Journal of International Council on Electrical Engineering

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Optimal operation and battery management in a

grid-connected microgrid

Mohamed El-Hendawi, Hossam A.Gabbar, Gaber El-Saady & El-Nobi A.

Ibrahim

To cite this article: Mohamed El-Hendawi, Hossam A.Gabbar, Gaber El-Saady & El-
Nobi A. Ibrahim (2018) Optimal operation and battery management in a grid-connected
microgrid, Journal of International Council on Electrical Engineering, 8:1, 195-206, DOI:
10.1080/22348972.2018.1528662

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/22348972.2018.1528662

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JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
2018, VOL. 8, NO. 1, 195–206
https://doi.org/10.1080/22348972.2018.1528662

ARTICLE

Optimal operation and battery management in a grid-connected microgrid

Mohamed El-Hendawia,b, Hossam A.Gabbara,c, Gaber El-Saadyb and El-Nobi A. Ibrahimb
a
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada; bElectrical Engineering
Department, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; cFaculty of Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, University of Ontario
Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Recently, Smart grid is one the important concepts that improve the energy future. This paper Received 6 April 2018
proposes an economic optimization technique for battery management to reduce the operating Accepted 20 September 2018
cost of a grid-connected microgrid. The proposed microgrid includes photovoltaic, wind power, KEYWORDS
and battery storage system. The proposed objective concerns with determination of the optimal PV system; Wind turbine;
hourly management for the operating power system to meet the required profile of load energy storage system;
demand. In addition to, the excess/lack amount of electricity can be sold to/purchased from energy management
the utility grid. Interior Search Algorithm (ISA), an efficient heuristic algorithm, is applied to solve system; interior search
the problem with an objective of total operational cost minimization. The optimization technique algorithm
is applied to a typical microgrid system with different loading conditions as a case study to test
its effectiveness. The proposed platform can be considered as a significant part of comprehensive
energy management system (EMS). The simulation results indicate high potential savings for the
total operating cost.

1. Introduction is the unpredictability of its behaviour. The generated

power from RES, such as wind and PV systems, are
The microgrid concept has become an important topic
imbalanced due to weather variations in wind speed
in the last few years. Many researchers focus on the
and solar irradiance [4]. Therefore, the ESS has been
application of microgrids and its impact on the envir-
included in the microgrid to solve the intermittency of
onment. Different distributed generators and energy
the generated power. Therefore, the most important
storage systems are connected together to supply dif-
problem that faces stakeholders is how to ensure
ferent types of loads to construct a microgrid. The
microgrids operate in a reliable and economic manner.
microgrid can operate in a standalone mode where
Significant research has been done on the optimal
the microgrid can supply the load without using the
and economic operation of a microgrid. EMS is the
main utility grid or it can operate in a grid-connected
important part in controlling the operation of power in
mode where the load is supplied from both the micro-
microgrids. The concept of EMS based on optimal
grid and main utility. The microgrid can provide elec-
power flow models has been studied in many published
tricity to local loads or loads in remote regions with
works recently. The proposed microgrid in [5]
minimum transmission system. The most important
included wind turbines, PV, diesel generators, and
advantage of the microgrid is that it is not the only
ESS. The authors used EMS for optimal power flow
supply the customer with the demanded electricity but
in the microgrid with consideration of the distribution
also it provides a reliability to the system [1,2].
network and the operational constraints. Ref [6]. pre-
One important type of distributed generators (DG)
sented an advanced EMS based on real-time data. The
is renewable energy sources (RES). RES gained high
model included three distributed energy resources:
interest as they inexhaustible and have a friendly envir-
photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and fuel cell
onmental impact. Thus, RES represents dominant
(FC). The optimization model has been solved to
source of power in microgrids as they are flexible,
satisfy the load demand requirements with minimum
smart, and active. They are many mature technologies
possible cost through determining the optimal power
such as wind turbines, photovoltaic, tidal energy, wave
output for each DER unit. However, the feed-in tariff
energy, geothermal energy, and biomass [3]. On the
(FIT) program was not applied as they didn’t include
other hand, one of the main disadvantages of each RES

CONTACT Hossam A.Gabbar hossam.gabbar@uoit.ca Energy Systems and Nuclear Science Research Centre (ERC) - Room 4021 North Oshawa 2000
Simcoe Street North Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4
© 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
196 M. EL-HENDAWI ET AL.
the power from DER when the cost of the grid is lower
than the operational cost of renewable energy
resources. In [7] the model only included PV and
ESS. The priority is to supply the load demand. This
research keeps the utility grid as the final choice to
meet the load demand. It did not take into considera-
tion the time of use of the electricity prices. Ref [8,9].
study the optimal sizing for the DGs to minimize the
net present value of the MG while supplying the load
with required power. Ref [10]. proposes a multi-objec-
tive particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm
to design an optimal grid-connected microgrid com-
prising PV/wind/battery. The objective of the research
is to achieve minimum cost, reliable system and reduce
pollutant emissions. Some papers choose different
types of storage system to achieve the reliability and
reduce energy costs. Ref [11]. performs a dynamic
power management strategy for the microgrid using
PV, wind, and flywheel storage system. Also, ref [12].
discusses optimal EM in a grid-connected mode using
Gravitational search algorithm (GSA) algorithm. The
proposed model consists of a wind turbine, PV, elec-
trolyser, fuel cell and hydrogen storage tank which
supplies the electrical and thermal load demand.
In the previous literature review, there are different
types of DGs and ESS that comprise the grid-connected
microgrid to supply the load demand. In such systems,
there are various operational scenarios that emphasis
the importance of EMS to show the priority to supply
the load with power from the DGs. If the DGs’ power is
higher than the demand, the excess of power will be
stored in the battery until reaching the maximum
capacity. Afterwards, any residual power will be sold
to the grid. On the other hand, if the DGs’ power is
lower than the demand, the battery will supply the load
with the shortage of power. If the RES and ESS still
cannot supply the entire load demand, the remaining
load demand is powered by the utility grid.
This paper proposes an optimal operation of
energy management system in a microgrid to opti-
mize the operating cost and achieve the system
reliability. The proposed microgrid MG includes
three types of DGs: PV, WT, battery and operates
in a grid-connected mode. In this work, using ESS
allows purchasing energy from the grid with low
prices to be stored in the battery units. This stored
energy can be recalled during high-peak price hours
to compensate any shortage from the DGs. Also, if
the demand is less than the power generated by the
DGs, the DGs and the grid store the excess power in
the ESS with low prices in the off-peak hours.
Subsequently, the power will be sold to the utility
grid with the maximum price in the high-peak
hours. The EMS applies an optimization algorithm
to manage the power in the proposed model based
on minimizing the total operational cost. This paper
uses Interior Search Algorithm (ISA) to solve the
energy management optimization problem. The pro-
posed MG is applied to a case study in Oshawa,
Ontario, Canada.
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2, gives a
brief overview of the proposed microgrid and the
model of each source. Section 3 presents the energy
management system optimization model. Section 4
discusses the case study. In Section 5, the simulation
results are presented and discussed. In Section 6, the
conclusion summarizes the results.
2. Basic system modeling
The microgrid configuration is presented in Figure 1
which includes PV, WT, ESS and the main utility grid.
EMS takes a signal from each source of the circuit and
applies optimization technique to determine the opti-
mal power flow direction. The step time for the pro-
posed model is 1 hour. At each time step the generated
power by each source must be calculated. This section
discusses briefly the MG mathematical modelling of
each component.
2.1. PV model
The output power of PV system changes with the
weather conditions. The power generated from the
PV arrays at hour t is calculated as follow [13]
Ppv ðtÞ ¼ Apv ηpv Gðt Þ (1)
where ηpv is the PV panel reference efficiency, Apv ½m2 
is the solar array surface area, and Gðt Þ is the solar
irradiance ½kw=m2 :
2.2. Wind generator model
A simplified model of a wind turbine produces elec-
trical power which has a linear relationship with the
wind speed. When the wind speed reaches a nominal
value, the wind turbine produces the nominal power.
The wind turbine disconnects from the grid when the
wind speed reaches the maximum wind value (cut-off
speed). On the other hand, the wind turbine does not
generate any power when the wind speed is equal or
lower than the minimum wind value (cut-in speed)
since it does not have enough power to overcome the
friction of the turbine. The output power of wind
generator is calculated as follows [14]:

Figure 1. Microgrid model architecture.
8
< 0 v  vci or v  vco
Pw ðtÞ ¼ a:v3 ðt Þ  b:Prate vci < v < vr
:
Prate vr < v < vco
Where Prate is the rated output power, vci cut-in speed,
vco cut-off speed, vr rated speed, v is the wind speed
[m/s] and a; b are the fitting parameters of the wind
turbine power curve which determine the rated output
power of the generator. The output of the wind tur-
bines depends on the wind speed forecasting.
2.3. ESS model
There are many types of storage devices used in the
power system. Electric storage systems include battery
[15], super capacitor, flywheel [16], and superconduct-
ing magnetic energy storage (SMES) [17]. Depending
on the application and the purpose for using the sto-
rage system the user decides which type of ESS can be
deployed. ESS should be connected to a bidirectional
battery charger to regulate the charging/discharging
power of the ESS and to control the output voltage.
In this paper, the battery storage system is used to give
an optimal solution to the proposed model.
The dynamic equation for the battery storage system
is described as follows:
WESSðtÞ ¼ WESSðt1Þ þ Pcharging  Δt  ηch
Pdischarging  Δt
 (3)
ηdisch
Where WESSðtÞ and WESSðt1Þ are the stored energy in
the battery at time (t) and (t-1). Pcharging and Pdischarging
are the charging and discharging power, respectively, to
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 197
the battery during a period (Δt). ηch and ηdisch are the
(2) charging/discharging efficiencies of the battery which
are both set to be 0.9.
3. Energy management system (EMS)
This section discusses the energy management strategy
used in the proposed model. Also, it illustrates the
applied optimization technique. The objective of the
EMS is to supply the demand load from the DGs, ESS
and the utility grid with respect to an optimal economic
technique to minimize the operational cost. There are
many input variables to the EMS, which include load
demand, PV and wind turbine power output, system
constraints, SOC of the battery, operational and main-
tenance cost of each DGs and ESS and the grid tariff as
shown in Figure 2. The EMS receives its inputs and then
determines the optimal setting-point for the ESS and
DGs based on the optimization technique.
3.1. Objective function
The cost function is used in a grid connected mode to
minimize the operational cost and manage the power
transfer in the power system using heuristic optimiza-
tion technique (ISA). The cost function for each hour
intervals can be described as:
X
T 
Min f ðxÞ ¼ Min PPV ðt ÞCpv þ PWG ðtÞCWG
t¼1
(4)
þ PESS ðt ÞCESS þ Pgb ðt ÞCgb ðt Þ

Pgs ðt ÞCgs ðt Þ
198 M. EL-HENDAWI ET AL.
Figure 2. EMS input variables.
Where Cpv , CWG and CESS are the operational and
maintenance cost of the output power of PV, wind
power and ESS. Also, Cgb ðt Þ and Cgs ðt Þ are the cost
of purchasing/selling power from/to the utility at
hour t. PPV ðt Þ; PWG ðt Þ, PESS ðt Þ are the output
power of the DGs and ESS. Pgs ðtÞ and Pgb ðt Þ are
the input/output power to/from the grid. T is the
total period which is from 1 to 24 hour. x is the
state variable which represent the output power of
the DGs and the charging/discharging power of the
ESS. So, at each time the decision variables con-
sisted of:
xðtÞ ¼ ½PPV ðt Þ PWG ðt Þ PESS ðt Þ  t ¼ 1; 2; . . . . . . T (5)
3.2. System constraints
There are many operational constraints that must be
taken into consideration before initiating the optimiza-
tion module. Each DG and the proposed distribution
network have technical power limits. These power lim-
its control the optimization problem. The system
power limits are as follows:
3.2.1. Load power balance
The following equation illustratesPthe power flow rela-
tion at each time interval, where PL ðt Þ is the amount
of load demand.
ðPL ðt ÞÞ  PPV ðt Þ  PWG ðtÞ  PESS ðtÞ  Pgb ðt Þ þ Pgs ðt Þ
¼0
(6)
3.2.2. Source constraints
To keep the system stable, the DGs output power must
be within suitable limits. Also, there are many con-
straints that must be taken into consideration to main-
tain the lifetime of the battery and prevent its damage.
There is a limit on the amount of energy stored in the
battery (presented as the state of charge (SOC)). The
input/output power of the battery is limited by the
maximum charging/discharging power [18].
min
PPV ðt Þ  PPV ðtÞ  PPV
max
ðtÞ (7)
min
PWG ðtÞ  PWG ðt Þ  PWG
max
ðt Þ (8)
min
PESS ðt Þ  PESS ðt Þ  PESS
max
ðt Þ (9)
SOCmin < SOC < SOCmax (10)
3.3. Heuristic optimization techniques
Several optimization techniques have been proposed to
reach to the optimal solution with respect to the opti-
mization time range and the accuracy to find the opti-
mal solution. Heuristic optimization algorithm is one
the best optimization techniques that perform a tradeoff
between time and computational effort. Ref [19]. solves
the energy management problem with several optimiza-
tion techniques. It performs a comparison between these
optimization techniques and it found that ISA is the best
optimization algorithm for these types of problems. This
section discusses briefly the composition design of
 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Interior Search Algorithm (ISA) algorithm as one of the
types of the heuristic algorithms.
3.4. ISA optimization
ISA is a new and important optimization techniques
that is fast, reliable, and flexible to solve different
optimization problems. ISA is a novel optimization
technique given by Amir H. Gandomi in 2014 [20].
In this paper, ISA has been applied to acquire the
optimal economic power management of the pro-
posed microgrid. ISA designed related to the aes-
thetic techniques used for interior design and
decoration to satisfy the client point of view.
Usually, when the designer begins to design the
interior elements of a building, he starts to compose
the elements from the wall and then it will be easy to
design the other parts because the space will be
limited. However, in ISA method the designer
arranges the composition of elements randomly to
reach to the most beautiful view. This arranges in
elements composition is accepted only when it
achieves a more decorative view based on the client
point of view. ISA optimization technique has been
designed based on this idea. The element (state vari-
able) place is changed when it gives a more decora-
tive view (a better fitness value) and when the client
accepts the decoration view (the constraints are satis-
fied). The designers put mirrors near the most dec-
orative element to increase their beauty. This process
is used in the optimization method by placing a
mirror near the global best function to improve the
solution.
ISA has different stages to reach to the optimum
cost function. The value of the state variables are
changed only if it provides a better fitness function
and is within the limited constraints. On the other
hand, this method uses a mirror to tune the state
variables to achieve the best solutions. The state vari-
ables split into two categories; the composition cate-
gory and the mirror category. Figure 3 shows the
flowchart of the ISA optimization steps.
The optimization steps for EMS using ISA is given
bellow [21]:
(1) Generate Random initial elements (state vari-
j Ontario, Canada. The hourly output power profile of
ables) xi within the upper and lower constraints
 
j
and compute the fitness function f xi value.
(2) Find the best element of the initial population
which is the minimum fitness function. The
element with the best solution called the global
j
best (xgb ).
199
(3) Divide other elements into two groups ran-
domly. If r1  α, the element goes to the mirror
group, else it goes to the composition group.
Where α is a tuned parameter and r1 is a ran-
dom number between 0 and 1.
(4) In case of composition group, each variable
has been changed randomly within the limited
constraint with respected to the following
formula.
j  
xi ¼ LBj þ UBj  LBj r2 (12)
Where r2 is a random number between 0 and 1. LB
is the lower limit and UB is the upper limit.
(5) To get the position of the new mirror element, put
a mirror between the global best element and each
element of the group then calculate the value of the
fitness function of each element. The following
formula calculates the position of the mirror:
j j1
xm;i ¼ r3 xi
j
þ ð1  r3 Þxgb (13)
The new mirror element can be calculated as follows:
j j j1
xi ¼ 2xm;i  xi (14)
(6) If the new fitness function is better than the old
fitness function, the new element replaces the old
element. If not, the old element will be kept in
the next iteration.
(7) If the iterations did not finish, these steps would
begin again from step 2.
Most of optimization algorithms have two para-
meters at least that should be tuned to improve the
simulation results. One the advantage of this method is
that there is only one parameter (α) which should be
tuned. The range of α is varied between 0 and 1.
Therefore, by changing the value of α, the best solution
could be reached.
4. Case study
The developed strategy is applied to a set of houses
connected together which are located in Oshawa,
the wind and PV system changes with the time of day
and season. In this paper, the PV and wind profile for
a weekday in the winter season, as shown in Figure 4.
The forecasted curve for the hourly load demand
during the year is related to IESO Ontario [22] as
shown in Figure 5. The profile of the load during
200 M. EL-HENDAWI ET AL.

Figure 3. Flowchart for ISA.

Figure 4. PV and wind profile in winter season.

one day in the winter season is shown in Figure 6. The supposed to be 10%, 90% and 50%, respectively.
limits and economic parameters of PV, WT and ESS Table 2 illustrates the variation of the grid tariff
are illustrated in Table 1. The minimum, maximum through the winter season in Oshawa with respect to
and initial state of charge (SOC) of the ESS is the Ontario Energy Board [23].
 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 201

Figure 5. Hourly electrical power consumption of the load during one year.

Figure 6. Hourly load demand during a day.

Table 1. Technical and economical parameters of DGS and ESS. from the grid and there will not be any power
Type PV Wind ESS that can be sold to the grid. To apply this mode,
Lower limit (kW) 0 0 −20 it is assumed that another set of homes is
Upper limit (kW) 25 20 20
Operational & Maintenance Cost ($/kW) [1] 0.01 0.01 0.01
coupled with the previous loads, which simply
duplicates the load demand.

To test the proposed model with these modes of opera-

In this section, two possible operation modes are tion there are three case studies that will be
described: implemented:

(1) Mode 1 ‘small-scale load’: The DGs power is
more than the demand in a specific hour and
less in other hours of the day. So, the MG may
sell or purchase power to/from the grid depend-
ing on the objectives of the operating strategy.
The load in this mode consisted of a set of
homes and the demand is shown in Figure 6.
(2) Mode 2 ‘large-scale load’: The demand is con-
stantly higher than the DGs power. thus, the
shortage of the power demand can be bought
Case 1: The base case study where the demand is
supplied by the utility grid only (DGs and ESS are
not included).
Case 2: In mode 1, The MG supplies the load with
the demanded power and the excess of power will
be stored in the battery until reaching the max-
imum capacity. The utility grid is the final choice.
In mode 2, battery and DGs provide the load
with power and the power shortage is covered
by the grid.

Table 2. Ontario electricity time-of-use price periods.

Off-peak On-peak Medium-peak On-peak Off-peak
Time of Use (hour) 0–07 07–11 11–17 17–19 19–24
Purchasing price ($/kWh) 0.087 0.18 0.132 0.18 0.087
Selling price ($/kWh) 0.0435 0.09 0.066 0.09 0.0435
202 M. EL-HENDAWI ET AL.
Case 3: The proposed case study, where the demand
is supplied from DGs, battery or the utility grid
depending on the electricity time-of-use price for
minimum cost.
5. Results and discussions
This section presents the results for the studied micro-
grid based on the proposed formulation. In this paper,
a working winter day has been selected as an example
to test the model and it can be executed for any day of
the year. Figure 7 gives the power flow results in the
MG for mode 1 and Figure 8 illustrates the results of
the proposed MG for mode 2. The comparison between
the three case studies are presented in Table 3. The
outcomes of the proposed microgrid system are repre-
sented in the following subsections.
5.1. Results for mode 1 ‘Small-Scale Load’
This mode will be discussed with the three cases to
illustrate the advantages of the proposed strategy to
minimize the cost.
Case 1) Purchasing electricity, without DGs and ESS;
In this case, the load is fully supplied from the utility
grid. Where the DGs and ESS are disconnected from
the utility grid. Table 3 gives the total cost of the
purchased power from the grid according to the elec-
tricity time-of-use price periods. The load absorbs 378
kWh per day from the utility grid and the purchased
cost is $48.84 per day. Also, the reliability is missing in
this case as if there is any fault in the utility grid, the
load will be disconnected.
Case 2) Selling electricity, with DGs and ESS;
In this case, the DGs supply the load with the required
power and store the surplus power in the ESS until it
reaches the maximum capacity. If there is more power
unexploited, it will be sold to the utility grid. Figure 7(a)
illustrates that all the power is stored in the battery and no
power sold to the utility grid, since the battery did not
reach the maximum capacity. As shown in Table 3, the
system costs are reduced by 92.26% so the daily saving is
$45.06 per day; as it did not buy any power from the grid
and the residual power stored in the ESS. The total cost, in
this case, is only the maintenance cost of DGs and ESS.
Figure 7(a) shows that the battery discharges when the
DGs’ power is lower than the load demand and charges
when the DGs’ power is higher than the load demand.
Case 3) Purchasing electricity and selling electricity,
with DGs and ESS;
This strategy allows the MG to acquire economic
benefits by selling the electricity to the grid with
high price and purchasing it with low price.
Therefore, the buying cost is lower than the selling
cost and the total cost is $-0.517 per day as shown in
Table 3. Also, the purchased power from the grid
(153.42 kWh) is lower than the sold power to the
utility grid (261.92 kWh). Figure 7(b) shows that the
battery charges in the off-peak price periods and
discharges in the other hours of the day. This case
study demonstrates a high potential savings for the
total operating cost.
5.2. Results for mode 2 ‘Large-Scale Load’
Case 1) purchasing electricity, without DGs and ESS;
Case 2) purchasing electricity, with DGs and ESS;
Case 3) purchasing electricity and selling electricity,
with DGs and ESS;
As mentioned before, in case 1 the load is completely
supplied by the utility grid. Also, in mode 2 the load is
doubled so the purchasing price is increased. In case2
and case 3, DGs and ESS are connected to the utility
grid to supply the load. However, in each of the previous
cases, the MG can purchase power from the utility grid
while in case 3 the MG can sell/buy power to/from the
utility grid. In case 2, the ESS charge in the period
(09:00–17:00) as in this period the generated power
from the PV is at its maximum, while in the evening
there is not enough irradiance to generate power from
PV so the ESS discharges the stored power. Table 3 gives
the amount of energy sold or bought from the utility
grid. Also, it gives the costs for electricity trade with the
utility grid for the three cases.
Figure 8 shows the power flow in the proposed MG
in case 2 and 3. Where as shown in Figure 8(a), in
case 2, the power is purchased from the utility grid to
cover the shortage to supply the load. On the other
hand, Figure 8(b) shows that in case 3, the MG will
sell and buy power to/from the utility grid according
to the electricity time-of-use price periods. Table 3
shows a comparison between the three case studies
of two modes of operation in terms of minimum cost.
From results, the case 3 is more effective than the
other two cases. Where the previous analysis, and
the aforementioned results indicate high potential
savings for the total operating cost in the two modes
of operations.
 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 203

Figure 7. Microgrid optimal power flow for Mode 1 (a)case 2. (b) case 3.
204 M. EL-HENDAWI ET AL.

(a)

(b)

Figure 7. (Continued).

(a)

(b)

Figure 8. Microgrid optimal power flow for Mode 2 (a)case 2. (b) case 3.
 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Table 3. Results of the studied cases.
Mode 1
Electricity Trade
Purchased Sold Purchase Sell Total Cost
Case (Kwh) (Kwh) Cost ($) Cost ($) ($)
1 378 0 48.84 0 48.84
2 0 0 0 0 3.78
3 153.42 261.92 14.63 20.01 −0.517
6. Conclusion
Using the renewable energy system as a part of the energy
sources to supply a load, a set of homes connected
together, can save money in the operating cost. The pro-
posed platform which is applied in the energy manage-
ment system (EMS) could insure the best management of
the power flow between sources to supply the load with
optimum operational cost. This procedure could achieve
cost benefits with respect to the rating of MG. The results
show that the combination of renewable energy system
and ESS with the presence of EMS can offer an optimal
power scheduling in the day-ahead market. ISA is pro-
posed within EMS to minimize the objective function that
depends on operational cost. ISA is used for reducing the
absorbed power from the grid during the time of high
electricity tariff by using the other sources in the MG to
cover the load demand; and increase the power from the
grid in the off-peak electricity tariff to minimize the oper-
ating cost. So, the ESS is charged and discharged with
respect to the electricity tariff curve. Therefore, EMS solves
the most important problem that faces the stakeholders
which is how to manage the MG to operate in a reliable
and economic manner.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes on contributors
Mohamed El-Hendawi is a lecturer in the Faculty of
Engineering at Assiut University. He received his PhD degree
in electrical engineering from Assiut University in 2018. He
received his Master degree in Electrical Engineering from
Assiut University in 2014. His research interests are in the
field of Smart Grid and Energy Management System.
Hossam A. Gabbar is a Professor in the Faculty of Energy
Systems and nuclear science, and the Faculty of Engineering
and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of
Technology (UOIT). He participated in national and inter-
national projects related to smart grid, oil and gas process
safety and control, safety design and control synthesis. He is
the author of more than 110 publications, including books,
patent, and journal papers.
205
Mode 2
Electricity Trade
Purchased Sold Purchase Sell Total Cost
(Kwh) (Kwh) Cost ($) Cost ($) ($)
756 0 97.7 0 97.7
307.56 0 46 0 50.46
325.17 55.66 31.33 3.94 32.25
Gaber El-Saady is a Professor of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty ofEngineering Assiut University, Egypt. His research
interests include renewable energy, power system protection,
power system control, high voltage, fuzzy logic controller,
innovative systems design.
El-nouby A. Ebrahim is a Lecturer in the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut
University. His research interests are in the field of renewable
energy, smart grid, power system control.
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