Project Title:

Battery Voltage Monitor

Submitted by:

Hassan Ejaz FA18-BEE-127

Faizan Asad Abbasi FA18-BEE-046

Shazeeb Iqbal M FA18-BEE-086

Project progress Report: 04

Date of Submission:

12 dec, 2019

⦁ Battery Voltage Monitor

INTRODUCTION

All rechargeable battery has their specific level of charging and discharging, they are likely to get
damage if the battery voltage exceeds that level.

Here is a simple circuit battery voltage monitor used to indicate the state of battery by monitor
them

Aim of report:

In this report we will discuss our circuit in a detail one by one by use of any analysis method .
Components:
We will use following components for project.

⦁ Circuit Components

⦁ LM3914 IC

⦁ LED’s -10 (Red – 3, Yellow – 4, Green – 3)

⦁ SPST Switch

⦁ Resistors – 18KΩ, 4.7KΩ, 56KΩ

⦁ Potentiometer – 10KΩ

⦁ 12V Battery (to test)

⦁ Connecting wires

Component detail:

1)LM 3914
The LM3914 is a monolithic integrated circuit that senses analog voltage levels and drives 10
LEDs, providing a linear analog display. A single pin changes the display from a moving dot to a
bar graph. Current drive to the LEDs is regulated and programmable, eliminating the need for
resistors.

2) Variable Resistor:

A variable resistor works by adjusting the path that current has to flow. Inside the resistor is a strip
of metal or conducting ceramic which is connected to one part of the circuit. The dial you turn will
move another piece of wire inside the resistor
A potentiometer is used as a potential divider .The voltage at this potential divider is fed to the

inverting input pin of the comparator that vary the resistance.

voltage drop at variable resistor is 1.19V

3) Leds:

In this circuit there are 2 LED&#39 is used to indicate the status of the battery. when input
voltage increases upto 12V LED1 glows. and when input voltage is smaller than 12V LED2 glows.

4) Resistors:

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as

a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal
levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.

In this circuit resistor R3 and R4 is used as current limiter of the LED.

voltage drop at R1 is 10.8V, at R2 is 2.20V, at R3 is 7.10V and at R4 is 4.90V.

Working:

Initially a 12V battery is connected in a circuit that we use to check the voltage level. Two
resistance R1 & R2 are connected series and in parallel with the battery or cell. An operatinonal
amplifier that is connected in the circuit is used as a comparator. Its non-inverting pin is connected
to ground. Its negative pin is connected to variable resistor that is connected parallel to battery.
Hence the voltage level remain same. The output wire is connected to the driver IC that is used for
the accurate functioning of seven segment display. A diode is connected to the one side pin o f
comparator that is used for the signal amplification. Then the diode act as a switch that is connected
is forward bias. Then two resistors that is used as a current limiter is connected parallel to the
comparator hence the voltage level remains same across it the seven segment display is connected
after the driver ic the voltage is accurately measured.

Simulation working form:

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS:

Kvl on input side when vss=9v

9-(20k)Ib-Vbe=0

Ib=(-Vbe+9)/20k

We know,Vbe=0.7v

So,

Ib=0.415mA

Ic=2.65mA
Beta=current gain=Ic/Ib

=2.65mA/0.415mA

=6.385

Ie=(beta+1)Ib

=3.06mA

KVL on output side

Vce=Vcc-Ic(Rc)

=9-2.65(1)

=6.35V