ean: Zorven Ere, is een dc ahs {Soe acto, Dobien, sme Schmaling,& any, 1991, In al the ade, citing stein mew snd fu Se | Sonning parm aco ICT anda toy yl ual oc hen he eps varie | Sow ep eco Ce a ti te pa ae | re ‘was deprestivesympeoms nd BCT therapy was superoe 0 aaa cognitive therapy ‘han id mothers inthe standand wens fuamh aud 49a allowaps {tin mproviog Sure fnconing odin BCT was fund Be pian tbeclet on doreion of Hiei at chia ea, 2009) ikewe, ‘better than th watt contol (Beach 8 O'Leary, 1992). Dessaules, Johnson, and Den? ‘rogram developed by rcarches in Amalie ate ane preven Se compa hc semen cml apy Et ercpn we | Et wera ertrce al mein cha wae {nd pharmscctherpy eto cial sine edtins depen. The Beet 1 tpprefoused outs aprons wis donated by Bena ad ease {2004 Coping arened coupe tbepy (COCT) was ound to have sina eles on ‘koreion recor induct nervenson but kot hw sian ‘npr on npr ees ER} ana ower eape rae within 1.8 years Pato ‘He COCT condition showed sabuantal deine inci and thse chage were ot ‘Cat thin en eerationfamewock the se of hse adi get ey rl Important consis ist, cae ta liao ome therapy fond ‘the eabacen of he inate elton am be aly and fly pid wa ‘Spree pelo, Second, BCT has ben shown nthe epee en 0 po ‘ice sgoicant change in avonspdisessin' dnordan nd Spree popu Sin each cast as oem otal group ara sera erin, Mlowigg to eco speiic deface etme for ltnsipSarene ‘Thi ease the timate Ylaonsip spears to be an porta comet fr team cel imeren of sort can be viewed partly rami {ap and proves song rasnale fo recomend seaoship ere ‘prone, wih ats with deprea, Fourth, work focused on rig pane te prode tei sacl appre the tet of mariage Botan e a 308 ‘Sago th pte supplement he coon confi eon nang a ‘ll feces om support poi Bodenmana an calegae (008 ey xp tthe coupl abl esters by igs focus on cop with external ser td ‘hwmsntngan impact of teatment on EE aus dp om clk the ie froin nt ono dsreed coupes Forces whch low ppt his EE ‘re prinay iss may ove filo Torre esac lB ip "anew eemine whet the sion of acto spr eave apc a ‘Spreuon. Gen he promsing lon ration of Spemivermptne to ee inorant tht work coined une which couple thea 8 ‘reas eatment or dapenion io own pho wal at a mene creme {nce lg get Foss ha a ere ‘racoterapy na sal hx al Rea forthe ody inated that och EET | \ fi } | leviaing ther epee pn Juma 1996 cats compote neon pans oak ue sted depend motes of ihn a tice homes aes ee ee igh cance rslaton and tone herenenne es te gop demented (idioma una cre Sandy and McFvand (200) aho examined ber! paring ta real deeension. Family in which the moter me geass ee a Sill met diagnosis se bo eer cont boon ie yi ed on (CHR hat aed on wana ves el eae eh {eecaon ander af jlenctional ced cotaieunitee olsen nth lang wth nse senton.Aagh hah acess Gh ro 2 nc oe ci Testud ereed he gps th pari aypoehes ne se rol derenive sympa ar wl saan ch eat Roc enor chil etme nd ance Suet ea oman pene mp an as WalLEstablished Approaches to Parent Taning cate compmied pret common among prs with pesos nd be frre sane ire sacs mmo ter generating proces (20 ‘chi, Wino Schenck, 206), apponces tt es ering eb Soult patent wash ve aso of tre 9 potemal mene fred ‘ese enction fo arn with dps, sng wl ei aren Hae Wel-Estabished Approaches ersonal Intervention 1 Ct and dat Aponte Cail Pe tt ceed on ind, 1 may hve inert: pclae ‘ners intervention in ay aus ion, whee maa IPah potet co pee cure and reap Frankel, 199, Resenexpason fit na ny acini ee nS ‘ndvadal spose 9 de! with raion poems (Hard, Oxy Kel 196) gun an expanding range of pose atl apron tag “There tbe india with depron who wot het fom ateton toinerperona robles or inerpersal sta geertin pre at we, eet tes are god endian fr aie thrapscr w S ot eemal heng, ‘sationdg oprcting poles, Sch nas may be parla pod candidat Fee PT a rae instal forts tht loa fc on inert aon shipconceas ut one inal aly members to send seen, For eat Pevsome perce with depo ay bt ote heyy indo patel ‘etsone eto the unsafe or te amy membe 1 ayes ely {ove wider ans of de erp sito a Strpraal aos ‘than woulpealy bean in preter dupe fond oppcecher IPT hs ec tevewl i deal by Wesen and Mornon 2001) hones eat PT aay ben ‘cious wetter depen, and pak bes ewe having ti hae ‘ot scot fern om teeters of erm fryers ft ‘kresson fey CTs not carenly Known, bower whee IPT rly hangs Interpersonal fancning a wher canbe ened ean meri ta ely ‘aearoper nepal she fesaon proses Decision Rules for Selecting Among Well-stablished Reston! interventions Seti the pom fdecion us that romp fra for varius res eerting aie ras wen hy te prsearSogel Vice, an ait 008 fund ha eng ‘inal inure lowing pharmacotherapy as he poset oon prt ‘ponders ofullesponse. Liew th peeling elie review of he eectveneeck ‘evel yes of coupe fay sopprt eperona, nd prt pcos Snore sss peat promi or uiiaton of the spose when pap ing arenes ig ne eam concad at welche eo approaches when inated can lp sive deen symptoms oeen it real Sympome follwing the sonlion of thes ferme ten eso appt ‘onto ervene nan aco manson potas eigen enim the context nga conarem dev rymptn Ths fing ost {he poten wlty of eter cancun or ner neon sng co, ‘amy oe ther iterpeonalinerventonspoacher wh prep, sie ‘thts perspec, Deron, Wier nd Galen (02) eam he imac “setingparmctherpy wth ET fr cape sage men with ep Sion Compared with women wo teed mein anagem hy hse ‘soa ecsted couple therapy eerie siticy more poet onshi suni,ahou thre were fleeces fetmeen pope ery a ep peach he deopment of ion rae gd fer iS sre of anesthe pac wh depts. Coulee ons a hts OPH {try and impersonal approach appeat to werk bot when te ol 2 ‘alo fhe nial Bech & O'Leary 1982; Wma lot SEI oink hes dats a 2000 re he eo wth dein eet ‘sorte septs a hee td serine tira Si ea Sr sigpontet el san a noch ge ena ne Ati nit on ktm offen eps svelte sector sara ete tl dee invita it wien rato ee sti expects ig Ker tp pee a ee ee lin a cnn aes psa an em a She ct praon hance ask ee ‘Soc of cnn tLe le et Sih aw ea eae ‘Re pron ing wi cc deed ct ee ‘rey cacti en tond ot sien oy oan gh og gan Shetanlfne ibs abor pene sf oss kaa Se “eanstion to adolescence. . “ sna dyfnction with parca steno cope fein parting cen ‘tsar adr tere ncn. ed pet nye ee es sd areal forth paten wits depeon yaad be crap oats en in whch th nerpeonal des presse ome fir depron sn enti th maincace fh desea, nil see ‘eld fe conse wien fai. nal cen tipo tectonic {ota cd of eaten, or atereten win nieces oe oped ‘th pesclrfrmof Gas ht peceat scam = ‘re ichotomous Decisions Possible? ‘Teament an elds are nha dons, ising anos sone osbl corps and evra id nine! Seon naling Sah ae [ts compat by the tS fn lp concur st of sa Say repre ly pes ih dps Hn yas at dane ey ena eta oct copcly appare seer {SPoectht eminagropin dof creer oe ed ee ae tera ds diem ge har wants lesen, Tessa Sendra pote: epg wih nese aes eae ides Gn be seo pve ace cons gating he ce sroavsigt pean oom thes ie eben te meee dered pent cold te aed cake fet pos fer eral eal wth scr tice ne Ths Wee {ese whos aon pobn ad spree te eee ‘voting heeled pin bye aseonearl whch eet {te a mont wing a sr anna ne ‘ott poten san woul fe‘A akerune approach o a supplemental sours of dion making idan wold to sent sey nore at pos nich bln dain in det {Dhurcen for ge ava hat pariular ses were bore heb or {sal Inerventon sould then pert reed ward how aes that were "Shs Tesomstas (Walle Mes 1998) has ue nae examine the din thw of const eo elanship sree ad ermine wheter here Be tar being pine thu septs te otal cere sroup “ase vert “ondiren eoples each, nam, Amir and Leone (2008) found usoicy inal of recently ure ineons who mere ed wth the Maral Aa It Tse Repti ad extending this odin, Whienan, Bath, and Sie (2008) ‘min eatin serene ample 1020 copes who were ese With the Marsal Sutton Inwetory-Revol (MSUR Spt, 997, and fund 2 tani ath, Bra on these np the ators eloped and made tallest ‘Sport anincvew-bnerecing ol Whisman Soe, & Beach 009), deed ‘cdstnguth det and sone coupe Sima sinpenervew ated Swine Bon dele fort ark fate zeae of aly fancier, Heh Henan, Sip Way 2012, cing ol er dcp of ‘CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH Sue wor a waged that he fans ont in a of etme or rein do torre ry scr ty rl ok eal ea qv: bens we “enema a on ills ng i ry {he youl on wiki htpem appease ben eed, ning oe {Spsst of he psa orem appeach lean ote onthe wont SE Skpanag Tasting she eto and lace of np, paren ed Spel caps for depen rth Ges pps way be ned a ‘sibicvcs eqs fete comet ofthe vey of dea nd tm int, rccn lop guny a pyle comer fut yom porta botnet spe cos tml cae Takoma Socoeconamie Status, Ethlty,Single-Parent Stats ‘Thote with ower socioeconomic tata SES) ae at raed ik of havin depen (torn Dei Eton, 2003; se Relr et al Cape chs vole AB mig ‘speed hate ulus low SES confer by fanaa dre ‘heplymentlw saon aod kw taal sndad of ing epee, Melt [ery 2003, all of whxh se sors of croc tc. Thr sgt he pre ‘latino ot akancesoping Likewise sme feel tow ES a ‘Snel by deed wal apport Turns Se Main 984, nde spac of isco nih- gy socal ears may Be uonger hone aarp br SiSiTume Lloyd Rowell 1999) conserone hae rther spp se IP Penal inure ae denon octarng athe cote ow SES “Caulprctng nd itp erento fr dees nthe om stow ES ly one pal cosons, mean an cc ‘ons Ta parla wierd devemisanon of excuses for NP op merenttem in ceo wah encores cairn Soa ae {Haste 0: ai) yea eae 20 sg thts en day ears am (Con Conan ‘Poms cpr ea te as? nei Scien al sea rca dere meee at se iet mir eu encared pnp tbeaees Ses v enateworthy that rk of onset of a depeatve episode is greater among si sk th oe are te fae lc che th comb wl ware of en wth yl He ees tect peal npr wing erage te ‘ent message ton ne oe ‘reuters ne Ha ae Sere enna er a ae ae Seley syste tha came ches of ‘real ameter Forty ee ups tre eletc har bent Aging ad Later Lite Compare with une indi, dereion i ler ads specs din pele, preston, lg rk ed pots factory and fecal cre {ee rr & pl Chaper 23, ths solu Iyer fan aay he Sit pert he ne ig ne Arig el ‘ecoemaionaeeciviy ther Cusensen,Hancoi Chae, 1999, ema hereto a increasingly van feo aca ele they ae al ‘prong the ed oft. Comeau, pion cane elatertge sat ae Stag soci wih he ml afar mon rte yay ni sh Constet wih thi pepe, age marae she soutien cane ln av andar deine dsc ns population eel ae ae ae aeletie ach ark soho te montane ih cao he “i dae, couple fais, anda imepeinay etd ame ck PT to er aed san eas se ales se ‘we af these treatments for older adults, includ = aa = ict oer pono, pans te ener eri hte repoton ofr alla wus douon do cen ne tap may wan come wis feimitag sere pela eee ‘tered wih depen cage ese pean ee * Wetherll,& Garz, 2609), a. eat Te ssocinon of eons asly eer mod may be 1 With ange of pci problems age. seal or ogy» bones erate o ehbe elicacons itereton fin of sess pan in deen, an # can ly Marae ee ‘irs by IF, enn complied pet sel COC ‘These grcitionamevort ao hehe petal or pricy india verb sch a expect childhood sdeeee i eateeteot ky with ses eerton (Hm, Henry, Daley 000} as ne tal oi lnm msc tas ene shares Bevan KesunMi Har, Naa, 2010, Arte snmcion bers 1a cat of india vukerbity and incprsnal ses erncraton aoa ‘une yb poset eeop new inerponnal opines ee ‘onto bath nda hry and presi ula he seo ‘the ccumstancs of puta eee and fais In praia ‘enya sc ince ln olla coon eke i toe for ae nenatins cn sha infrmaton ad Innate pare os hte alee framework for generation ares conets ahd perhaps across ada ‘eahouomc. To the extent cha we val sn copia oration Sead ech ‘acompass coun, preing, an nrprtonlincrvenion lot dogre ene Incas etl to adi sre peserton they ta way tse eed nding nd ge te developmen ow ier | ReFeRences reac Ril ne ea oa of Fray Phe 2 me eS a Kins a te em i Taree na arog: Ame fae Sad nS Kies Ces Ai ba tog Pea Sepang rama: Gn yma Soa ol evden Roa he Ye M8 Mary VM a00n, Chan ‘Ss depen esto Sets roa Fons Fae eine ee One Secon ro oer mat ay ea he Dow S CFL Whimin M.A 02). Allie re Jara of Marland Bay ih ela oman dee er nen ke ede Wee hy TY Sas se pe ‘esl ot pc nes Te meron song ate nheah "NRE Ca) 6 ring with er pa, Jara Py denna, Cancel Reach SR Hy, Widmer K, Gabi 8, Meu a[Bo pinged cul shy ep Arann a rs ek Cares Bey, BN, Dn anil copings pcan node a emt prsns earl f Php eck (205) The al fail guy physical a rng he ae eas for eo GW & Moran, MS, Sige mates, porey nd de ‘sha Sc cused bo ln at Coma a cong ear EEC om bron rans A etna oe omni eo cues ws dead eral ey Poe, ‘cipn fRsky A 8 Reel F202, Pern ein Ah poae Ce ee rs recta este Ea ac rts mn fra of Pomme an a rte hen Ae eee Pein eter dered women vith coal fecal ays or cmpes Ae eee ena Siro Anarchy 383 nial hcp fo deen mali does cop, sh outa of Pe cn oe See a i Soc al 2. eg fie pe amet Sor Jah Ana Rew fC wpe ening, an inerpeana herpes ene ‘7 ‘lan. MTD Ma Sie S.A Jems ‘sbi a home dnc tS Ile hal hd chang 30 ool FG} pets mathe al Nv of Chal Porgy to 16. Hep ee fp ges ted meet ee ‘ember Kelr Bea HG oS. 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