fc240 compatibility of deformations STATUS of PC circular section subject to P

uxy
• 1 between 15 passive steels
• 1 between 19 active prestressing steels or materials
• concentrical array of strands

Setup for Units is the default to SI.

Initialization ORIGIN ≡ 1 Count with fingers TOL := 1 CTOL := 1

kgf ksi N
ton := 1000⋅ kgf ksi := 70.307⋅ psi := kip := 453.592⋅ kgf MPa :=
2 1000 2
cm mm

DIV ( a , b) := floor   assumed both positive

a
AND2 ( a , b) := if a = 1 OR2 ( a , b) := 1 if a = 1
 b
1 if b = 1 otherwise
0 otherwise 1 if b = 1
0 otherwise 0 otherwise

Section Circular section od D diameter D := 50⋅ cm

Mesh
ncL := 5 annular layers ncM := 12 meridian pieces nc := ncL ⋅ ncM total number of concrete elements in the mesh nc = 60

D
r :=
2 A c := k←1
while k ≤ ncM
j←1
while j ≤ ncL

π   j 
2 2
 j−1 
← ⋅ ⋅r − 
Ac
( k− 1) ⋅ ncL+ j ncM   ncL   ncL ⋅ r if j > 1  
   
  0⋅ m otherwise  
j← j+1
k←k+1
return A c

1
 Rc := k←1
while k ≤ ncM
j←1
while j ≤ ncL

   j 3  j−1
3
   ⋅ r −  ⋅ r if j > 1   
 
 2⋅ π     ncL  
sin 
ncL
 

ncM   
2
← ⋅  ⋅  0⋅ m otherwise  
Rc 
( k− 1) ⋅ ncL+ j 3 2⋅ π
   j 2  j−1
2
 ⋅r − ⋅ r if j > 1   
   ncL    
n cM
ncL
   
  0⋅ m otherwise   
j← j+1
k←k+1
return Rc

X c := k←1
while k ≤ ncM
j←1
while j ≤ ncL
k−1
Xc ← r + sin  ⋅ 2⋅ π ⋅ Rc
( k− 1) ⋅ ncL+ j
 ncM  ( k−1) ⋅ncL+ j
j← j+1
k←k+1
return X c
Y c := k←1
while k ≤ ncM
j←1
while j ≤ ncL
k−1
Yc ← r − cos  ⋅ 2⋅ π ⋅ Rc
( k− 1) ⋅ ncL+ j
 ncM  ( k−1) ⋅ncL+ j
j← j+1
k←k+1
return Y c

Solicited by
•

2
 enter both moments positive
Mx := 20⋅ m⋅ ton
•
P := 100⋅ ton • will be assumed to compress atop and towards right
• P assumed to act at center of gravity of gross section
Enter (positive) My := 6⋅ m⋅ ton • Mx is respect axis paralell to abscissas and My respect axis paralell to ordinates
compression
• moments will be combined prior to solving for equilibrium; it is usually stated that
otherwise solution is overconservative

Passive Steel • Choose one passive Steel type from the list below.
• If you choose one Safety Factor for Steel γ y (must be bigger than -or equal to- 1 ) the strength assumed in
Steel := 12 γ y := 1.15 calculation will be the real one divided by the steel strength reduction factor. Reduction will be by affinity. This normally
will be safe
Type Steel Material • For earthquake loads safety factor must be 1 to properly capture behaviour
following list Safety Factor • You can assess the chosen steel performance by the stress-strain diagram as plotted below.
• Any number not corresponding to the list will default to case 1 (perfectly elastic-perfectly plastic steel)

1. Any perfectly elastic-perfectly plastic Input for and if Steel=1 (Perfectly Elastic-Perfectly Plastic steel)
Spanish 2. AEH-400 N
MPa denoted 3. AEH-500 N kgf
as per code 4. AEH-600 N fy := 4100 will affect exclusively Steel type 1.
2
5. AEH-400 S cm
6. AEH-500 S
7. B 400 S
8. B 500 S
9. AEH-400 F
10. AEH-500 F
11. AEH-600 F
12. Grade 60
US 13. Grade 65
ksi denoted 14. Grade 70
15. Grade 75

kgf
Es := 2100000⋅ if Steel ≤ 11 kgf
cm
2 Es = 2038903
2
cm
29000⋅ ksi otherwise
Will assume antimmetrical stress-strain laws

Any perfectly elastic, perfectly plastic steel (1)

fy
ε y := ε y = 0.00201 yield strain when Steel =1
Es

fy kgf
= 3565.22 assumed yield stress when Steel=1
γy cm
2

3
 Cold strain-hardened deformed bar steels (9 to 11)

σx := 5000 seed, implied kgf/cm2

The Ramberg-Osgood branch thing

Given

5
σx 5  σx 0.7 
+ 0.823⋅ γ y ⋅  −  =ε
Es

fy γy 
kgf
 kgf

cm
2
 cm
2


kgf
σ over_prop ( ε ) := ⋅ Find ( σx)
2
cm
Ramberg-Osgood no closed form, and we want such, so we make a fit to it

fy

fy γy
0.035 −
γy Es
Parts := 200 j := 1 .. Parts + 1 εs j := + ⋅ ( j − 1) σs j := σ over_prop ( εs j)
Es Parts

vs := cspline ( εs , σs) fss ( ε ) := interp ( vs , εs , σs , ε )

fy
γy
fscold ( ε ) := Es⋅ ε if ε ≤ 0.7⋅
Es

fss ( ε ) otherwise

4
 Spanish Steels whose stress-strain diagrams are formed
by only 2 straight lines per quadrant (2 to 8)
New B 400 S and B 500 S are made equal to AEH-400 S and AEH-500 S which are very similar

kgf kgf
fy := 4100⋅ fu := 4305⋅ ε u := 0.08
2 2
cm cm

finc ( fu) := fu − fy increment of stress from turning point (fy is surmised data)

finc ( fu)
( )
E2 ε y , ε u , fu :=
εu − εy
if γ y = 1 slope at strain hardening if any

finc( fu)
γy
otherwise
 γy − 1 
 ⋅ fu 
 γ y  εy
ε
 u − −γ
 E s  y

εy
( )
fs2lines ε , ε y , ε u , fu := Es⋅ ε if ε ≤
γy

fy  εy 
γy
( )
+ E2 ε y , ε u , fu ⋅  ε −
γy
 otherwise


5
American Reinforcing Passive Deformed Bars
(12 to 15)
These we rarely will use with any (steel) strength reduction factor, since this is not usual in
american codes; still, we will formulate this also for consistency and completeness of
formulation.

fψ Dφσ eση A C
Gr fσυ eψ eσυ B D

 60 4218.42 7354.11 3135.69 .002016 .0091 .0729 1.748272 .173674 −.251726 1.173672 
 
65 4569.96 7536.91 2966.96 .002204 .0086 .0717 1.75624 −.145637 −.243758 .854363 
USA := 
 70 4921.49 7719.71 2798.22 .002396 .0082 .0706 1.766823 −.416587 −.233175 .583412 
 
 75 5273.03 7902.51 2629.48 .002592 .0077 .0694 1.780521 −.655189 −.219478 .344811 

The values are for static loads and don't take into account the higher values
attainable under high strain loading rates

ε − USARow, 6
XPAR ( ε , Row) :=
USARow , 7 − USARow, 6

2
USARow, 8⋅ XPAR ( ε , Row) + USARow , 9⋅ XPAR ( ε , Row)
YPAR ( ε , Row) :=
2
1 + USARow, 9⋅ USARow, 10 + USARow, 11⋅ XPAR ( ε , Row)

USARow, 5
fUSA ( ε , Row) := Es⋅ ε if ε ≤
γy
kgf
2
cm
⋅ USARow, 2 if ε ≤ USARow, 6 otherwise
γy
YPAR ( ε , Row) ⋅ ( USARow, 3 − USARow, 2) + USARow, 2 otherwise

6
  4100⋅ kgf 
 
 cm
2
kgf  Passive_SteelType := "AEH-400 N" if Steel = 2
fs_positive ( ε ) := fs2lines ε , , 0.1 , 4100⋅ if Steel = 2
 Es 2 "AEH-500 N" if Steel = 3
 cm 
"AEH-600 N" if Steel = 4
 5100⋅ kgf 
 2
 "AEH-400 S" if Steel = 5

fs2lines ε ,
cm
, 0.1 , 5100⋅
kgf 
if Steel = 3
 Es 2 "AEH-500 S" if Steel = 6
 cm 
"B 400 S" if Steel = 7
 6100⋅ kgf 
 2
 "B 500 S" if Steel = 8

fs2lines ε ,
cm
, 0.1 , 6100⋅
kgf 
if Steel = 4
 Es 2 "AEH-400 F" if Steel = 9
 cm 
"AEH-500 F" if Steel = 10
 4100⋅ kgf 
 2
 "AEH-600 F" if Steel = 11

fs2lines ε ,
cm
, 0.08 , 4305⋅
kgf 
if Steel = 5 "Grade 60" if Steel = 12
 Es 2
 cm 
"Grade 65" if Steel = 13
 5100⋅ kgf 
 2
 "Grade 70" if Steel = 14

fs2lines ε ,
cm
, 0.05 , 5355⋅
kgf 
if Steel = 6 "Grade 75" if Steel = 15
 Es 2
 cm  return "Generic Perfectly Elastic - Perfectly Plastic" otherwise
 4100⋅ kgf 
 2


fs2lines ε ,
cm
, 0.08 , 4305⋅
kgf 
if Steel = 7
 Es 2
 cm 
 5100⋅ kgf 
 2


fs2lines ε ,
cm
, 0.05 , 5355⋅
kgf 
if Steel = 8
 Es 2
 cm 
if Steel = 9
kgf
fy ← 4100⋅
2
cm
return fscold ( ε )
if Steel = 10
kgf
fy ← 5100⋅
2
cm
return fscold ( ε )
if Steel = 11
kgf
fy ← 6100⋅
2
cm
return fscold ( ε )
if Steel = 12
Row ← 1
return fUSA ( ε , Row)
7
 return fUSA ( ε , Row)
if Steel = 13
Row ← 2
return fUSA ( ε , Row)
if Steel = 14
Row ← 3
return fUSA ( ε , Row)
if Steel = 15
Row ← 4
return fUSA ( ε , Row)

otherwise
εy
Es⋅ ε if ε ≤
γy

Es⋅ ε y
otherwise
γy

kgf
fy := 4100⋅ if Steel = 2
2
cm
kgf
5100⋅ if Steel = 3
2
cm
kgf
6100⋅ if Steel = 4
2
cm
kgf
4100⋅ if Steel = 5
2
cm
kgf
5100⋅ if Steel = 6
2
cm
kgf
4100⋅ if Steel = 7
2
cm
kgf
5100⋅ if Steel = 8
2
cm
kgf
4100⋅ if Steel = 9
2
cm
kgf
5100⋅ if Steel = 10
2
cm
kgf
6100⋅ if Steel = 11
2
cm 8
 2
cm
60⋅ ksi if Steel = 12
65⋅ ksi if Steel = 13
70⋅ ksi if Steel = 14
75⋅ ksi if Steel = 15
fy otherwise

fs ( ε ) := fs_positive ( ε ) if ε ≥ 0

−fs_positive ( −ε ) otherwise

0.035
j := 0 .. 400 εs
j+ 1
:=
200
⋅ ( j − 200) ff s
j+ 1 ( )
:= fs ε s
j+ 1

6000

4000

2000

ffs
j+ 1
kgf 0
2
cm

2000

4000

6000
0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03
εs
j
kgf
fy = 4218.42 γ y = 1.15 Passive_SteelType = "Grade 60"
2 Steel = 12
cm

Passive Steel Geometry

n := 6 number of bars Φ bar := 20⋅ mm Cover_to_axis := 5⋅ cm

α 0s := 30⋅ deg centered angle, from (negative or) -Y axis towards lowest passive bar center, enter positive if such bar to be found counterclockwise

9
  My 
β := atan   β = 16.7 deg α s := α 0s − β 2 2 the combination moment
Mu := Mx + My Mu = 20.88 m⋅ ton we will be checking
 Mx 
the above defined passive bar is found (respect rotated -Y' axis --plane of flexion--, from moment combination) at α s = 13.3 deg counterclockwise, if positive

Equilibrium will be defined respect such new X' and Y' axes. We will omit primes in our notation from now on.

D
r := rto_bar := r − Cover_to_axis rto_bar = 20 cm
2

360⋅ deg  360⋅ deg 

X s := r + rto_bar⋅ sin  α s + ( j − 1) ⋅ Y s := r − rto_bar⋅ cos  α s + ( j − 1) ⋅
j := 1 .. n
  perpendicular and paralell to
j
 n  j
 n  combination moment Y plane

since origin at lower left corner of encasing adjusted square

Change of axis we have made only to use single Mu; equilibrium we will establish nevertheless biaxially to account for any dissymmetry

2
Φ bar 2
A 1_bar := π ⋅ A 1_bar = 3.14 cm A s := A 1_bar
4 j

Active (PRESTRESSING or POSTENSIONING) Steel (or FRP cable)

Prestmat := 11 γ py := 1
Type Prest. Material
following list Safety Factor

fpyf := 0.915 this is fpy/fpu

fraction of fpu at which the prestressing material is assumed to pass the section (without taking into account the moment effects brought by prestress)
kps := 0.55•
•
this percent permits to evaluate the prestress forces, initial without moment and then in equilibrium with the moment
• must be lower than fpyf (the prestressing material is not allowed to undergo anelastic deformation at prestress nor service level limit states)
• it is assumed the same degree of prestress will be imparted to all prestressing material.

Input for material 1 (only affects it)

fpu1
Ep1 := 20000⋅ ksi fpu1 := 250⋅ ksi ε pu1 :=
Ep1
1. Any perfectly elastic material till fracture kgf
Spanish 2. Y 1570 C wire fpy1 := fpu1 fpu1 = 17576.75 ε pu1 = 0.0125
MPa denoted 3. Y 1670 C wire 2
cm
as per code 4. Y 1770 C wire per definition
5. Y 1860 C wire warranted strength
6. Y 1770 S2-wires
7. Y 1860 S3-wires
8. Y 1960 S3-wires
9. Y 2060 S3-wires
10. Y 1770 S7 strand
11. Y 1860 S7 strand
12. ASTM A 421 Grade 270 wire
US 13. ASTM A 416 Grade 270 strand
ksi denoted 14. Lo-rex 300 strand
15. ASTM A 722 Grade 150 bar
10
 16. ASTM A 722 Grade 160 bar
17. ASTM A 722 Grade 157 bar
18. Leadline Grade 285 ksi FRP cable
Made in 19. CFCC Grade 250 ksi FRP cable
Japan

• Choose one prestressing material from the list above.

• If you choose one Safety Factor for the prestressing material γ py (must be bigger than -or equal to- 1 ) the strength assumed in calculation will be the real one
divided by the steel strength reduction factor. Reduction will be by affinity for whenever the Ramberg Osgood formulation is used and "proportional" (see formulation)
for others.
• You can asess the choosen prestressing material performance by the stress-strain diagram as plotted below.
• Any number not corresponding to the list will default to case 1 (perfectly elastic material)
• Ensure the existence of the prestressing part as assumed from catalog
• We conservatively take Ep=28500 ksi for american strands from PCI 4th ed Hbk. instead of 28600 of ASTM.
• Lo-rex 300 ksi strand is modeled following spanish's Ramberg-Osgood model. This may be too much conservative and you may be wanting to alter formulation.
• 7 wire Strands are usually 0.5" and 0.6", with respective areas 0.153 in2 and 0.217 in2
• The multi-strand cables made of paralell strands can take the same formulation than strands themselves. At least there are...
multistrand 1/2" : 1 to 31, 37, 42, 55 and 61 strands
multistrand 0.6" : 1 to 22, 27, 31, 37 and 42 strands
• Usual perstressing bars:
5/8" (157 ksi)
1", 11/4", 13/8" (150 and 160 ksi break strength)
• FRPs Fiber Reinforced Plastics cables I wouldn't let to go overly compressed in any state, so check if you find some in your checked section
• Typical FRPs
Leadline Ø8 mm
CFCC Ø15.2 mm
• We don't put a limit for the attainable strains for the given laws, but provide strength cutoffs fpr the prestressing materials; this will preclude the consideration of
unattainable strains, given the biunivocal relationship between stress and strain..The assumption for the perfectly elastic material 1 is that it breaks when it reaches
it maximum strength, so ensure by check the maximum strain prior to rupture is not attained under the investigated limit load. This caution is extensive to almost
any of the used prestressing materials, since may of them attain higher strength than its limit one under such strain-stress laws (that have or should have limit strain
for their application). Such assumption is unrealistic and non conservative and you must ensure by personal check the modeled and solved status is right in
strength and strain.
• Related with the previous paragraph, we limit our viewport for the assumed antimmetrical stress-strain prestressing material diagrams to the commonly assumed
usable ranges Whenever the red line representing the stress-strain diagram cuts falls out of the viewport you might be over the real or purported warranted strength
or outside the warranted attainable strain and you should not have your prestressing material at such (failure attained) strain.

(1) Any perfectly elastic prestressing material

ε pu1 = 0.0125 assumed real limit strain when Prestressed

material set to 1

fpu1 kgf
= 17576.75 assumed limit stress when when Prestressed
γ py cm
2 material set to 1

(18) Leadline

11
 fpu18
Ep18 := 21300⋅ ksi fpu18 := 285⋅ ksi ε pu18 :=
Ep18

kgf
fpy18 := fpu18 fpu18 = 20037.49 ε pu18 = 0.01338
2
cm
per definition
value shown not as if
affected by safety assumed real limit strain when when
factor Prestressed material set to 18

ε pu18 = 0.01338

fpu18 kgf assumed limit stress when when Prestressed

= 20037.49 material set to 18
γ py cm
2

(19) CFCC carbon fiber cable

fpu19
Ep19 := 20000⋅ ksi fpu19 := 250⋅ ksi ε pu19 :=
Ep19

kgf
fpy19 := fpu18 fpu19 = 17576.75 ε pu19 = 0.0125
2
cm
per definition
value shown not as if
affected by safety assumed real limit strain when when
factor Prestressed material set to 19

ε pu19 = 0.0125

fpu19 kgf assumed limit stress when when Prestressed

= 17576.75 material set to 19
γ py cm
2

Prestressing steels here admitted ruled by the Ramberg-Osgood • Lacking a stress-strain

diagram we use EHE's
diagram in the spanish codes (art. 32 EHE) Ramberg-Osgood as well for
lo-rex 300 and all other
(2) Spanish prestressing steel designation (wire) Y 1570 C american prestressing steels
(be they bar, wire or strand).
(3) Spanish prestressing steel designation (wire) Y 1670 C • This may prove to be too
(4) Spanish prestressing steel designation (wire) Y 1770 C much conservative, and you
might want to substitute your
(5) Spanish prestressing steel designation (wire) Y 1860 C •
own more correct formulation.
250 ksi strand would be
(6) Spanish prestressing steel designation (bi-wire) Y 1770 S2 similar to (10) material

(7) Spanish prestressing steel designation (tri-wire) Y 1860 S3

(8) Spanish prestressing steel designation (tri-wire) Y 1960 S3
(9) Spanish prestressing steel designation (tri-wire) Y 2060 S3
(10) Spanish prestressing steel designation (strand) Y 1770 S7
(11) Spanish prestressing steel designation (strand) Y 1860 S7
(12) ASTM A 421 Grade 270 wire
(13) ASTM A 416 Grade 270 strand
(14) Lo-rex 300 strand
(15) ASTM A 722 Grade 150 bar
12
(16) ASTM A 722 Grade 160 bar
(17) ASTM A 722 Grade 157 bar

1000⋅ N
Ep := 200⋅ if AND2 ( Prestmat ≥ 2 , Prestmat ≤ 5)
2
mm

otherwise
1000⋅ N
190⋅ if AND2 ( Prestmat ≥ 6 , Prestmat ≤ 11)
2
mm

otherwise
29000⋅ ksi if AND2 ( Prestmat ≥ 15 , Prestmat ≤ 17)

otherwise
29000⋅ ksi if Prestmat = 12

otherwise
28500⋅ ksi if AND2 ( Prestmat ≥ 13 , Prestmat ≤ 14)

otherwise
Ep18 if Prestmat = 18

otherwise
Ep19 if Prestmat = 19
Ep1 otherwise

13
fpu := 1570⋅ MPa if Prestmat = 2
1670⋅ MPa if Prestmat = 3
1770⋅ MPa if Prestmat = 4
1860⋅ MPa if Prestmat = 5
1770⋅ MPa if Prestmat = 6
1860⋅ MPa if Prestmat = 7
1960⋅ MPa if Prestmat = 8
2060⋅ MPa if Prestmat = 9
1770⋅ MPa if Prestmat = 10
1860⋅ MPa if Prestmat = 11
270⋅ ksi if Prestmat = 12
270⋅ ksi if Prestmat = 13
300⋅ ksi if Prestmat = 14
150⋅ ksi if Prestmat = 15
160⋅ ksi if Prestmat = 16
157⋅ ksi if Prestmat = 17
fpu19 if Prestmat = 19
fpu18 if Prestmat = 18
fpu1 otherwise

fpy := fpyf ⋅ fpu if AND2 ( Prestmat ≥ 2 , Prestmat ≤ 17)

fpu otherwise

σpx := 15000 seed, implied kgf/cm2

The Ramberg-Osgood branch thing

Given

5
σpx 5  σpx − 0.7  = ε
+ 0.823⋅ γ py ⋅ 
Ep f
 py γ py 
kgf
 kgf2 
cm
2
 cm 

kgf
σ over_prop_p ( ε ) := ⋅ Find ( σpx)
2
cm
Ramberg-Osgood no closed form and we want such so we build a fitted curve

14
 fpy

fpy γ py
0.035 −
γ py Ep
Parts := 200 j := 1 .. Parts + 1 εs j := + ⋅ ( j − 1) σs j := σ over_prop_p ( εs j)
Ep Parts

vs := cspline ( εs , σs) fpss ( ε ) := interp ( vs , εs , σs , ε )

fpy
γ py
fpsRO ( ε ) := Ep⋅ ε if ε ≤ 0.7⋅
Ep

fpss ( ε ) otherwise

fps_positive ( ε ) := fpsRO ( ε ) if AND2 ( Prestmat ≥ 2 , Prestmat ≤ 17)

Ep⋅ ε otherwise

ε pu := 0.035 if AND2 ( Prestmat ≥ 2 , Prestmat ≤ 17)

otherwise
fpu19
if Prestmat = 19
Ep19

otherwise
fpu18
if Prestmat = 18
Ep18
fpu1
otherwise
Ep1

fps ( ε ) := fps_positive ( ε ) if ε ≥ 0

−fps_positive ( −ε ) otherwise

j := 0 .. 400

ε pu
ε ps := ⋅ ( j − 200)
j+ 1 200 ff ps
j+ 1 (
:= fps ε ps
j+ 1 )

15
 200
4 1000
1 .10

100

ffps
j+ 1 ffps
0 j+ 1 0 ffps
kgf j+ 1 0
2 MPa
cm ksi

100
4
1 .10 1000

200

0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03
0.03 0.02 0.01
ε ps ε ps
j j

Prestmat = 11 kgf kgf 6 kgf

fpu = 18966.72 fpy = 17354.55 Ep = 1.94 × 10 fpu = 1860 MPa fpy = 1701.9 MPa Ep = 190000 MPa
2 2 2 fpu = 269.77 ksi
cm cm cm
ε pu = 0.035

Prestress
fpu⋅ kps
ε 0 := − ε 0 = −0.00538 negative since initial tensile status of prestressing material
Ep

fps_as_prestressed := fps ε 0 ( ) fps_as_prestressed = −1023 MPa negative since tensile

Prestressing Materials Geometry

2
np := 4number of strands or whatever A p1 := 1⋅ cm cp := 10⋅ cm

α 0p := 45⋅ deg centered angle, from (negative or) -Y axis towards lowest passive bar center, enter positive if such bar to be found counterclockwise

α p := α 0p − β

the above defined passive bar is found (respect rotated -Y' axis --plane of flexion--, from moment combination) at α p = 28.3 deg counterclockwise, if positive

Equilibrium will be defined respect such new X' and Y' axes. We will omit primes in our notation from now on.

D
r := rto_p_bar := r − cp rto_p_bar = 15 cm
2

16
 j := 1 .. np  360⋅ deg   360⋅ deg  perpendicular and paralell to
X p := r + rto_p_bar⋅ sin  α p + ( j − 1) ⋅ Y p := r − rto_p_bar⋅ cos  α p + ( j − 1) ⋅
 np 
combination moment Y plane
j
 np  j 
since origin at lower left corner of encasing adjusted square

Change of axis we have made only to use single Mu; equilibrium we will establish nevertheless biaxially to account for any dissymmetry

A p := A p1
j

Concrete You may feel adequate Take into account? Take into account? Note
to enter a fcd reduced Formulation believed to be
1 for YES 1 for YES
fc28 := 35⋅ MPa one, or a mean Confinement := 0 0 for NO Tensile_stress := 0 0 for NO adequate even for the most
(probabilistic) real value exacting HPC, VHS concretes.
confinement 1 only if per ACI 318
the Sustained Loading strength reduction factor will have
ν SL := 0.8 Sustained Loading strength reduction factor (from 0.75 to 0.85) fc := fc28⋅ ν SL scarce effect in the strength of beams designed to fail by
see fig 39.3 in EHE code (preferably not bigger than 0.8)
steel fracture, but will be essential to the safety of columns

2
cm
fc⋅
εfc evaluation ε fc ( fc) := .0015 + .002⋅
kgf
1300

The strain at which concrete reachs its higher strenght fc is ε fc ( fc) = 0.00194

εfct evaluation

You can alternatively make k fct= 6.7

kfct := 7.5 fct ( fc) := kfct fc⋅ psi
if for strenght or simply to be more
conservative

kgf kgf kgf

fct ( fc) = 33.6 fct ( fc) = 33.6 fct ( fc) = 33.6
2 2 2
cm cm cm

We could get approximately the strain at which the ultimate tensile strain is reached, but will
do exactly solving the equation in first quadrant:

kgf
fc = 285.52 Reminder
2
cm

cm We'll solve the limit tensile strain without

Our unwarranted guess ε := .0005⋅ units since Mathcad 8 doesn't seem able
cm to manage here properly these
kgf
fct ( fc) := kfct fc⋅ psi fct ( fc) = 33.6
2
cm

17
 2
cm
fc⋅
kgf
ε fc ( fc) := .0015 + .002⋅ cm
1300 ε fc ( fc) = 0.00194
cm

Given

2
fct ( fc)  ε   ε 
=  2⋅  − ε f 
fc  ε fc ( fc )   fc ( c) 

ε fct0 := −Find ( ε ) ε fct0 = −0.00012

(
ε fct ( fc) := if Tensile_stress , ε fct0 , 0 ) ε fct ( fc) = 0

εcu evaluation kg/cm2 ε cu

 100   .0039 
 350   .0035 
kgf    
Stress := ⋅  500  Strain :=  .0028 
2
cm 
800   .0028 
   
 1200   .0034 
vs := lspline ( Stress , Strain) ε cu ( fc) := interp ( vs , Stress , Strain , fc)

The ultimate strain for the given fc for a flexural condition like this is then ε cu ( fc) = 0.00371

σ(ε) evaluation Stress in concrete corresponding to strain ε

kεcu := if ( Confinement , 0.98 , 0.91) kεcu = 0.91 as per disgression

( ) ( )

18
 σ ( ε ) := fc⋅ 0 if ε < ε fct ( fc)

otherwise
 − ε   −ε  
2
− 1⋅   2⋅  −  ε f   if ε fct ( fc) ≤ ε ≤ 0
 ε fc ( fc )   fc ( c)  
otherwise
2
 2⋅ ε  −  ε  if 0 < ε ≤ ε f
 ε f  ε f  fc ( c)
 fc ( c)   fc ( c) 
otherwise
2 2
ε − 2⋅ ε ⋅ ε fc ( fc) + ε fc ( fc)
1 − ( 1 − kεcu) if ε fc ( fc) < ε ≤ ε cu ( fc)
2 2
ε cu ( fc) − 2⋅ ε fc ( fc) ⋅ ε cu ( fc) + ε fc ( fc)

0 if ε > ε cu ( fc) otherwise

will rule stress determination in concrete for input ε

kgf
Say ε := 0.00114 σ ( ε ) = 237.02
2
cm

Parts := 400 j := 1 .. Parts + 1 ε cu ( fc) − ε fct ( fc)

ε c :=
j Parts
⋅ ( j − 1)
j ( )
ff c := σ ε c
j

fc28 = 35 MPa fc = 28 MPa

30
• the stress-strain diagram needs to be scaled down to give the
effective (really available) strenght for sustained loads.
• any load that must be held about two hours is to strength effects
25 a sustained load, and for what I know most structures are used
for, if any overload can occur it is almost sure it can also stay
for such time or more, i.e., the sustained load strenght reduction
factor is required.
20
• this means you can only count on about 80% of the average
strength you would get from probes tested at the normal rate.
ffc • probability considerations, the fact of that part of the load is live
j 15 load and if it grows it won't know when to stop (so the failure is
MPa likely to be by instantaneous overload), the safety factors, and
the growth of strength of concrete with age make that a
sustained load reduction factor bigger than 0.8 can be taken
10 without much structural concern; in fact 0.9 is explicitly
permitted by some codes (may be undermining a bit safety for
short term sustained loads); we prefer our more substantiated
5 value of 0.8 applied to specified strength
• this sustained loads strength reduction factor is completely
different from any within codes; this is required in a compatibility
of deformations setup to get the real strength of the structural
0 member, while those of codes must further diminish the resulting
4
0 5 .10 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 strength to compare with factored loads; not all code writers
εc seem fully aware of this.
j

19
 2
Pmax := π ⋅ 
D
 ⋅ fc we accept to no make it interact with atop and at bottom strains for
2 steel voids deductions

Pmax = 560.62 ton full section at fc, a reference value

r − z 
b ( z , r) := 2⋅ r⋅ sin  acos   b1 ( z , r) := b [ r − ( z − r) , r]
  r 

r 2⋅ r
⌠ fc ⌠ fc
Pref :=  ⋅ z⋅ ( 4⋅ r − z) ⋅ b ( z , r) dz +  ⋅ z⋅ ( 4⋅ r − z) ⋅ b1 ( z , r) dz
 4⋅ r
2  4⋅ r
2
⌡0⋅ m ⌡r

Integration of the first branch parabolic fc growth of strength along

Pref = 385.43 ton D for a circular section, the circular section decompression
milestone against which to gauge how much we will be curtailing
the strain towards that of at maximum compressive strength from
that of a non compressively loaded case.

Mu
eto_center :=
P eto_center = 20.88 cm We will be assuming P, Mu data referred to center of brute section as usual
and will establish equilibrium integrating moments respect bottom of the
section; that is, the moment of the P as per above implied positioned will be
D
e_to_bottom := eto_center + e_to_bottom = 45.88 cm in place equilibrated by the moments of inner forces in steel and concrete;
2 all moments will be referred to bottom edge of section.

We take compression stresses positive, and tension stresses negative.

We dump the areas of both steel reinforcement and concrete layers at their c.o.g.

We need 3 epsilons to define a status of the section in the plane remain plane hypothesis.

We set these unwarranted assumptions

ε 1 := 0.000 at common origin (bottom, left)

ε 2 := 0.0005 top left vertex (on ordinate axis) referred to bottom left corner of the encasing adjusted square

ε 3 := 0.0005 bottom right vertex (on abscissas axis)

Now we establish the strain in any point in the plane by interpolation

y x
( )
ε x , y , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 := ε 1 +
D
( )
⋅ ε2 − ε1 + ⋅ ε3 − ε1
D
( )

We will take into account the displaced concrete diminishing the ability of steel to contribute to
equilibrium in exactly the value of the displaced (absent) concrete force. So, the corresponding
total forces for passive steel with the effect of displaced concrete dumped unto them are

20
 n

(
SteelForce ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 := ) ∑ ( ((
A s ⋅ fs ε X s , Y s , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3
k k k ) ) − σ ( ε ( X s , Y s , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3) ) )
k k
k=1

(
SteelMoment_X ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 := ) ∑ k  k ( ((
Y s ⋅ A s ⋅ fs ε X s , Y s , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3
k k ) ) − σ ( ε ( Xs , Ys , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3) ) )
k k
respect bottom (abscissas) axis

k=1

(
SteelMoment_Y ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 := ) ∑ k  k ( ((
X s ⋅ A s ⋅ fs ε X s , Y s , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3
k k ) ) − σ ( ε ( Xs , Ys , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3) ) )
k k
respect left (ordinates) axis

k=1

np

(
PrestressForce ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 := ) ∑ ( ( (
A p ⋅ fps ε 0 + ε X p , Y p , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3
k k k ) ) − σ ( ε ( Xp , Yp , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3) ) )
k k
k=1

np

(
PrestressMoment_X ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 := ) ∑ ( ( (
Y p ⋅ A p ⋅ fps ε 0 + ε X p , Y p , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3
k k k k ) ) − σ ( ε ( Xp , Yp , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3) ) )
k k
k=1

np

(
PrestressMoment_Y ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 := ) ∑ ( ( (
X p ⋅ A p ⋅ fps ε 0 + ε X p , Y p , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3
k k k k ) ) − σ ( ε ( Xp , Yp , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3) ) )
k k
k=1

With discretization, integration of stresses for concrete becomes summation

nc

(
ConcreteForce ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 := ) ∑ ((
Ac ⋅ σ ε Xc , Yc , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3
k k k ))
k=1
nc

(
ConcreteMoment_X ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 := ) ∑ ((
Yc ⋅ Ac ⋅ σ ε Xc , Yc , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3
k k k k )) respect bottom (abscissas) axis
k=1

nc

(
ConcreteMoment_Y ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 := ) ∑ ((
Xc ⋅ Ac ⋅ σ ε Xc , Yc , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3
k k k k )) respect left (ordinates) axis

k=1

( ) ( )
Totalforce ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 := SteelForce ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 + ConcreteForce ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 + PrestressForce ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
Totalmoment_X ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 := SteelMoment_X ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 + Concrete Moment_X ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 + PrestressMoment_X ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
Totalmoment_Y ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 := SteelMoment_Y ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 + Concrete Moment_Y ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 + PrestressMoment_Y ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 ( ) ( )
21
 (
MaxCstrain ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 := ) maxe ← 0 the maximum (mean) compresive stress
for j ∈ 1 .. nc in our meshed elements

j (
maxe ← ε X c , Y c , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3
j ) ( )
if ε X c , Y c , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 ≥ maxe
j j

maxe

( )
ε cu_current ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 := ( )
ε cu ( fc) if ConcreteForce ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 ≤ Pref

  ConcreteForce ( ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3) Pref  
2

  − 
 Pmax Pmax  
 ε cu ( fc) + ( ε fc ( fc) − ε cu ( fc) ) 2
 otherwise
  P ref  
 1 −  
  Pmax  

Solving the problem

Given

( )
Totalforce ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 = P

 Mu 
( )
Totalmoment_X ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 = P⋅  r + 
 P 

(
Totalmoment_Y ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 = P⋅ r ) since we have reduced the problem to plane P, M

( ) (
MaxCstrain ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 ≤ ε cu_current ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 )

(
Result := Find ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 )
ε 1 := Result1 ε 2 := Result2 ε 3 := Result3

(
ε 4 := ε D , D , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 )
((
fconc ( x , y ) := σ ε x , y , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 ))

(
Max_Concrete_stress := σ MaxCstrain ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 ( )) ((
fc_max_inferred := σ ε 0⋅ m , D , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 ))

(( )) 22
 ((
fsteel ( xa , ya) := fs ε xa , ya , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 )) (
ε c_max_inferred := ε 0⋅ m , D , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 )
Attack Angle := 0⋅ deg
( )
MaxCstrain ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 = 0.0011

 D  ε1 ε 3 
TraceAngle := atan  ⋅  − 
 D  ε 1 − ε 2 ε 3 − ε 4 

( (
fps_at_equilibrium := fps ε 0 + ε r , r , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 ))
 My 
Please note we have solved equilibrium in axes different from those data, so rotated β = 16.7 deg where β := atan  
 Mx 

Equilibrium Attack and Response Angles

( )
Totalforce ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 = 100 ton P = 100 ton
Attack Angle = 0 deg
( )
Totalmoment_X ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 = 45.88 m⋅ ton
Mu + P⋅ r = 45.88 m⋅ ton
TraceAngle = −0.02 deg
( )
Totalmoment_Y ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 = 25 m⋅ ton
P⋅ r = 25 m⋅ ton

Concrete Strains and Stresses

inferred worst solicitations, value atop, extrapolated from
in calculated fibers
derived from solution the plane that produces
equilibrium
( )
MaxCstrain ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 = 0.0011 ε c_max_inferred = 0.00126

kgf kgf
Max_Concrete_stress = 232.09 fc_max_inferred = 250.23
2 2
cm cm

(
MaxCstrain ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 ) = 29.68 %
ε c_max_inferred
= 33.92 %
ε cu_current ( ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3) (
ε cu_current ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 )

i := 1 .. nc xi := X c y i := Y c zi := fconc ( xi , y i)
i i

23
 Concrete Stresses

• Plot curtailed to
centers of
considered
concrete elements
• If you want more
precision use
elements of lesser
size

 x , y , z 
 cm cm kgf 
 
 cm 
2

j := 1 .. n xx j := X s yy j := Y s zz j := fsteel ( xx j , yy j)
j j

Lower_Steel_stress := min ( zz)

Higher_Steel_stress := max ( zz)

Steel stresses Lower_Steel_stress = −1586.61

kgf
Higher_Steel_stress = 2046.6
kgf
if negative tensile 2 2
• cm cm
• if positive compressive
If negative tensile if positive compressive

Lower_Steel_stress
= −37.61 % Higher_Steel_stress
fy = 48.52 %
fy

24
 Steel Stresses

 xx , yy , zz 
 cm cm kgf 
 
 cm 
2

Prestressing Material Stresses Prior to apply moments and axial force fps_as_prestressed = −1023 MPa

j := 1 .. np xxx j := X p
j
yyy j := Y p
j
( (
zzz j := fps ε 0 + ε xxx j , yyy j , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 ))

Lower_Prestress_Mat_stress := min ( zzz) ∆p1 := −( fps_as_prestressed − Lower_Prestress_Mat_stress)

Higher_Prestress_Mat_stress := max ( zzz ) ∆p2 := −( fps_as_prestressed − Higher_Prestress_Mat_stress)

Lower_Prestress_Mat_stress = −1116.45 MPa Higher_Prestress_Mat_stress = −886.69 MPa

• if negative tensile
• if positive compressive if positive compressive,
If negative tensile
otherwise remains tensile

Lower_Prestress_Mat_stress Higher_Prestress_Mat_stress
= −60.02 % = −47.67 %
fpu fpu

∆p1 = −93.45 MPa ∆p2 = 136.31 MPa

25
 Prestressing Material Stresses

 xxx , yyy , zzz 

 
 cm cm MPa 

Strains

i := 1 .. nc xi := X c
i
y i := Y c
i
(
epsiloni := ε xi , y i , ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 )

Concrete Strains • Plot curtailed to centers of

considered concrete
elements
• If you want more precision
use elements of lesser size

 x , y , epsilon
 
 cm cm 
26
0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03
ε ps
j

fpy = 246.84 ksi Ep = 27557.15 ksi

27