5 Gnrfundamentalsprocedurestmaspectsrsmexicoseptember 20191568692139703

5G NEW RADIO
FUNDAMENTALS, PROCEDURES,
TESTING ASPECTS
Reiner Stuhlfauth
Technology manager wireless

5G STRETCHING THE USE CASE OF LTE eMBB
mMTC uRLLC
Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Rohde & Schwarz
REVIEW OF 5G USE CASES eMBB – the known playground
ı Established ecosystem (operators, manufacturers,
certification of devices)
ı Evolution from existing technologies and revolutionary
Massive IoT enhanced Mobile additions (cm- / mm-wave)
ı A diverse ecosystem Broadband ı It’s all about data (speed and capacity)
(operators, manufacturers, ı Realizing and facing the challenges of cm-wave
local authorities, certification eMBB spectrum and OTA testing; 3.5GHz is important!
only for some technologies)
ı Mix of technologies
(GSM, Lora, Zigbee, WLAN, URLLC
Bluetooth, Cat M, NB-IoT,…) ı A significantly enhanced and
ı It’s all about cost efficiency diverse ecosystem (operators (?),
and massive connectivity manufacturers, verticals,
ı 3GPP: No NR based solution; mMTC URLLC certification not existing (yet))
will be addressed by evolving ı Principal support with high SCS
LTE-M (eMTC) and NB-IoT and self-contained slots
Ultra reliable &
Massive Machine ı It’s all about reliability and security
Type Communication low latency
communication (data and capacity)

Rohde & Schwarz
… THE URLLC POTENTIAL IS THE FUTURE!
5G – A PROBLEM SOLVER
Source: Ericsson report
► Ericsson conducted a survey of large
companies (with a minimum of 1,000
employees) across 10 key industries
during October and November 2017.
► Each of the 10 industries identified
key areas that could be resolved
through business process
transformation with respect to 5G.
► The survey revealed that, across
all sectors, 5G technology will
improve issues that center around
data security, connectivity issues,
and automating processes.

Rohde & Schwarz
5G VERTICALS – STATUS IN SPECIFICATION AND INDUSTRY
TWO MAJOR VERTICALS DRIVE INDUSTRY ALLIANCES AND
SPECIFICATION WORK
Data rate Capacity Automotive Industry 4.0 / Robots
Mobility Low latency
Secure & reliable
eMBB
3GPP work items Rel-16: 3GPP work items Rel-16:

NR V2X NR Industrial IoT /
mIoT URLLC Non-Public Networks (NPN)
Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

3GPP RAN NR STANDARDIZATION OVERVIEW NR:
SA:
NSA:
New Radio
Standalone
Non Standalone
COMPLETION STATUS AFTER 3GPP RAN #84 (JUNE 2019)

eMBB: Enhanced Mobile Broadband
URLLC: Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication
mMTC: Massive Machine Type Communication
2017 2018 2019 2020
Rel-15 NR Phase 1: Focus on early NSA / SA Now

LTE Adv deployment scenarios for eMBB/URLLC use cases Rel-16 NR Phase 2: Further NR use cases (V2X, Unlicensed, NTN)
Pro Rel-15 LTE Advanced Pro evolution (V2X, IoT, …) Rel-16 LTE Advanced Pro evolution (IoT, broadcast, …)
Rel-14 Release 15 Rel-15 “Late Drop” Release 16 Rel-17

RAN #82
Rel-15 June 2019 / RAN #84 (“Late Drop”)
Milestones Dec 2018 L3 specs (ASN.1) for option 4 & 7
Dec 2017 / RAN #78 ASN.1 Update completed
L1/L2 specification for June 2018 / RAN #80
NSA option 3 / eMBB L1/L2 specs. for SA option March 2019 / RAN #83 (“Late Drop”)
completed 2 & 5 / URLLC completed L1/L2 specs for option 4 & 7 incl. June 2020 / RAN #88
Mar 2018 / RAN #79 NR-NR-DC completed Rel-16 ASN.1 L3
Sep 2018 / RAN #81
L3 specs. (ASN.1) specification frozen
L3 specs (ASN.1) for
for option 3 / eMBB March 2020 / RAN #87
option 2 & 5 completed
completed Rel-16 PHY specification
frozen
Note: This timeline depicts 3GPP RAN RAN1 –
RAN3 core specification schedule, RAN4 – RAN5
Rel-16
test specification completion is after core spec Milestones Study-Item / Work-Item phase ongoing
milestones

3GPP RAN NR STANDARDIZATION OVERVIEW
REL-15 … REL-17 TIMELINE
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
RAN #80 RAN #84 RAN #86
June 2018 June 2019 Dec 2019
Rel-15 Rel-15 test specifications completed

Rel-15 NSA Option 3 Late-Drop Rel-15 core specs
SA Option 2 & 5 for Option 4, 7 completed
RAN #80 RAN #87 RAN #88
June 2018 March 2020 June 2020
Rel-16 Rel-16 core specifications completed

Study-Item / Work-Item phase
PHY specs frozen ASN.1 specs frozen
RAN #84 RAN #85 RAN #86
June 2019 Sep 2019 Dec 2019 June 2021 Sep 2021
Rel-17
Rel-17 core
Study-Item / Work-Item phase specs
Rel-17 Kick-Off Approval of compl’d
Workshop E-mail discussion PHY specs frozen
Rel-17 Study-Items /
of work areas ASN.1 specs frozen
Source: RP-190563 Work-Items

5G KEY TECHNOLOGY COMPONENTS
NR BUILDS ON FOUR MAIN PILLARS
New Spectrum Massive MIMO & Beamforming
ı < 1GHz ı Hybrid beamforming

ı ~ 3.5 GHz ı > 6GHz also UE is expected
ı ~ 26/28/39 GHz to apply beam steering
Multi-Connectivity Network flexibility - virtualization

Initially based on ı Flexible physical layer
Dual Connectivity numerology
eNB gNB with E-UTRA as
ı Network Slicing
MCG MCG split SCG split SCG
master ı NFV/SDN

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NETWORK ARCHITECTURE VOCABULARY
LTE Core = EPC 5G Core = 5GC
MME SGW AMF UPF Data
EPC 5GC Control
MME = Mobility Management Entity
S-GW = Serving Gateway AMF = Access and Mobility Management Function
UPF = User Plane Function
LTE BS = eNB
(connected to EPC)
5G BS = gNB A base station in a DC (= Dual
Connectivity) connection with the
LTE BS = NG-eNB
(connected to 5GC)
UE may have different roles:
MN = Master Node
or
SN = Secondary Node

Rohde & Schwarz
Data
ARCHITECTURE OPTIONS Control
OPTION 3 IS PRIORITY 1 IN 3GPP, FOLLOWED BY OPTION 2
Option 3: Option 2:
DC EN: E-UTRA-NR Standalone
eNB is the
Master Node
eNB gNB gNB
MME SGW AMF UPF

EPC 5GC

Rohde & Schwarz
Data
ARCHITECTURE OPTIONS Control
ADDITIONAL OPTIONS ARE SPECIFIED
Option 4 Option 5 Option 7
DC NE: NR-E-UTRA DC NGEN: NG-RAN E-UTRA-NR
NG-gNB is the
gNB is the Master Node
Master Node
NG-eNB gNB NG-eNB NG-eNB gNB
AMF UPF AMF UPF AMF UPF

5GC 5GC 5GC

Rohde & Schwarz
ENABLING QOS DIFFERENTIATION
► Per packet QoS ID allows differentiating services inside a single session
► SDAP (Service Data Application Protocol) maps the QoS flows onto appropriate radio bearers
on the radio protocol side
Packets Data radio bearer

Marking
from with QoS
applications flow IDs
5G-RAN
UPF
Mapping to
data radio
QoS flow 2 PDU bearers
QoS flow 1 session

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR QUALITY OF SERVICE FLOW CLASSIFICATION
TS 23.501 defines
standardized 5QI for
GBR, non-GBR and
latency critical GBR

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR DATA RATE CALCULATION
10 3
Ts 
14  2 
Source: 3GPP TS 38.306 V15.2.0 (2018-06)
FR1 example for single layer 15kHz SCS in DL with 256QAM:

Number of Carriers “J” Sub carrier per RB
Bits per Symbol from modulation scheme “Qm” Numerology “μ“
Data rate = 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 * 1 * 1 * 8 * 1 * (948/1024) * (270 * 12) * (14 * 𝟐𝟎 ) / 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 * (1 - 0.14) = 288.9 Mbps
Number of Layers “v” Max. coderate “Rmax” Average OFDM symbol duration “Ts”
Adjustment to Mbps Scaling factor “f” Max. number of RBs “N” Overhead “OH”
values 1, 0.8, 0.75, 0.4 270 for FR1 with 15kHz SCS 0.14 for DL frequency range FR1
signaled per band 273 for FR1 with 30kHz SCS 0.18 for DL frequency range FR2
135 for FR1 with 60kHz SCS 0.08 for UL frequency range FR1
264 for FR2 with 60kHz SCS 0.10 for UL frequency range FR2
264 for FR2 with 120kHz SCS

Rohde & Schwarz
MAXIMUM 5G NR DATA RATE PER LAYER
Frequency SCS Bandwidth DL UL Efficiency Efficiency

Range DL UL
FR1 15 kHz 50 MHz 288.9 Mbps 309.1 Mbps 5.78 bps/Hz 6.18 bps/Hz
FR1 30 kHz 100 MHz 584.3 Mbps 625 Mbps 5.84 bps/Hz 6.25 bps/Hz
FR1 60 kHz 100 MHz 577.8 Mbps 618.1 Mbps 5.78 bps/Hz 6.18 bps/Hz
FR2 60 kHz 200 MHz 1.08 Gbps 1.18 Gbps 5.40 bps/Hz 5.90 bps/Hz
FR2 120 kHz 400 MHz 2.15 Gbps 2.37 Gbps 5.38 bps/Hz 5.93 bps/Hz
Compare 15 kHz 20 MHz 100 Mbps 100 Mbps 5.00 bps/Hz 5.00 bps/Hz
to LTE

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR SECURITY MECHANISMS
5G NR applies independent security functions for UP and CP:
• Authentication
• Encryption
• Integrity protection

Rohde & Schwarz
TRUST MODEL IN 5G
Symmetric authentication
UICC/ optional
UE
USIM Non 3GPP
access
AMF SEAF SEPP SEPP AUSF SIDF UDM/ARPF
gNB-DU gNB-CU Serving Network Home Network
5G RAN

PRIVACY MODEL IN 5G: SUPI AND SUCI
International mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) 15 digits
Mobile country code Mobile network code Mobile subscriber identity number
(MCC) (MNC) (MSIN)
Subscription permanent identity (SUPI)

Home
Either IMSI or network address ID (NAI)
network
AUSF
MCC + MNC
as plain text HPLMN defined public and
private key protection scheme
SUPI Home network Routing info Protection scheme ID

Home network public
type ID (MCC + (AUSF (HPLMN defined or Scheme output
key
(IMSI, NAI) MNC) address) NULL)
Subscription concealed identity (SUCI)

INITIATION OF PRIMARY AUTHENTICATION USING
CONCEALED SUPI (SUCI)
Security Authentication Repository &

USIM-ME SUCI [SUPI + K] Anchor SUCI, SN Name Server Processing
N3IF
AMF SEAF SEPP SEPP AUSF SIDF ARPF
gNB-DU gNB-CU Serving Network Home Network
Provisioning of SUPI after

succesful authentication

5G NR – PHYSICAL LAYER ASPECTS

Rohde & Schwarz
FREQUENCY TRENDS FOR 5G
Europe
700 MHz
3.4 - 3.8 GHz
24.25 - 27.5 GHz
China
2.5 – 2.6 GHz
3.3 - 3.6 GHz
4.8 - 5.0 GHz
24.75 - 27.5GHz (study)
37 - 43.5 GHz (study)
0.7 / 3.6 / 26GHz US
3.5 / 5 / 26 / 43.5 GHz 600 MHz
600 MHz / 2.5/ (3.5) / 24 /
28 / 39GHz 2.4 GHz
3.5 / 4.6 / 28 GHz
[CBRS band (3.5GHz)]
27.5 - 28.35 GHz
NR frequency range 1 NR frequency range 2 37.0 - 40 GHz
reserved numbers 65-256 Reserved numbers 257-512 Australia
Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink 3.6 GHz
26 GHz
… … … n257 26.5 – 29.5 GHz 26.5 – 29.5 GHz
3.6 / 26 GHz Korea
n77 3.3 – 4.2 GHz 3.3 – 4.2 GHz n258 24.25 – 27.5 GHz 24.25 – 27.5 GHz 3.42 - 3.7 GHz
n78 3.3 – 3.8 GHz 3.3 – 3.8 GHz n259 n/a n/a
26.5 – 28.9 GHz
Japan
n79 4.4 – 5.0 GHz 4.4 – 5.0 GHz n260 37 – 40 GHz 37 – 40 GHz 4.4 - 4.9 GHz
… … …
28 GHz
India
3.6 GHz
Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects 26 GHz
Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR BASICS
► Two basic frequency ranges (FR1 and FR2) are used in 3GPP specifications
 FR1: 410 MHz to 7.125 GHz, FR 2: 24.25 to 52.6 GHz for 3GPP Release 15
► Note that requirements throughout the RF specifications are in many cases defined separately
for these different frequency ranges.
► RAN4 definition for reference frequencies (channel raster, synchronization raster):
frequency-band specific FREF = FREF-Offs + ΔFGlobal (NREF – NREF-Offs)
(equal or greater than ΔFGlobal)
NR-ARFCN
Frequency range FGlobal FREF-Offs NREF-Offs Range of NREF
0 – 3000 MHz 5 kHz 0 MHz 0 0 – 599999
3000 – 24250 MHz 15 kHz 3000 MHz 600000 600000 – 2016666
24250 – 100000 MHz 60 kHz 24250.08 MHz 2016667 2016667 - 3279165
Source: TS 38.104

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR SPECTRUM: OPERATING BANDS IN FR1 (<24GHZ)
NR Uplink (UL) operating band Downlink (DL) operating band Duplex
Operating BS receive BS transmit Mode
Band UE transmit UE receive
FUL_low – FUL_high FDL_low – FDL_high
n1 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD
n5 824 MHz – 849 MHz 869 MHz – 894MHz FDD
n38 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz TDD
n75 N/A 1432 MHz – 1517 MHz SDL
n76 N/A 1427 MHz – 1432 MHz SDL
n80 1710 MHz – 1785 MHz N/A SUL
n81 880 MHz – 915 MHz N/A SUL
n84 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz N/A SUL

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR SPECTRUM: OPERATING BANDS IN FR2 (>24GHZ)
NR Operating Uplink (UL) operating band Downlink (DL) operating band Duplex Mode
Band BS receive BS transmit
UE transmit UE receive
FUL_low – FUL_high FDL_low – FDL_high
n261 27500 MHz - 28350 MHz 27500 MHz - 28350 MHz TDD

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – PHYSICAL LAYER ASPECTS, F-OFDMA – GENERAL IDEA
5G NR physical layer simplified:

Use OFDMA, but make OFDMA more flexible!
• Subcarrier spacing not constant.
• Cyclic prefix length not constant.
• Symbol duration not constant.

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR F-OFDMA FEATURES FLEXIBLE NUMEROLOGIES
Subcarrier spacing (kHz) 15 30 60 120 240
Symbol duration (µs) 66.7 33.3 16.7 8.33 4.17
CP duration (µs) 4.7 2.3 1.2 (normal) 0.59 0.29

4.13 (extended)
Max. nominal bandwidth (MHz) 50 100 100 for FR1 400 400
200 for FR2
Max. FFT size 4096 4096 4096 4096 4096
Symbols per slot 14 14 14 14 14

12 (extended CP)
Slots per subframe 1 2 4 8 16
Slots per frame 10 20 40 80 160

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR F-OFDMA FLEXIBILITY IN SPECTRUM, BANDWIDTH PARTS
5G NR idea:
Channel bandwidth
Using different BWP
and numerologies to
enable QoS on layer1

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – RESOURCE GRID DETAILS

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NEW RADIO (NR) OFFERS A FLEXIBLE AIR INTERFACE
SUMMARY OF KEY PARAMETERS
Parameter FR1 (410 MHz – 7.125 GHz) FR2 (24.25 – 52.6 GHz)
Carrier aggregation Up to 16 carriers
Bandwidth per carrier 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 90, 100MHz 50, 100, 200, 400 MHz
Subcarrier spacing 15, 30, 60 kHz 60, 120, 240 (not for data) kHz
Max. number of subcarriers 3300 (FFT4096 mandatory)
Modulation scheme QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM; uplink also supports π/2-BPSK (only DFT-s-OFDM)
Radio frame length 10ms
Subframe duration 1 ms (alignment at symbol boundaries every 1 ms)
MIMO scheme Max. 2 codewords mapped to max 8 layers in downlink and to max 4 layers in uplink
Duplex mode TDD, FDD TDD
Access scheme DL: CP-OFDM; UL: CP-OFDM, DFT-s-OFDM

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – PHYSICAL LAYER RESOURCES
5G NR uses similar terms as LTE:
Subcarrier, resource element,
resource block, subframe etc.
1 resource block is defined only in

the frequency domain!
12 subcarriers = 1 resource block
Sept 19
Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects
5G NR – FRAME STRUCTURE

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – FRAME STRUCTURE, INTERWORKING NUMEROLOGIES

Rohde & Schwarz
5G AIR INTERFACE : BEAM SWEEPING FOR INITIAL ACCESS
traditional approach:
omnidirection TX of
BCCH for cell detection
Friis equation
γ
𝑃𝑅𝑥 𝑐
= 𝐺𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎
𝑃𝑇𝑥 4𝜋𝒇𝑑
At higher frequencies: Free space path loss is Beam sweeping procedure for power
high -> beamforming with high gain efficiency and cell detection

Rohde & Schwarz
5G AIR INTERFACE: BEAM REPORTING, GENERAL ASPECTS
„the received power

level on the specific
beam is …. (define
RSRP based on
beams)“
Various beams have to

be distinguished. Idea of
beam specific reference
UE reports the beam status via CSI reports signals

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR AIR INTERFACE : BEAM SWITCHING PROCEDURE
Beam switch to strongest

Beam_A beam RSRP indicated by UE
in previous report
CSI report. Strongest beam

will be new beam index

Rohde & Schwarz
5G AIR INTERFACE : BEAM REFERENCE AND REFINEMENT
Beam forming
reference signals to
identify beam and
sent feedback
CSI based on beam_RSRP
DCI scheduling requests

CSI reports. Network can
optimize Tx within a beam
based on CSI feedback
CSI based on beam_RSRP

Rohde & Schwarz
SS/PBCH BLOCKS
SS/PBCH block
► In the time domain, an SS/PBCH block
consists of 4 OFDM symbols, numbered in
increasing order from 0 to 3 within the
SS/PBCH block, where PSS, SSS, and
PBCH with associated DM-RS occupy
different symbols
► In the frequency domain, an SS/PBCH
block consists of 240 contiguous
subcarriers with the subcarriers numbered
in increasing order from 0 to 239 within the
SS/PBCH block.
► Two SS/PBCH block types: ı Like in LTE the Cell ID can be determined
 Type A (15kHz and 30kHz) from the used PSS/SSS sequences
 Type B (120 and 240 kHz)

Rohde & Schwarz
SS/PBCH BLOCKS
OCCURRENCE IN THE FRAME DEPENDS ON SCS
slot SC spacing fc < 3GHz 3GHz < fc < 6GHz fc > 6GHz
OFDM symbol (Lmax = 4) (Lmax = 8) (Lmax = 64)
Case A: 15 kHz 2,8,16,22 2,8,16,22,30,38,44,50 N/A
Case B: 30 kHz 4,8,16,20 4,8,16,20,32,36,44,48 N/A
Case C: 30 kHz f c<2.4GHz: f c>2.4GHz: N/A

1 1 1 1 TDD 2,8,16,22 2,8,16,22,30,38,44,50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 Case C: 30 kHz f c<3GHz: f c>3GHz: N/A
FDD 2,8,16,22 2,8,16,22,30,38,44,50
Case D: 120 kHz N/A N/A 4,8,16,20, …,
508,512,520,524
Case E: 240 kHz N/A N/A 8,12,16,20,…,

Start symbol of SSB depends 480,484,488,492
on SC spacing
May 2019 5G - A Test&Measurement perspective 41

Rohde & Schwarz
SS/PBCH BLOCKS
OCCURRENCE IN THE FRAME: CASE A, B AND C
Case A (15kHz)
5ms 5ms
f  3GHz (L=4) …
3.6MHz
3  f  6GHz (L=8) …
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Block index 0…Lmax-1
Case B (30kHz) …
f  3GHz (L=4)
…
3  f  6GHz (L=8)
7.2MHz
Case C (30kHz) …
f  3GHz (L=4)
…
3  f  6GHz (L=8)

Rohde & Schwarz
239
SS/PBCH BLOCKS DETAILS

RESOURCES PSS, SSS, PBCH, AND DM-RS FOR PBCH
. . . . . .
192
ı The sequence used for DM-RS in PBCH depends on the cell ID, . . . . .
the number of the half frame the PBCH is transmitted in the frame 182
and the SS/PBCH index (details in TS38.213, section 4.1)

ı This essentially allows to transmit Lmax different “common” beams . . . . .
Channel or signal OFDM symbol number l Subcarrier number k

56
relative to the start of an relative to the start of an
SS/PBCH block SS/PBCH block . . . . .
PSS 0 56, 57, …, 182
47
SSS 2 56, 57, …, 182
0 0, 1, …, 55, 183, 184, …, 236 . . . . .

Set to 0
2 48, 49, …, 55, 183, 184, …, 191
1, 3 0, 1, …, 239
ı  depends on the
9
PBCH
0, 1, …, 47,
2
192, 193, …, 239
1, 3 0+, 4+, 8+, …, 236+ cell ID according to: 5

Example
DM-RS for PBCH 0+, 4+, 8+, …, 44+
2 v cell
N ID mod 4 with  =1
192+, 4+, 196+, …, 236+ 1
0

Rohde & Schwarz
SS/PBCH DEMODULATION REFERENCE SIGNALS
Each SS/PBCH block has its own DMRS sequence, depending on cell ID

cinit  211 iSSB  1 N ID
cell
  
4  1  2 6 iSSB  1  N ID
cell
mod 4 
r ( m) 
1
1  2  c(2m)  j 1
1  2  c(2m  1) With initials iSSB  4iSSB  n hf
2 2
SSB index within half frame will init
Different DMRS sequences sequence generation r (0),..., r (143 )
5ms
SSB blocks can 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7  Block index 0…Lmax-1
be mapped Mapping of SSB onto antenna: beam sweeping

onto antenna
ports
individually Mapping of SSB onto antenna: static beam

Rohde & Schwarz
ARCHITECTURE OPTIONS, LTE AND 5G NR
Difference between sectorized eNB and SSB-beamformed sectorized gNB cells

Rohde & Schwarz
BANDWIDTH PART SCENARIOS

Rohde & Schwarz
BANDWIDTH PART SWITCHING

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – PHYSICAL CHANNELS

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR - BASEBAND SIGNAL GENERATION DOWNLINK
Scrambling code
depends on RNTI and
Cell ID
Antenna Mapping
Mapping toto
Modulation Layer
Layer Mapping
Mapping toto
Scrambling Modulation Layer port
Precoding Mapping
Resource
Mapping
Resource toto
Scrambling mapper mapping
Layer Precoding Mapping
Resource
Mapping
Resource toto
mapper mapping
Layer
mapping Precoding
mapping
Precoding Resource
blocks
Resource
Layer
mapping
Layer Precoding
Precoding blocks
Resource
blocks
Resource
mapping
Layer Precoding blocks
blocks
mapping blocks
blocks
mapping
mapping blocks
Mapping on
physical
Max. 2 Avoid QPSK Tx-diversity
resource, i.e.
codewords constant 16 QAM or Beamforming
resource
for MIMO sequences 64 QAM Spatial and selection of
elements not
=> Crest 256 QAM Multiplexing reference signals
used for
factor Up to 8 (=antenna ports)
reference
increase layers
signals

Rohde & Schwarz
DL-SCH transport block DL-SCH transport block
CRC attachement CRC attachement
LDPC base graph selection LDPC base graph selection
Code block segmentation + Code block segmentation +

codeblock CRC codeblock CRC
Channel coding (LDPC) Channel coding (LDPC)
Rate matching Rate matching
Codeblock concatenation Codeblock concatenation
Scrambling Scrambling
Modulation Modulation
Layermapping
mapping(up (up to 4 Layermapping
Layer mapping(up (up to 4
Layer
Layer
Layer mapping(up
mapping (up toto4 4 Layer mapping(up (up toto44
layers)to 4
layers)
Layer mapping layers) to 4
layers)
layers)
layers) layers)
layers)
Antenna port mapping, up to 8 ports
Resource block mapping

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR - BASEBAND SIGNAL GENERATION UPLINK
Scrambling code DFT-s-OFDM for single layer only!
Depending on RNTI and Goal for coverage limited scenarios
Cell ID
Optional!
Mapping
Mapping toto
Modulation Layer
Layer Transform
Transform Mapping to
Scrambling Layer Transform Precoding
Precoding Mapping
Resource
Resource to
mapper Layer
mapping
mapping Transform
precoding
precoding Precoding Resource
mapping precoding Precoding Resource
blocks
blocks
mapping precoding blocks
blocks
Mapping on
Discrete For closed physical
Avoid (π/2-BPSK) Tx-diversity
Fourier loop-MIMO resource, i.e.
constant QPSK or
Transform: resource
sequences 16 QAM Spatial
CP-OFDM elements not
=> Crest 64 QAM Multiplexing
Or used for
factor 256 QAM Up to 4
DFT-s-OFDM reference
increase layers
signals

Rohde & Schwarz
DL-SCH transport block
CRC attachement
LDPC base graph selection
Code block segmentation +

codeblock CRC
Channel coding (LDPC)
Rate matching
Codeblock concatenation UCI control information

multiplexing
Scrambling
Modulation
Layermapping
Layer mapping(up (up to 4
Layer
Layer mapping(up
mapping (up toto4 4 Transform precoding
layers)to 4
layers) if activated
layers)
layers)
Antenna port mapping, up to 4 ports
Resource block mapping

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR ASPECTS OF LEAN CHANNEL
Coverage aspects:
Certain control channels need to
be „detectable“ within a certain
coverage area
Beamforming:
Control channels with directivity and
UE specific control channels.
Coreset Carrier bandwidth
self-contained Tx:
Self-decodable bandwidth parts, Idea: „Always on“ => „on request only“!
Control channel on a narrow
bandwidth only

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – PDCCH AND CONTROL RESOURCE SET (CORESET)

Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR – CORESET SEARCH SPACE TYPES

Rohde & Schwarz
REFERENCE SIGNALS IN 5G NR – MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS
Old style: one reference New style: repurposing of

signal always on air and reference channels:
used for everything: Specialist for various
Channel estimation purpose:
Power detection Channel status estimation
CQI evaluatoin etc. Demodulation assistance
Position estimation etc.

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5G NR – PHYSICAL SIGNALS
UL physical signals:
• Demodulation reference signals (DMRS) for PUSCH and PUCCH
• Phase-tracking reference signals (PTRS) for PUSCH
• Sounding reference signal (SRS)
DL physical signals:
• Demodulation reference signals (DMRS) for PDSCH, PDCCH and PBCH
• Phase-tracking reference signals (PTRS) for PDSCH
• Channel-state information reference signal (CSI-RS)
• Tracking reference signals (TRS)
• Primary synchronization signal (PSS)
• Secondary synchronization signal (SSS)

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5G NR –DEMODULATION REFERENCE SIGNALS (DMRS)

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5G NR –PHASE TRACKING REFERENCE SIGNALS (PTRS)

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5G NR – WIDER SUBCARRIER SPACING, MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS
Problem:
No perfect fLO
Degradation of EVM

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5G NR –WIDER SUBCARRIER SPACING. MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS
Phase noise behaves as another impact in

the equalization formula = wider SCS mitigates
the effect
Mathematical model: phase noise

as another “disturbing“ factor
Countermeasures:
• Wider subcarrier spacing
• Additional reference signals (see PTRS)

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PTRS CONFIGURATION: DOWNLINK
► PTRS configuration provided to
the device based on RRC
signaling

PTRS PERFORMANCE
TIME DENSITY
► If density of PTRS in time and frequency domain is high, CPE can be better compensated but
higher density leads to signaling overhead and thus potentially lower spectral efficiency
► Example of different time density patterns for 64QAM and 256QAM
 Frequency density (i.e. every 4th PRB) kept constant, BWP length is 32 PRBs:
1 PTRS in each 4 PRB, 32 PRB, 64QAM, SCS 120 kHz, TDLC channel 1 PTRS in each 4 PRB, 32 PRB, 256QAM, SCS 120 kHz, TDLC channel
Source: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1807/1807.07336.pdf

CHANNEL STATUS INFORMATION REFERENCE SIGNALS (CSI-RS)

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CHANNEL STATUS INFORMATION REFERENCE SIGNALS (CSI-RS)

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CSI-RS USE CASES
time Serving TRP Neighbour TRP
frequency
Zero power ZP-CSI-RS for rate matching

Zero power CSI-RS (CSI-IM) for interference reporting (serving or neighbour cell)
Non zero power NZP-CSI-RS for channel status reporting (serving or neighbour cell). I.e “best beam“ and rank indicator
Non zero power NZP-CSI-RS for interference reporting (serving or neighbour cell). nzp-CSI-RS-ResourcesForInterference

5G NR – TRACKING REFERENCE SIGNALS (TRS)

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5G NR – PRECODING FOR BEAMFORMING, SIMPLIFIED
EXAMPLE

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5G NR – PRECODING FOR BEAMFORMING, GENERAL MODEL

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5G NR – PRECODING, GENERAL MODEL

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5G NR – TDD DUPLEXING OPERATION. REMINDER: TD-LTE
Rohde & Schwarz 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Sept 19
5G NR – TDD DUPLEXING OPERATION

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5G NR – TDD DUPLEXING OPERATION

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5G NR – RANDOM ACCESS PROCEDURE

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5G NR – PHYSICAL RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL (PRACH)

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5G NR –PRACH, LONG SEQUENCES

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5G NR – PHYSICAL RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL (PRACH),
SHORT SEQUENCES
Format C2

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5G NR – POWER CONTROL ASPECTS

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5G NR SA MODE: DATA CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT

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5G NR NSA MODE DATA CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT

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5G NR DOWNLINK ASSIGNMENT PRINCIPLE

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5G NR DOWNLINK ASSIGNMENT PRINCIPLE

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5G NR PDSCH ALLOCATION IN TIME DOMAIN

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PDSCH ALLOCATION IN TIME DOMAIN, MINI-SLOT OPERATION

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5G NR PDSCH ALLOCATION IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN, TYPE 0

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5G NR PDSCH ALLOCATION IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN, TYPE 1

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5G NR HARQ OPERATION – DOWNLINK PRINCIPLE

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5G NR HARQ OPERATION – UPLINK PRINCIPLE

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5G NR UL CHANNEL COMBINATION - EXAMPLE

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5G NR PUSCH RESOURCE ALLOCATION, TIME DOMAIN

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5G NR PROTOCOL STACK: CONTROL PLANE
5GC
QoS Flow
SDAP
Radio bearer
PDCP
RLC channel
RLC
Logical channel
MAC
Transport channel
PHY
Physical channel

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PROTOCOL STACK Header compression (ROHC)
Transfer of user data
USER PLANE Reordering and duplicate detection

Retransmissions of PDCP SDU
Ciphering, deciphering and integrity
PDCP re-establishment and data recovery
Mapping between a QoS flow and a
data radio bearer
Marking QoS flow ID (QFI) in both DL UE gNB
and UL packets SDAP SDAP
AM, UM, TM
PDCP PDCP ARQ
(Re-)segmentation
RLC RLC In-sequence delivery
Mapping between logical and transport Duplicate detection
MAC MAC SDU discard
channels
(De)-Multiplexing Re-establishment…
PHY PHY
Scheduling information reporting
HARQ
PDCP = Packet Data Convergence Protocol
Priority handling, dynamic scheduling RLC = Radio Link Control
Padding MAC = Medium Access Control
PHY = Physical Layer
SDU = Service Data Unit
(H)ARQ = (Hybrid) Automatic Repeat Request

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PROTOCOL STACK
CONTROL PLANE
Broadcast Authentication
Paging Mobility management
RRC connection establishment, UE gNB AMF Security control
maintenance and release NAS NAS
Security functions including key
RRC RRC
management
Radio Bearer Control PDCP PDCP
Mobility functions
RLC RLC
QoS management
UE measurement control MAC MAC
Detection / Recovery from
PHY PHY
radio link failure
NAS message transfer
RRC = Radio Resource Control

NAS = Non Access Stratum

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5G NR INTER-RAT MOBILITY STATE TRANSITIONS

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5G-NR MOBILITY SCENARIOS

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5G NR BEAMFORMING ASPECTS
Same PCI, different SSB indices
gNB uses SSBs to be mapped on

„static“ beams. PDSCH & PUSCH will
also follow SSB beam concept

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SSB INDEX MAPPING TO BEAMS
Vertical beamforming downtilt of 0°
SSB indices (4-7), (12-15), (20-23) + (28-31)
SSB beamforming: vertical view

SSB beamforming: horizontal view
63
4 5 6 7 12 13 14 15 20 21 22 23 28 29 30 31

BEST SSB BEAM COVERAGE (SSB INDEX OF TOP 1 SSB)
SSB Colors

Same PCI, different SSB indices
+ UE specific CSI-RS for gNB uses SSBs to be mapped on
beamforming support „static“ beams.
PDSCH & PUSCH will be on UE

specific beams. CSI-RS and reporting
needed to support beam adjustment
CRI feedback

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Same PCI, different SSB indices + UE gNB uses SSBs to be mapped on
specific CSI-RS & precoding for „static“ beams.
beamforming support
Layers
 1 Wq1,q (1) (2)  Wq1 ,q ,n ,n , p(1) , p(2) ,i

1 2 , n1 , n2 , p1 , p1 , i2,1,1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2,1,1
2 W (2)
q1 , q2 , n1 , n2 , p1(1) , p1(2) ,i2,1,1 , p2(1) , p2(2) ,i2,1,2

1  1
W
2  q1 ,q2 ,n1 ,n2 , p1 , p1 ,i2,1,1
(1) (2) Wq2,q ,n ,n , p(1) , p(2) ,i
1 2 1 2 2 2 2,1,2

 PDSCH & PUSCH will be on UE
 L 1

  vm1( i ) , m2( i ) pl ,i pl ,i l ,i 
specific beams. Beam refinement due
(1) (2)
1  i 0  , l  1, 2 ,
where Wql ,q 
 
(1) (2)
2 , n1 , n2 , pl , pl , cl 2 L 1 L 1
N1 N 2   pl(1)
,i pl ,i    vm1( i ) ,m2( i ) pl ,i  L pl ,i  Ll ,i  L 
1
(2) 2 (1) (2)
and the mappings from i1 to q1 , q 2 , n1 , n2 , p1(1) , and

i 0
p (1)
2
 i 0
, and from i2 to i2,1,1 , i2,1,2 , p1
(2)
and p2

(2)
are as described
to precoding and PMI feedback
above, including the ranges of the constituent indices of i1 and i2 .
PMI & CRI feedback

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5G NR UPLINK CHANNEL INFORMATION (UCI)

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5G NR CSI REPORT CONFIGURATION

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5G NR CSI REPORT CONFIGURATION

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5G NR CHANNEL STATUS REPORT CONCEPT
NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet NZP-CSI-RS-Resources
CSI-ReportConfig CSI-ResourceConfig CSI-SSB-ResourceSet CSI-SSB-Resources
CSI-IM-ResourceSet CSI-IM-Resources
Resources for channel status CSI (UE specific

CSI-RS ), cell specific channel status (SSB) &
What & how to report? Where & how to measure?
interference measurements IM
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5G NR CHANNEL STATUS REPORT CONCEPT
Up to 64 NZP-CSI resources sets
N≥1 CSI-ReportConfigurations M≥1 CSI-ResourceConfigurations
Up to 192 NZP-CSI resources
NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet
NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet NZP-CSI-RS resources
CSI-ResourceConfig_1 NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet NZP-CSI-RS resources
CSI-ReportConfig_1 Purpose: CSI, IM based on
NZP-CSI-RS resources
CRI + RI + PMI + Zero-power CSI-RS or

CSI-SSB-ResourceSet
IM based on NZP-CSI-RS CSI-SSB-ResourceSet
CQI CSI-SSB-ResourceSet SSB resources (no
need to configure)
CSI-ResourceConfig_2
CSI-IM-ResourceSet
CSI-IM-ResourceSet NZP-CSI-RS resources
CSI-IM-ResourceSet NZP-CSI-RS resources
CSI-IM-resources
CSI-ReportConfig_2
RI + PMI + CQI
Level 4, report config Level 3, resource config Level 2, resource set Level 1,
What to report and For purpose: IM or CSI? for higher flexibility where to measure?
Where to measure?
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EXAMPLE: REPORTING CONFIGURATION (2 TRPS AND 3 BEAMS)
Beam 0 Beam 4
Beamformed Beamformed
CSI-RS CSI-RS
TRP1 TRP2
Set0_1: 3 NZP CSI-RS Set0_2: 3 NZP CSI-RS
Channel status Resource setting 0

CSI-
Report Set1_1: 2 ZP CSI-RS for IM Set1_2: 1 ZP CSI-RS for IM
Config_ Interference Resource setting 1

0 on ZP CSI-RS
Set2_1: 3 NZP CSI-RS for IM Set2_2: 3 NZP CSI-RS for IM
Interference Resource setting 2

on NZP CSI-RS
TRP1 TRP2
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MASSIVE MIMO THEORY &
HARDWARE

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ENERGY EFFICIENCY: WHY MASSIVE?
Waste
d
...
Power
PBS = 1 PBS = 0.008
Number of UEs: 1
Number of Antennas = 1
120 antennas per UE
Number of BS Transmit
Antennas
1 120
Normalized Output Power of

Antennas
Normalized Output Power of

Base Station
Source: IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Jan 2013

BEAMFORMING - PRINCIPLES

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BEAMFORMING - PRINCIPLES

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MASSIVE MIMO = BEAMFORMING + MIMO
MIMO Array: M Data Streams Beamforming Array: 1 Data Stream
x1(t)
M = 4 Transceivers
x2(t)
x3(t)
x4(t)
+ x1(t) TRx
Massive MIMO: Combine Beamforming + MIMO = MU-MIMO with M antennas >> # of UEs
Massive arrays of 128-1024 active antenna
elements
Multi User-MIMO
Increase SINR and capacity for
each user
i.e. UE1: 32 ant BF with 16x2
MIMO
UE2: 16 ant BF with 8x2 MIMO

MASSIVE MIMO CHALLENGES
Mutual Coupling Irregular Arrays
Data Bottleneck Calibration Complexity
R
x
CPRI Bottleneck
RFIC RFIC
FPGA
Digital IQ
Increased Costs Reduced MU-MIMO Reduced Capacity Grating Lobes Increased Costs

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BEAMFORMING TO COMBAT INCREASED PATH LOSS
Path loss model for real propagation environments 2
λ
PTX d/d0 PRX 𝑃𝑅𝑋 = 𝑃𝑇𝑋 𝐺𝑇𝑋 𝐺𝑅𝑋
Transmit power Radio propagation Receive power
4𝜋𝑅 path loss
distance
Antenna gain
𝑃𝑅𝑋 λ γ 𝑑 −γ
Friis equation: 𝑃𝑇𝑋
= 𝐺𝑇𝑋 𝐺𝑅𝑋 4π𝑑
=𝐾 𝑑0
λ2 1
𝑃𝑅𝑋 = 𝑃𝑇𝑋 𝐺𝑇𝑋 𝐺𝑅𝑋
10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝑃𝑅𝑋
𝑃𝑇𝑋
4𝜋 4𝜋𝑅 2
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒: 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 γ = 2 Spherical Surface
𝐾/𝑑𝐵
𝑑
Isotropic
K/dB−10γ𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝑑0 R Antenna
0 𝑑
𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝑑0 It‘s no loss, it‘s the dilution
Frequency 2 GHz 28 GHz 39 GHz 60 GHz 73 GHz
of the radiated power intensity with
Path-loss (d = 1m) 41.4 dB 61.4 dB 64.3 dB 68.0 dB 69.7 dB
increasing distance from source.
20dB additional pathloss between FR1 and FR2

OVER THE AIR TESTING ADDS ANOTHER MEASUREMENT
DOMAIN: SPACE
EXAMPLE: POWER VS. TIME, FREQUENCY, CODE DOMAIN, DOD
P(t) P(f)
Time domain t Frequency domain f
P(code) P(DoD)
DoD (Direction of Departure)
Azimuth (𝜙) and elevation (𝜭) component
Code domain c Spatial domain DoD
Limit line
(requirement)

ANTENNA RADIATION
CHARACTERISTIC: HERTZ DIPOLE Max power density |⍴|max
Maximum gain
|⍴|𝒎𝒂𝒙
Isotropic radiator reference: G= = 1,76 dBi
|⍴|𝒊
Constant power density |⍴|𝑖 = const (W/m²)
Total radiated power:
⍴
Poynting vector TRP = η∙Pfeed
𝐻 ⍴=𝐸x𝐻 2D radiation
Remember the pattern („cut“)
𝐸 „right-hand rule“
Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power:
𝑬𝑰𝑹𝑷 = 𝑮 ∙ 𝑷𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅
2D cut
The SI unit of the Poynting vector is W/m2, i.e. it describes 3D radiation

a directional energy transfer per unit time and per unit area.
pattern
It’s called radiated energy flux or radiated power density.

DIRECTIVE ANTENNA SAMPLES @ 28 GHZ
Standard Gain 4x1 printed R&S Vivaldi

Horn Antenna antenna array antenna

STANDARD SPHERICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR ANTENNA
MEASUREMENTS
ANSI/IEEE STD 149-1979 „IEEE STANDARD TEST PROCEDURES FOR ANTENNAS“
Orthogonal axes of an antenna positioner

5G OVER THE AIR TESTING –CHALLENGES
TRx
RFIC RFIC
FPGA
Digital IQ
 Development challenges
like phase shifter
The 5G numerology: tolerances, thermal effects And it should be sent
Wide bandwidth, high order of the PAs, frequency over a „pencil“ beam
modulation schemes, short symbol drifts between modules,
duration, multiple physical signals etc. non-linear and dispersive
components etc.
Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects 134
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FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES: ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
0.1 m apperture size at 28 GHz
Reactive near Radiated near field region Far field

field region Phase & magnitude Magnitude
𝐷3 *
2𝐷2
0.62 = 19 𝑐𝑚 = 1.87 𝑚
𝜆 𝜆
𝜆
* = formula commonly taken for radiators with D>
2
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WHAT AND WHERE IS THE FAR-FIELD (FF)?
D = radiating aperture size Free space far field condition:
(1) 𝐸 and 𝐻 orthogonal and connected by ZF0=120𝜋 Ω
(2) Only radial component of
I = ⍴r = |⍴| = |𝐸 x 𝐻| relevant
Poynting vector ⍴
⍴=𝐸x𝐻 Remember the
D 𝐻 „right-hand rule“
𝐸
Reactive near Radiated near field region Far field
field region Phase & magnitude Magnitude
2D cut
𝐷3 2𝐷2
0.62 𝜆 𝜆

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MEASUREMENTS THAT CAN BE PERFORMED IN THE
REACTIVE NEAR FIELD
► No RF parametric measurements like EVM, ACLR etc.
► Stay away from the reactive near field
► Measurements would influence the result since the antenna pattern is influenced
► Things like SAR measurements are performed here

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MEASUREMENTS THAT CAN BE PERFORMED IN THE
RADIATED NEAR FIELD
► If a spherical scan of the entire field in magnitude and phase is performed in radiated near field
all field parameters are known and can then be mathematically transformed into the far field by
using certain algorithms
► With this all Tx measurements can also be performed in the radiated near field, however the
effort is much higher than in far field, but on the other hand the space requirements are lower
► Directly in the radiated near field (without far field transformation) only some certain
parameters can be measured such as
 TRP (Total Radiated Power)
 Peak EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power)
 ACLR
► Measurement uncertainties are higher than in far field
► The controversy is if you can test EVM in radiated near field

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SOLUTION TRANSFORMING NF TO FF BY SOFTWARE ALGORITHM
𝑓𝑥,𝑦 = 𝐴 ඵ 𝐸𝑥,𝑦 𝑒 +𝑗𝐤∙𝐫 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Amplitude Phase

Complex near-field Plane wave far-
field received
SW algorithm

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OTA ASPECTS: NEAR FIELD Scanning at
various positions
to build a surface S
Scanning probe = „ideal dipole“

AUT
Planar scan
Cylindrical scan
Integrate E and H along

A surface given scanning
with „ideal dipole“ along
a surface
Spherical scan

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OTA ASPECTS: NEAR FIELD – THE MATHS BEHIND
An Overview of Near-Field Antenna Measurements

ARTHUR D. YAGHJW

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NEAR-FIELD TO FAR-FIELD TRANSFORMATION – FIAFTA
Features Performance Comparison Transformation
High precision positioner
angular resolution 0.1°

NF-FF transformation
Fast Spiral Scan
vs.
6 minutes 220 minutes

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MEASUREMENTS THAT CAN BE PERFORMED IN THE FAR FIELD
► Measurements in the far field are comparably easy

► Every RF measurement can be performed in the far field for example
 EiRP/EiS (Effective isotropic Radiated Power/Sensitivity)
 In beam measurements for R&D and Production
 EVM, ACLR, SEM, OBW, BLER etc.
► Since the far field is far away from the emitting antenna the path loss is typically high for direct far
field measurements which is an additional challenge

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DIRECT FF MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
Far Field
Magnitude
Dual-Polarized High-Gain
3D Rotation of DUT
Antenna
Single Measurement point
Device
Under
Test
DUT-MEAS Antenna Separation: R > 2D2/λ

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HOW BIG OF A CHAMBER IS REQUIRED FOR DIRECT FAR FIELD?
► Quiet zone size (black box)
12 cm
► Chamber size 3 m…5 m
► Quiet zone size (white box)

D= 3 cm
► Chamber size 0.5 m

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WHAT IS THE FAR-FIELD DISTANCE? 2 ADDITIONAL METHODS
HPBW (radians)
Half-power beam
Dant=4cm
28GHz UE Subarray width
DUT=10cm
(HPBW=15°)
2𝐷2 2𝜆
𝑅𝐹𝐹 = 𝑜𝑟
Criteria Far-field Distance 𝜆 𝐻𝑃𝐵𝑊2
2λ/HPBW2 0.30 meters θ
28GHz Entire UE
2D2/λ 1.86 meters 3dB power

difference
0.8633 0.8633 15 cm DUT @ 24 GHz

𝜋𝐷 𝜋𝐷 FHD = 3.6 m
𝑅𝑓𝑓𝐷 = 𝜆 0.1673 + 0.1632 RffD = 1.14 m
𝜆 𝜆
Consideration only in peak beam direction allows to re-consider FF distances: APEMC 2018 [Derat, « 5G
antenna characterization in the far-field – How close can far-field be? »] - based on spherical wave expansion

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FAR-FIELD IN NEAR-FIELD SYSTEMS: HARDWARE FOURIER
TRANSFORMS
Complex near-field Plane wave far-
wave generated Amplitude Phase
field received
Holographic techniques
DUT
Fresnel Lens (Fourier Optics) Reflector: Compact Antenna Test Range Array: Plane Wave Convertor

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HOW TO ACHIEVE FAR-FIELD CONDITIONS? BASESTATION –
PLANE WAVE IDEA
Based on principle of beamforming:

Antenna array with phase shifters. Goal
is not beamforming, but plane wave.
Frequency restricted but allows modulated
wideband signals analysis

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3GPP: PERMITTED METHODS FOR RF CONFORMANCE
Direct Far Field (DFF) Indirect Far Field (IFF)
Quiet zone typically smaller Quiet zone typically larger
x Range antenna
y
DUT reflector
1
4
2
Feed antenna
3
UE antenna configuration Direct Far Field Indirect Far Field IFF  CATR (compact PM/SG
antenna test range):
Configuration 1 – one array Yes Yes •
Positioner
loss = 0 between reflector  DUT
Path
controller
Configuration 2 – multiple arrays Yes Yes • QZ diameter = 25…50% of reflector
(strongly depends on edge treatment !)
Configuration 3 – one large array No Yes
PC

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POSSIBILITIES TO SHRINK THE CHAMBER SIZE –
INDIRECT FAR FIELD
Reflector
DUT
Feed

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ILLUSTRATION OF REFLECTED FIELD FROM PARABOLIC SURFACE
Knife edge reflector Rolled edge reflector
Rolled Edge Radius > l/4

Source: W. Burnside “Curved Edge Modification of Compact Range Reflector”, IEEE 1987 Determines lower frequency bound

Rohde & Schwarz
CATR BASICS: REFLECTOR EDGE TREATMENT
No scattering of energy
back into quiet zone
Es
Wave ‘bends’
around corner
Ei
Rolled Edges
Low Scattering
Ei: Initial EM field (from feed horn)

Target Zone Corner forms
Amplitude Ripple a point source
High
Es
scattering of
Ei energy into
quiet zone
Knife Edge
High Scattering
Source: W. Burnside “Curved Edge Modification of Compact Range Reflector”, IEEE 1987
Es: Scattered EM field (from edges)

Rohde & Schwarz
CATR REFLECTOR ERRORS: SURFACE ROUGHNESS
Surface Roughness < l/100, i.e. determines CATR upper frequency bound!
ρmax
Ideal Actual
Maximum Surface
Deviation
ρmax = 0.007 λ
Maximum Frequency
Required surface Accuracy vs. complexity & price
Roughness (microns)
28 GHz 75
43 GHz (in band) 49
87 GHz (spurious emissions) 24
220 GHz (FCC 5th Harmonic) <1

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WHAT IS THE QUIET ZONE ?
Quiet Zone Phase Deviation vs. Measurement Error
φ(R+d)
d +D/2
𝜋𝐷2 𝑁𝐷2
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =
R 4𝜆Δ𝜑𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜆
Quiet Zone (D)

𝑁=∞
Phase
R Rmin(N)
Deviation 𝑁=2
Point Source φ(R) 𝐷2 /𝜆 45 degrees

-20 dB
𝑁=4
2𝐷2 /𝜆 22.5 degrees

(Measurement Antenna) -25 dB
4𝐷2 /𝜆 11.2 degrees
8𝐷2 /𝜆 5.6 degrees -30 dB

-D/2
High Gain Antenna Pattern
Note: Near field regions don‘t have „quiet zones“

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HOW GOOD IS THE QUIET ZONE?

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CATR BASICS: PATH LOSS (I) Parabolic Reflector Power Density
ITU-R BS.1968 (2005)
Reflector Near Field
Quiet Zone
P. Walt “The power density in the

radiating near field region of directive
antennas”, 2012
Power Density is constant up to: 0.6D2/l

1800C (D = 30cm): 5.4 meters
Feed Antenna (low-gain) Far Field: FSPL No Path Loss from Reflector to DUT

Rohde & Schwarz
CATR IS A BI-DIRECTIONAL DEVICE Reverse: DUT Tx
Forward: DUT Rx
Quiet Zone
Device
Under
Test
Quiet Zone
From: Reflector Focal Point (Feed) From: DUT Quiet Zone

To: Reflector and DUT Quiet Zone To: Reflector Focal Point (Feed)
Reflector transforms spherical field Reflector is a spatial filter that extracts

from focal point (feed antenna) into a the planar components of the spherical
planar wave in front of reflector to feed and focuses them at the focal
quiet zone point (feed antenna)

Rohde & Schwarz
GRID TYPES
Constant step size

ΔΘ, ΔΦ
Constant density

Rohde & Schwarz
SPHERICAL SCAN SYSTEMS
Conical cut = Distributed Axis Great circle cut = Combined Axis
e.g. R&S®ATS1000 or R&S®WPTC e.g. R&S®ATS1800C

Rohde & Schwarz
THE WORLD OF REGULATION AND STANDARDISATION
International
Electrotechnical
Commission
CISPR

Rohde & Schwarz
BASE STATION TYPES DEFINED IN 3GPP TS 38.141
Conducted Hybrid OTA
ı BS type 1-C transmitter/receiver interface ► General architecture of BS type 1-H ı General architecture of BS type
1-O and BS type 2-O
BS type 1-C: NR base station operating at FR1 with requirements set consisting only of conducted requirements defined at individual antenna connectors
BS type 1-H: NR base station operating at FR1 with a requirement set consisting of conducted requirements defined at individual TAB connectors and
OTA requirements defined at RIB
BS type 1-O: NR base station operating at FR1 with a requirement set consisting only of OTA requirements defined at the RIB
BS type 2-O: NR base station operating at FR2 with a requirement set consisting only of OTA requirements defined at the RIB
Source: 3GPP TS 38.141-1/-2 V15.0.0

Rohde & Schwarz
TEST MODELS
► NR FR1 test models needed for BS type 1-C, BS type 1-H and BS type 1-O
► NR FR2 test models needed for BS type 2-O
Test model Measurement Test model Measurement
NR-FR1-TM1.1 BS output power NR-FR1-TM3.1 Total power dynamic range (upper OFDM symbol power limit at max
NR-FR2-TM1.1 NR-FR2-TM3.1 power with all 64QAM PRBs allocated)
TAE (Time Alignment Error)
Frequency error
Occupied bandwidth
EVM for 64QAM modulation (at max power)
ACLR
NR-FR1-TM3.1a Total power dynamic range (upper OFDM symbol power limit at max
Operating band unwanted emissions power with all 256QAM PRBs allocated)
Transmitter spurious emissions Frequency error
Transmitter intermodulation
EVM for 256QAM modulation (at max power)
NR-FR1-TM1.2 ACLR
NR-FR1-TM3.2 Frequency error
Operating band unwanted emissions
EVM for 16QAM modulation
NR-FR1-TM2 Total power dynamic range (lower OFDM symbol power limit at min power)
NR-FR2-TM2 Frequency error (at min power)
EVM of single 64QAM PRB allocation (at min power)
NR-FR1-TM3.3 Frequency error
Frequency error (at min power)
EVM for QPSK modulation
NR-FR1-TM2a EVM of single 256QAM PRB allocation (at min power)
Frequency error (at min power)

Rohde & Schwarz
3GPP conformance testing

Rohde & Schwarz
PA = power available from the generator
PM = power to matched transmission line
GAIN AND DIRECTIVITY FLOWCHART PO = power accepted by the antenna (feed power)
PR = power radiated by the antenna
I = radiation intensity (power flux)
IEEE STD 145-2013 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS FOR ANTENNAS η = radiation efficiency
GR = realized gain
G = (isotropic) gain
𝐺𝑃0 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 D = Directivity
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐼 = = M1 = impedance mismatch 1
4𝜋𝑟 2 4𝜋𝑟 2 M2 = impedance mismatch 2

In = partial radiation intensity (i.e. per polarization)
4πI gR = partial realized gain
g = partial gain
GR d = partial directivity
G D
p = polarization efficiency
EIRP = Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
PA M1 PM M2 PO η PR p
d
g
gR
4πIn
e.g. Total radiated power TRP = 3D PR = η∙P0 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐺(𝑑𝐵𝑖) = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝐼𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐
Assumption: An antenna is a passive, linear, reciprocal device

OTA MEASUREMENT RESULT ANALYSIS OPTIONS
► Transmitter: EIRP (θ, Φ) ı Receiver: EIS (θ, Φ)
 EIRP(θ,Φ) = GTX(θ,Φ) ∙ PTx  EISLevel(θ,Φ) = f(GRX(θ,Φ), SNRQAM)
 Single direction measurement

 Single direction measurement
 Maximum sensitivity ► beam peak
 Maximum gain ► Beam peak
 Selectivity, blocking
 Modulation quality  Demodulation quality
 Full sphere integral metric
 Full sphere integral metric  Total isotropic/radiated sensitivity: TIS, TRS
 Total radiated power: TRP

 Statistical analysis
 Spherical coverage
 Statistical analysis
 Spherical coverage  UE reported values: RSRP, RSRQ (RRM)

Rohde & Schwarz
OTA MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY
CLASSICAL ANTENNA PARAMETER CHARACTERIZATION
Antenna Radiation pattern
parameters
Matching:
to test
VSWR Directivity
Gain
Radiation pattern
Test High
methodology: 3D directivity
accurate 3D
Full anechoic positioning
chamber +
positioner
Measurements
gain
Very high Peak beam direction
shielding
effectiveness Very high
absorbing 𝑇𝑅𝑃 = ඵ 𝜌Ԧ 𝒅𝑺
effectiveness 𝑆
RFIC AND ACTIVE ANTENNA FRONT END TESTING
Radiation pattern
Antenna
parameters
Matching:
VSWR Directivity
Gain
Test High Radiation pattern
methodology: accurate 3D 3D directivity
Full anechoic positioning
chamber + Very high
positioner absorbing Measurements
effectiveness EIRP instead of gain
Very high Peak beam direction +
shielding Half power beamwidth
Climate
effectiveness
condition
𝑇𝑅𝑃 = ඵ 𝜌Ԧ 𝒅𝑺
𝑆
OTA TEST AS NECESSITY, NOT ANTENNA RELATED
We want to test some components,
„Antenna“ functions of UE, e.g. RX performance, but
parameters we cannot access this part => OTA as
connection between DUT and system
simulator
Easy link setup +

Test Rapid prototyping,
methodology: e.g. R&D environment
Chamber + Normal / no Depends: e.g. BLER,
fix setup. absorbing EVM, ACLR etc.
Idealy IFF = effectiveness
BLER
Measurements 1 BLER vs. SNR (dB)
CATR 0.9
0.8 M
0.7 C
0.6 S
Normal 0.5
0.4
shielding 0.3
0.2
0.1
effectiveness 0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 SNR

CONFORMANCE TESTING OTA
„Antenna“
parameters
Etc…
Test Testcases according to

methodology: Very high
absorbing EISLevel(θ,Φ) = f(GRX(θ,Φ), SNRQAM)
Chamber +
fix setup. effectiveness
Idealy IFF = Large quite zone.
High accurate CATR + Measurements
CATR
positioner
Very high
EIRP(θ,Φ) = GTX(θ,Φ) ∙ PTx
shielding
𝑇𝐼𝑆 𝑎𝑛𝑑
effectiveness
5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M

𝑇𝑅𝑃 = ඵ 𝜌Ԧ 𝒅𝑺
Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19aspects
𝑆
TESTING A NR UE IN OTA ENVIRONMENT
• UE is an „active antenna“ ► Reference signal is „unknown“
• UE contains multiple active antenna arrays ► no constant pattern
• Different Tx and Rx antenna arrays ► No Tx and Rx reciprocity
• No CW but modulated (wideband) signal analysis
• Phase center of antenna under test unkown ► Black box testing
• More than RF parameter testing needs:

• Demodulation performance ► OTA multipath emulation
• RRM ► OTA multiple angle of arrival simulation
• Protocol ► Ideal OTA radio link conditions
• Other features (e.g. LBS etc.) ► Introducting other radio technology OTA signals

CONCLUSION ON OTA TESTING
• It is mandatory today for CTIA certification in USA
• It will become mandatory for 3G and 4G certification according to RED in Europe
• It is the only option for 5G NR FR2
 Test & Measurement becomes wireless, too!

SUMMARY: WHAT DO WE NEED TO TEST OTA NR ?
► Anechoic environment providing the right measurement distance and sufficient QZ size
► High speed, resolution and accuracy Positioning systems providing sufficient support for
DUTs (incl. Laptops) and optional phantoms (head and hands)
► Measurement / Stimulus antennas providing the right frequency range (inband, out-of-band),
gain and bandwidth
► Best quality T&M instruments (e.g. sensitivity, dynamic range, modulation quality, phase
noise, …) and RF system components (e.g. cables, filters, switches, …) to ensure reliabilty
► System calibration process to ensure traceability
► Test automation to ensure repeatability
► Optional temperature control for extreme test conditions (ETC)
► … or just ask Rohde&Schwarz to find the right solution for your OTA testing needs!

OUTLOOK –
WHAT ARE THE NEXT STEPS IN 5G?

3GPP RAN REL-16 STUDY-ITEM / WORK-ITEM STATUS (JUNE 2019)
NR Study-Item / Work-Item Description Study-Item Work-Item Notes
NR Core and Performance part Rel-15 WI
NR
NR MIMO enhancements No Rel-16 SI ongoing
NR V2X completed ongoing
NR in unlicensed band completed ongoing
NR NOMA completed No Rel-16 work-item planned
2-step RACH for NR ongoing
NR over non-terrestrial networks ongoing No Rel-16 work-item planned
NR UE power savings completed ongoing
NR positioning completed ongoing
NR eURLLC PHY enhancements completed ongoing
NR mobility enhancements No Rel-16 SI ongoing
Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity/Carrier Aggregation enh. No Rel-16 SI ongoing
NR Remote interference management (RIM) completed ongoing
Source: RP-191609
Table lists important RAN1 and RAN2 led SI/WIs, does not include RAN4 band related SI/WIs, ITU related SI/WIs

NR Study-Item / Work-Item Description Study-Item Work-Item Notes
NR Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) completed ongoing
NR
Indoor channel model for Industrial IoT ongoing to be completed in Sept 2019
NR Industrial IoT / Non-Public Networks (NPN) completed ongoing
Optimisations on UE radio capability signaling completed ongoing
SRVCC from 5G to 3G completed ongoing
NR test methods ongoing To be completed in Dec 2019
NR MIMO OTA test methods ongoing
2 RX antenna exception for vehicles completed
29 dBm UE power class for B41/n41 completed
NR in 7 – 24 GHz frequency range ongoing
NR design beyond 52.6 GHz ongoing
NR UE capability signaling completed ongoing
NR DL 256 QAM in FR2 ongoing
Source: RP-191609

LTE / IOT Study-Item / Work-Item Description Study-Item Work-Item Notes

LTE
Additional MTC enhancements for LTE ongoing
Additional enhancements for NB-IoT ongoing
IoT
LTE based 5G terrestrial broadcast completed ongoing
DL MIMO efficiency enhancements for LTE ongoing
Even further mobility enhancements in E-UTRAN ongoing
Further perf. enhancements for high speed scenarios ongoing
LTE in 410 – 430 MHz band ongoing
Source: RP-191609

BROADCAST STATUS QUO:
MNO
Internet network
Services
BNO
Broadcast Content
network

SOLUTION: 5G BROADCAST OVERLAY
MNO
Internet network
Services
BNO
Content
TV/Video network
HPHT = High Power High Tower HPHT
Reachability is more than just coverage:

Does the content reach the right device?

FEMBMS – FURTHER ENHANCED MBMS, REL. 14 FEATURE
IP • High power high tower (HPHT) concept
• True broadcast, independent on PLMN
• Resolution + formats in line with conventional
broadcast
• Ability to stream video over IP
• Implementation scenario using supplementary
downlink (SDL) concept of cellular networks
• Reception possible without SIM &
authentication
Downlink: Broadcast
Downlink: Unicast
Uplink
No SIM card necessary => new device types possible + true broadcast

Rohde & Schwarz
5G BROADCAST FROM PLMN NETWORK OPERATOR
PERSPECTIVE
5G NR is multi-link. Extension
with HPHT broadcast possible
gNB HPHT
Deployment on top of LTE / 5G NR

5G NR networks and devices:
FeMBMS is based on LTE technology
 No separate chipset needed
 Deployment is on top of existing
infrastructure + spectrum
Enhancing existing 5G NR
connection by broadcast as
supplementary downlink (SDL)

5G BROADCAST FROM BROADCAST OPERATOR
PERSPECTIVE
FeMBMS is true broadcast, no
connection to cellular network
needed gNB HPHT
Optional
5G NR connection, i.e.
added services like Deployment of FeMBMS is true broadcast
interactive TV or non- only
linear traffic  No SIM card / network subscription
needed
 Deployment is independent on 5G NR
Device can be a pure receiver of

FeMBMS is inband control channel,
FeMBMS. No connection to 5G NR
connection to LTE/5G is not mandatory
needed, but possible C
A
S

HPHT LTE BROADCAST ARCHITECTURE, REL. 15 + FEMBMS
Core Network
5G NR will be a new architecture on the „unicast“ network, but Access Network
transparent to the „broadcast“ network. Guarantee of investments &
ease of deployments
SGi-mb
BM-SC MBMS-GW
SG-mb
Content Multicast MCE

Provider Sm
SGi MME
gNB
Internet
S11
Unicast
gNB
5GC
gNB
UPF/AMF gNB CU

Rohde & Schwarz
NB-IOT IMPROVEMENTS (ENB-IOT)
POWER CONSUMPTION, POSITIONING, MOBILITY AND MORE
Data rate improvements 1000000 devices per km2 Mobility

• New UE category NB2 with max. • Both anchor and up to 15 • Connected mode mobility
UL and max. DL TBS of 2536 bits non-anchor carriers can be used realized by RRC connection
(NB1: DL TBS of 680 bit and UL for paging and for random access re-establishment triggered by
TBS of 1000 bits); procedure (PRACH) radio link failure (RLF)
optional support of two HARQs • AS release assistance indication
New power class Device positioning Group messaging/updates

• New power class of 14 dBm • E-CID support • Adoption of Rel.13 single cell
to support coin-cell battery • OTDOA support based on specific point-to-multipoint (SC-PTM)
operation e.g. for wearables with narrowband positioning reference feature in idle mode
relaxed MCL of 155 dB signals (NPRS)
• Measurements in idle mode

Rohde & Schwarz
LTE-M IMPROVEMENTS (FEMTC)
POWER CONSUMPTION, POSITIONING, VOLTE AND MORE
Data rate improvements New UE Category Mobility
• Max uplink TBS of 2984 bits (M1) • New UE category (M2) with max • Mobility in connected mode
• Up to 10 DL HARQ processes TBS of 4008/6968 bits (UL/DL) • Intra-frequency and inter-
• HARQ-ACK bundling in HF-FDD and optionally support of 5 MHz frequency measurements
(wideband) for PDSCH/PUSCH (RSRP/RSRQ) in CE mode
• Faster frequency retuning (guard
period of less than 2 symbols) • M2 device can operate as M1
VoLTE support Device positioning Group messaging/updates

• Optimized parameter for VoLTE • E-CID support • Adoption of Rel.13 Single Cell
like new PUSCH repetition factors, • OTDOA support based on point-to-Multipoint (SC-PTM)
restricted modulation schemes positioning reference signal (PRS) feature
(QPSK) and adjusted scheduling adapted for LTE-M (e.g. frequency • Supported only in idle on 1.4 or 5
delays (HARQ-ACK) hopping support, long cycles ) MHz

Rohde & Schwarz
SINGLE RADIO VOICE CALL CONTINUITY: HANDOVER TO 3G
VoNR gNodeB = 5G NR
Handover to UTRAN
VoIP in PS mode
NodeB = UTRAN
Radio Bearer reconfiguration:

PS to CS mode
time
Voice call in CS mode NodeB = UTRAN

5G NR IN UNLICENSED SPECTRUM (NR-U)
UNII-1 UNII-2 UNII-2e UNII-3 UNII-4 (DSRC)
5.15 GHz 5.25 GHz 5.35 GHz 5.47 GHz 5.725GHz 5.85 GHz 5.925 GHz
LAA is 20MHz bandwidth => NR-U can use wider bandwidth, less complexity
120 MHz
20 ……… 20 20 ……… 20 Could become
available in
20 …... 20 20 ….. 20 20 ….. 20
MHz MHz MHz MHz US, Europe MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz
f [GHz]
Licensed Band Up to Licensed Band Unlicensed Band

LTE or 5G NR 10 100 LTE or 5G NR Up to Target 5 and 6 GHz
MHz 10 100 ISM bands
MHz MHz MHz
3 deployment scenarios.
• LTE licensed + NR-U
• 5G NR licensed + NR-U Discussion about common preamble
• Standalone NR-U UE for both: WLAN and 5G NR

5G NR POSITIONING SERVICES
CID E-CID (RSRP/TOA/TADV) E-CID (RSRP/TOA/TADV) [Trilateration]
E-CID (AOA) [Triangulation] Downlink / Uplink (O/U-TDOA) [Multilateration GNSS based
Rohde & Schwarz

5G NR LOCATION BASED SERVICES – HYBRID MODES
5G NR link using
OTDO/UTDOA
for trilateration
Bluetooth AoA for additional accuracy
Rohde & Schwarz

TDOA METHODS
► TDOA is a multilateration method, based
on the calculation of localization
hyperbolas.
► The TDOA measurement calculates the

time difference between the reception of
two signals coming from two different
base stations.
► The measurement resolution, i.e. the

precision with which the time
measurement is performed, impacts the
measurement uncertainty.
► The measurement resolution will be a

multiple of TC

ANGLE-BASED TECHNOLOGIES ı Angle-based technologies measure the
AoA or AoD of the signal
ı The accuracy of the positioning is

determined primarily by the Half Power
Beam Width (HPBW)
ı In the example, the UE can be located

anywhere in the red square
ı For FR2, angle-based technologies can be

interesting.
ı They can be combined with other

measurements such as RTT or OTDOA

5G NR OVER NON-TERRESTRIAL NETWORKS
Déjá vu??? IMT-2000
The ITU vision of global wireless access
IMT2000 already defined the possibility of in the 21st century
earth-to-satellite communcation. Never took off Satellite
Global
commercially Suburban Urban

In-Building
Picocell
Microcell
Macrocell
Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
Rel. 16 work item for 5G NR over

Non-terrestrial networks. E.g. UE to airborne
or sattelite based gNBs.

5G NR INTEGRATED ACCESS BACKHAUL (IAB)
5GC
NG interface,
fibre optic
Xn interface, Xn interface,
Xn interface,
using out-of- fibre optic
using inband
band
FR2 carrier
FR2 carrier
for backhaul
for backhaul
accesss
accesss
Motivation: flexible and fast deployment of gNBs, e.g. vehicle based

5G NR INDUSTRIAL IOT Industrial
controller
Support of time sensitive networks
(TSN), i.e. common clock reference Coordinated SIB
/ RRC broadcast 5GC
SDAP
PDCP
RLC
Ethernet RoHC or header removal
MAC
Ethernet Data PHY
header
Intra-UE packet priorization, L2/L3

5G-ACIA – four deployment scenarios for non-public networks
(NPN) come with different risks and security requirements
• 5G industrial solutions must be protected against local and remote attacks (both logical and physical)
• Device authentication, and message confidentiality and integrity are crucial for industrial communication systems
• The security architecture must support the deterministic nature of communication, scalability, energy efficiency, and low latency
Isolated Shared RAN Shared RAN & Control NPN w/ public NW

optional

5G NR MOBILITY ENHANCEMENTS
Rel. 15 mobility Rel. 16 mobility
5GC
gNB gNB
2. RACH
gNB gNB
procedure
1. Handover 2. RACH
command procedure Rel. 16 make
before break
3. Connection approach
established +
Rel. 15
handover based RACH less
on LTE handover
approach procedure

5G NR DUAL CONNECTIVITY AND CARRIER AGGREGATION
ENHANCEMENTS 5GC
Rel. 16 DC and CA scenarios
MCG SCG
gNB gNB
Early In addition:
Asynchronous
measurement Signaling
DC operation
reporting reduction + fast
MCG recovery
Cross-carrier
scheduling of Single TX in the
different uplink. Switch
numerologies operation
discussed for EN-
DC and NR-DC

R&S 5G LAB TEST SOLUTION OVERVIEW
PORTFOLIO CAPABILITIES

R&S TEST SOLUTIONS TO DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT 5G NR
PRODUCTS
Component Characterization RF development 5G NR Device Testing OTA solutions
R&S®PWC200
PA characterization and calibration Testing of 5G NR devices in
non-signaling mode
R&S®SMW-K541 R&S®SMW200A–K144
-K544 R&S®CMW100
(Sub6) R&S®ATS1xxx
R&S®FSW -K18D UP
-K544 R&S®CMP200
R&S®SMW200A < 40 GHz > 40 GHz (mmW)
DUT
R&S®FSW85 Testing of 5G NR devices in
signaling mode
R&S®SMW-K546 R&S®FSW
Digital Doherty -K144/K145
R&S®CMX500
I 40 GHz signal generation R&S®ATS800B R&S®CMQ200

R&S®ZNA I 90 GHz signal analysis
I 2 GHz bandwidth support R&S®CMWFlexx
(FSW: 5GHz with RTO2064 and B5000 ) supporting LTE for NSA operation

Rohde & Schwarz
R&S TEST
Field Services, SOLUTIONS
Interference Hunting 5G NR networkTO DEPLOY
measurement
Passive measurements
solution 5G NR
Active measurements
NETWORKS
Data Analytics
SmartAnalytics Scene
R&S®TSMA6 R&S®FPH 31GHz R&S®FSH R&S®TSME6 R&S®TSMA6 5G Router Mobile Test

TDD gated trigger
Platform
Shoulder bag Backpack for mmwave QualiPoc Android ready for 5G

R&S®MNT100/PR100 R&S®MobileLocator
Site Acceptance
5G NR
Serving Cell 5G NR Cell
History
5G NR
Uplink
5G NR Cell
SmartAnalytics
5G NR Quality
Downlink
RSRP,
RSRQ Scene - NPS
Tx Power
DL Thp
QualiPoc Android R&S®ROMES4: 5G NR Software for network engineering, analysis and

R&S®TSMA6
(ready for 5G) optimization

Rohde & Schwarz
Many graphics from this
presentation were
CREDITS
taken from:
Please use this link to get

access to the online version of
this technology book. Online
version will be available soon:
www.rohde-schwarz.com/5G

C-V2X VEHICULOS CONECTADOS

CONNECTIVITY DOMAIN CONTROLLERS
Further digital services
e.g. from TIER1
4G / 5G
Connectivity domain controller Rohde & Schwarz
ı Cellular V2X Digital map server
e.g. HERE
Automotive Solutions
ı Broadcast radio
ı Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GNSS
ı Car access Automotive Radar
Stereo camera Connectivity

Automotive Ethernet
Infotainment controller
Automotive Ethernet
Body domain controller
Powertrain controller
EMC
OEM-Back-end
ı Traffic information
ı Parking information Electronic control unit
Long range radar (ECU) production testing
Radar
rear corner
Gateway
Lidar Radar Side radar ADAS domain controller
front corner

ON THE WAY TO A FUTURE OF AUTONOMOUS DRIVING
Safety Efficiency Comfort
93% of all car People spending more People like to text, surf
accidents are caused than 4 years of life in or just enjoy time in
by human errors cars cars

CONNECTED CARS BECOMING A REALITY – TECHNOLOGIES
ENABLING V2X

AUTONOMOUS AND/OR COOPERATIVE SYSTEMS
Autonomous Systems Cooperative Systems

e.g. Pre-collision safety system e.g. Traffic hazard warning
On-board sensors are used to detect objects Communication with infrastructure or other
(other vehicles, signs, pedestrians) around vehicles enables detection of objects and
the vehicle within the visibility range ‘events’ outside the visibility range
Enhanced safety systems leverage the smart use of both approaches

ADAS – ADVANCED DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS
STUFF THAT MAKES IT EASIER AND SAFER TO DRIVE A CAR
Examples…
• WiFi (802.11p) for V2V

• LTE (LTE-V) for CV2X
• 5G future for CV2X
• Radar for anti-collision, cruise control, etc.

SAE LEVEL OF AUTOMATION (LOA)
PROPOSED BY THE SOCIETY OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERS
Conditional High Automation Full Automation

No Automation Driver Assistance Partial Automation
Automation
(driver takes control (only controlled by
(only contolled by (vehicle takes over (vehicle takes over vehicle)
(driver takes control only on distinct parts
driver) longitudinal control, longitudinal and
after sufficiently of the route)
surveillance and lateral control,
comfortable
lateral control by surveillance by
transition time, e.g.
driver) driver)
10 s)

RADAR TECHNOLOGY – BRIEF DIGRESSION
Christian Hülsmeyer
*25. Dezember 1881 in Eydelstedt
† 31. Januar 1957 in Ahrweiler

AUTOMOTIVE RADAR – USE CASES AND TERMINOLOGY
Short range radar (SRR):
• Operational distance ~30m
• Blind spot detection + lane lost warning
Mid range radar (MRR)

• Target detection, collision warning
Long range radar (LRR)

• Emergency breaking + cruise control

RANGE MEASUREMENT: QUALITY
► Quality of radar measurement determined by
R
 Accuracy
Deviation of the true range from the
actual measured range
t
 Resolution
smallest difference between two
different distinguishable targets
 Ambiguity
maximum range of an unambiguously measured target

AUTOMOTIVE RADAR – TECHNOLOGY ASPECTS

RADAR PRINCIPLE – TWO MAJOR ASPECTS TO DETECT:
RANGE + VELOCITY
► Measurement of
 Range is measured by signal propagation time 𝜏

 Radial Velocity is measured by Doppler frequency shift 𝑓𝐷
 Azimuth Angle
 Elevation Angle 𝑐 Pulse radar
𝑅= ∙𝜏
2
 Object Properties
e.g. size, class
fD
2 CW radar
𝑓𝐷 = − 𝑣𝑟
𝜆 (can not detect
TCPI t range)
CPI – Coherent Processing Interval

RADAR PRINCIPLE – PULSE RADAR, SOME ISSUES
Pulse duration
Power issues:
related to 𝑐
SNR, short pulses, ∆𝑅 = 𝑇
bandwidth and 2 𝑝
high power?
determines range
Interferences?
resolution
=> Pulse
compression
techniques
Determines the Issue: many samples are

maximum range needed to detect range &
that can be velocity
detected => We want to detect both
with one sample

FREQUENCY MODULATED CONTINUOUS WAVE (FMCW)
RADAR
► Static target at a certain range R R vr = 0 m/s
vego = 0 m/s
fdev
𝑓𝐵 𝜏 𝜏
= ⇒ 𝑓𝐵 = ∙ 𝑓𝑑𝑒𝑣
𝑓𝑑𝑒𝑣 𝑇𝐶𝑃𝐼 𝑇𝐶𝑃𝐼
𝑐 𝑐 𝑓𝐵
Using: 𝑅= ∙𝜏 ⇒ Target range: 𝑅= ∙ 𝑇
2 2 𝑓𝑑𝑒𝑣 𝐶𝑃𝐼

RANGE AND RADIAL VELOCITY MEASUREMENT
R vr ≠ 0 m/s
► Moving target at a certain range R
vego = 0 m/s
fdev
 Range and radial velocity contribute to a beat frequency 𝑓𝐵1

 Two unknowns: 𝑅 and 𝑣𝑟 , but only a single measurement 𝑓𝐵1
𝑓𝐵1 = 𝑓𝑅 + 𝑓𝐷
2 𝑓𝑑𝑒𝑣 2
𝑓𝐵1 = 𝑅 − 𝑣𝑟  Equation not solvable
𝑐 𝑇𝐶𝑃𝐼 𝜆

RANGE AND RADIAL VELOCITY MEASUREMENT
R vr ≠ 0 m/s
► Second measurement required
vego = 0 m/s
fdev
=> FMCW allows to detect

2 𝑓𝑑𝑒𝑣 2 range & velocity with one
𝑓𝐵1 = 𝑅 − 𝑣𝑟 sample
2 𝑓𝑑𝑒𝑣 2
𝑓𝐵2 = − 𝑅 − 𝑣𝑟  Equations solvable for 𝑅 and 𝑣𝑟

RANGE AND RADIAL VELOCITY MEASUREMENT:
CHIRP SEQUENCE
fHub
2 2𝑓𝐻𝑢𝑏
𝑓𝐵 = − 𝑣𝑟 + 𝑅
Very fast 𝜆 𝑐𝑇𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑝
chirps, allow
…
to neglect
Doppler
2𝑓𝐻𝑢𝑏
neglectable Doppler shift 𝑓𝐵 ≈ 𝑅
𝑐𝑇𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑝
Measure velocity
based on the Doppler
deviation during block
range
of chirps TCPI
time

CONNECTELD CARS – POLITICAL SITUATION + INDUSTRY
ALLIANCES

5GAA – INDUSTRY ALLIANCE FOR CONNECTED CARS
Only an extract of the current member

list. See more details on:
http://5gaa.org/membership/our-members/

ACHIEVING INDUSTRY CONSENSUS
5GAA MISSION AND ORGANIZATION
Develop, test and promote communications solutions, initiate their standardization

and accelerate their commercial availability and global market penetration to address
society’s connected mobility and road safety needs with applications such as
autonomous driving, ubiquitous access to services and integration into smart city and
intelligent transportation
WG1 WG2 WG3 WG4 WG5

Use cases System Evaluation, Standards and Business
and technical architecture testbeds and spectrum models and
requirements and solution pilots go-to-market
deployment strategies

CERTIFICATION IN MOBILE COMMUNICATION
PIVOTAL FOR DRIVING THE GLOBAL MARKET
Supply chain aware / Test instruments available
Tests published / Test instruments may available

Vendor specific test recommendation
Vendor specific tests4)
Chipset Device Device

Manufacturer Manufacturer rolled-out time
Device/Module Integration GCF Carrier
1: N bilateral tests with companies not in competition PTCRB Acceptance
Tests

ROAD SAFETY AND CONVENIENCE
5GAA WAVE 1 USE CASES
Emergency Electronic Brake Lights Queue Warning Software Update
Left Turn Assist Intersection Movement Assist Remote Vehicle Health Monitoring

ADVANCED DRIVER ASSISTANCE & VULNERABLE ROAD USER
5GAA WAVE 1 USE CASES
See-Through Real-Time Awareness Vulnerable Road User Discovery
Cooperative Maneuver Speed Harmonization Sensor Sharing

TOWARDS AUTONOMOUS DRIVING
5GAA WAVE 2 EXAMPLES
Security Credentials Remote Controlled Parking
► WAVE 1 use cases to support driver
 Mainly warning messages
 Related to standard ITS-G5 (Europe), WAVE (U.S)
 Motivated by continued technology discussion
► WAVE 2 use cases for cooperated driving Raw Sensor Data Sharing Data Offloading
 Vehicle performs maneuver
 Sets the scene for autonomous driving
 Long-term perspective

V2X TECHNOLOGIES
GSM, UMTS, LTE, 5G IEEE 802.11p
 Amendment to IEEE 802.11 (derived from 11a)
 Ratified in 2010
 EU: Car-to-Everything (C2X), ITS-G5
3GPP LTE-V2X  U.S: Dedicated Short Range Communication
(DSRC), WAVE
 3GPP LTE-V2X Release 14
 Peer-to-peer ad-hoc communication
 V2V published in 2016, V2X in 2017
 Backend connectivity through Road Side Units
 Industry term: Cellular V2X (C-V2X)
 5.9GHz ITS frequency band
 Peer-to-peer ad-hoc communication:
 service continuity, to operate independent
of any centralized system
 Backend connectivity through mobile network
 V2V targets 5.9GHz ITS frequency band

VEHICLE TO VEHICLE COMMUNICATION TODAY – BASED ON
802.11P 802.11a signal with reduced rate:
• 10 MHz bandwidth for robustness
• Carrier spacing reduced by ½
nLOS LOS • Symbol length is doubled, making the signal
more robust against fading.
• Operates in the 5.8 GHz and 5.9 GHz frequency
bands depending on regional regulations.
• 802.11p is essentially based on the OFDM PHY
Wave mode:
• direct data exchange between vehicles using a
Very High wildcard BSSID
relative speed

A DRIVE BY OVERVIEW OF 11P TECHNICAL PARAMETERS
COMPARISON BETWEEN 11P AND 11A: PHY
► 802.11p is based on 11a
 Economy of scale:
 Wanted an inexpensive solution and 11a is already popular
 Tweak 11a to work in the vehicular environment
 10 MHz BW instead of 20 MHz as tradeoff between ISI and data rate
 fixed allocation of some channels for specific use cases, e.g. emergency channel
 No association to an AP for 11p because that takes time
Parameters 20 MHz Bandwidth for 11a 10 MHz Bandwidth for 11p
Bit rate (Mbit/s) 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 3, 4.5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 27
Modulation mode BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Code rate 1/2, 2/3, 3/4 1/2, 2/3, 3/4

Number of subcarriers 52 52
Symbol duration 4 μs 8 μs
Guard time 0.8 μs 1.6 μs
FFT period 3.2 μs 6.4 μs
Preamble duration 16 μs 32 μs
Subcarrier spacing 312.5 kHz 156.25 kHz

LTE DEVICE-TO-DEVICE (D2D) PROXIMITY SERVICES (PROSE)
► Current communication flow in
LTE always involves the core
network: ProSe
 Security reasons.
 Policy control (Charging!)
UE #1 eNodeB
PC5
EPC
ProSe = End to End communication
Sidelink = PHY + channel structure
PC5 = interface between UEs
eNodeB
UE #2 E-UTRAN

Rohde & Schwarz
C-V2X SCENARIOS – LTE-V REL. 14
► Enhancing the D2D (PC5) interface
 In coverage and out-of-coverage
► V2V PC5 uses a dedicated carrier which is only used for V2V communication (TR 36.785)
► Target for band 47: 5855 – 5925 MHz
E-UTRA V2X band /V2X channel bandwidth

E-UTRA
V2X 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
Band
47 Yes Yes
► Time Synchronization via GNSS possible
► New transmission modes:
 TM3: eNB schedules resources
 Scheduled by DCI format 5A, scrambled with SL-D-RNTI
 TM4: UE autonomous resource selection

HOW CAN WE MAKE V2X REAL? UPDATE OUR EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE
=> NEW INTERFACES + CONNECTION SCENARIOS: THE SHOWKILLER 

RESOURCE ALLOCATION BY THE NETWORK FOR DIRECT COMM.
eNode B, EPC with
DCI scrambled ProSe function
with SL-RNTI to
schedule resources
on sidelink SIB Type 18 provides
Information on sidelink +
resource pool
SCI Format 0 example
Frequency hopping flag 1 bit

Sidelink control info
on PSCCH RB Assignment and Num. of bits dependent
hopping allocation on hopping active or not
Time Resource Pattern (T-RPT) 7 bit
Modulation and Coding

5 bit
Scheme (MCS)
Timing Advanced
6 bit
Indication
Data on PSSCH according to info Group
UE #1 in SCI UE #2 8 bit
Destination ID
Reminder: Rel. 12 technology aspects with the introduction of PS-LTE

3GPP REL. 14: INTRODUCING 7 TECHNOLOGY PILLARS TO
MAKE C-V2X REAL
New broadcast concept:
position & user group (TMGI) centric
In-coverage scenario w/ Out-of-coverage scenario w/
eNodeB scheduling (TM3) distributed scheduling (TM4)
Reused channel structure DMRS extension to cope
of sidelink communication with relative speed of
Uu up to 500 km/h
Uu Time synchronization via Spectrum sensing and
PC5 PC5 GNSS collision avoidance for
distributed scheduling
New arrangement of Introduction the concept of

resources into resource zones for transmission
pools (RPs) resources

C-V2X – SYNCHRONIZATION ASPECTS, DIRECT AND
INDIRECT EXAMPLE
UE with „indirect“
coverage serves as
sync reference

C-V2X – SYNCHRONIZATION ASPECTS, OUT OF COVERAGE
EXAMPLE
UE initiating the
communication
serves as sync
reference

V2X RESOURCES FOR DIRECT COMMUNICATION
Definition of
Resource pools of
V2X sidelink:
Indicated by
Subframe indicator
bitmap

V2X RESOURCES FOR DIRECT COMMUNICATION, NON-
ADJACENT PSCCH
Definition of
Resource pools of
V2X sidelink:
Configuration of
Subchannels =>
Collision avoidance

V2X RESOURCES FOR DIRECT COMMUNICATION
Definition of
Resource pools of
V2X sidelink:
Definition of HARQ
operation for sidelink
UE knows
Subframe gap,
time between
initial and retransmission

C-V2X – SLOT STRUCTURE, PSDSCH SUBFRAME
C-V2X will suffer from Doppler effect.

Moving RX and TX on sideling
=> updated reference signal concept is
needed

C-V2X – ZONE CONCEPT (HERE NY = 2, NX = 3)

C-V2X
Similar – PROTOCOL ASPECTS
applicaton
as DSRC

THE 7 PILLARS OF V2V / V2X
1 Synchronization based on GNSS
2 Additional DMRS
3 New definition of resource pools
4 Control and data in same SF
5 Sensing and collision avoidance
6 Zone concept
7 One or two transmissions plus HARQ

C-V2X ENHANCEMENT IN 3GPP FOCUSING ON SPECIFIC USE
CASES REQUIRING HIGH DATA RATES AND LOWER LATENCY
Vehicle Extended Aggregation of up to 8 PC5 carriers
Platooning sensors (TM3&TM4)
Support of low latency, high Support of 64 QAM for

data rate links to exchange higher data rate
• sensor data Reduce the max. time between L1
• intention information packet arrival and resource selected
• trajectory data for transmission
from 20 to 10 ms
Advanced Remote
driving Transmit diversity
Driving

LTE C-V2X ENHANCEMENTS IN REL. 15
LTE Rel. 15 introduces HRLLC
Definition of sTTI, eNB

1ms latency &
reliability by:
32 byte TBS in up to 6
consecutive subslot Uplink TBS size up to
based PDSCH 5220 bytes. Achieved by
transmissions carrier aggregation
Uplink supports semi-

persistent scheduling
with repetition, improves
reliability & latency

C-V2X - THE ROAD TO 5G
Phase I (Rel. 14)
V2X-PC5 – LTE based for Basic Safety
• High speed, out-of-coverage (TM4)
communication
Use Case: Basic Safety features (eg. Emergency warning)
Phase II (Rel. 15)

enhanced (e)V2X-PC5 – LTE based
• increase data rate, more robustness
• transmit diversity
Use Case: Advanced V2X services
(eg. Platooning)
Phase III (Rel. 16)

5G New Radio (NR) V2X-PC5
• further increase data rate,
• support new spectrum
• new numerology
• Use Case: URLLC (eg. Remote- or Autonomous
driving)

Rohde & Schwarz
NR-C-V2X ADVANCED USE CASES
Source: Qualcomm

NR-C-V2X DEPLOYMENT: ROAD SIDE UNITS
Source: Qualcomm & Crown Castle
Infrastructure investments. Deployments of mobile edge computing (MEC) and roadside units
(RSU) will improve latency aspects. => Challenge: Who‘s business case is this?
AUTOMOTIVE COMMUNICATION EVOLUTION
FIELDS OF COMPLEMENTATION 3GPP LTE C-V2X &
Vehicle-centric sensor-based 802.11p 5G NR C-V2X
autonomous surrounding 3GPP LTE C-V2X Advanced use cases,
awareness & handling decisions Safety messages, data sharing ADAS,
short range wider perception
Cloud
services

5G NR C-V2X BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY
IEEE 802.11p 3GPP LTE Rel. 14/15 3GPP 5G NR Rel. 16
Basic safety messages Basic safety messages Advanced use cases
LTE C-V2X NR C-V2X

sidelink or Uu sidelink or Uu
interface. interface.

NR C-V2X ENHANCEMENTS ON Uu INTERFACE IN REL. 16
NR Rel. 16 introduces NR
Uu enhancements for No broadcast on 5G Uu interface!
Advanced V2X use cases => Already possible in LTE: FeMBMS
eNB
Definition of BWP
operation, flexible
numerologies & Uplink UE can have
carrier aggregation multiple configured
grants. 1 active/time
Uplink supports with

reporting values like:
geographic info, traffic
periodicity, timing offset,
message size
5G NR C-V2X CONNECTION MODES
Enhancements of LTE Uu and NR Uu to control NR sidelink from
the cellular network
Enhancements of NR Uu to control LTE sidelink from the cellular
network
NR Sidelinkshall cover Ultra Reliable and high Data
5GC
communication
5GC
Rel. 16 WI:
gNB Standalone first priority
eNB
5G NR sidelink
5G NR sidelink
LTE sidelink
LTE sidelink

5G NR C-V2X COMMUNICATION MODES AT PHY LAYER
Uu-based communication: 5G NR sidelink mode 1: 5G NR sidelink mode 2: UEs
gNB optionally schedules gNB schedules sidelink autonomously select 5G NR
sidelink, data & control is resources, data & control is sidelink resources:
sent over Uu-interface sent over 5G NR sidelink • Contention-based
• Channel structure
required
• Synchronization aspects
gNB gNB
Control &
Scheduling
data via Uu
interface
Optional: 5G NR sidelink 5G NR sidelink: control & data 5G NR sidelink: Control & data

5G NR C-V2X CONNECTION SCENARIOS Scenario 3:
Scenario 2: EPC + EUTRA
5GC Scenario 1: 5GC 5GC + EUTRA EPC for LTE & NR SL
5GC + 5G NR for LTE & NR SL
for LTE & NR SL
NR E-UTRAN E-UTRAN
NR V2X SL NR V2X SL NR V2X SL
LTE V2X SL LTE V2X SL LTE V2X SL
Ongoing discussion on various deployment scenarios (see TR 38.885)

Scenario 5: Scenario 5:
Scenario 4:
5GC 5GC 5GC+ NGEN-DC EPC EPC + EN-DC
5GC+ NE-DC
for LTE & NR SL for LTE & NR SL
for LTE & NR SL
MN SN
MgNB SeNB MeNB SgNB
NR V2X SL
LTE V2X SL NR V2X SL
LTE V2X SL
NR V2X SL LTE V2X SL

5G NR SIDELINK – PHY DETAILS 5G NR sidelink slot
Flexible numerologies: G P G
15, 30 and 60 kHz for FR1 P u S u
S
60 + 120 kHz for FR2 C PSSCH a F a freq
CP-OFDMA only C
H r C r
Cyclic prefix: normal & extended d H d
5G NR sidelink enhanced channel structure:
• Physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH), contains
60 kHz sidelink control information (SCI). Multiplexed in time
domain with data. NR sensing based on resource
reservation
• Physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) for data
30 kHz transfer
• Physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH)
containing sidelink feedback control information (SFCI),
e.g. HARQ ACK/NACK
15 kHz
• No discovery channel for sidelink in Rel-16
Disclaimer: Rel-16 is work item status, subject to be changed

5G NR SIDELINK – CHANNEL STRUCTURE
Structured synchronization block (S-SSB)
Physical sidelink control channel

Improved flexibility due
PSCCH [sidelink control info(SCI)] sidelink control info
Physical sidelink shared channel
PSSCH [sidelink data]
Physical sidelink feedback channel

PSFCH [sidelink feedback control info (SFCI)] Improved reliability due
to HARQ + feedback
Discussion ongoing whether ACK + NACK is sent or only NACK? Disclaimer: Rel-16 is work item status, subject to be changed

Discussion about 2
stage SCI transmission
(PSCCH and other
Physical sidelink control channel channel?)
PSCCH [sidelink control info(SCI)] Discussion about CDM
multiplexing of multiple
Sidelink control channel uses polar codes SCIs
Sidelink control channel uses QPSK as modulation scheme
Sidelink control info (SCI) assumed to contain:
• Layer 1 destination ID (can indicate multicast/broadcast)
• Layer 1 source ID
• Modulation & coding scheme (MCS)
• Transport block size (TBS)
• New data indicator (NDI)
• HARQ process ID Disclaimer: Rel-16 is work item status, subject to be changed
• Redundancy version (RV)
Physical sidelink shared channel
PSSCH [sidelink data]
Sidelink shared channel uses LDPC codes

Sidelink shared channel uses adaptive modulation schemes and flexible
numerologies, but only one numerology active per time as given by bandwidth part
PSSCH contains DMRS, flexible configuration of those
PSSCH may contain PTRS, CSI-RS and AGC support signals
Open loop power control mechanisms based on SL-RSRP

Physical sidelink feedback channel

PSFCH [sidelink feedback control info (SFCI)]
Sidelink feedback channel sends HARQ feedback, discussion on whether only NACK
should be reported or both ACK/NACK
Agreements on CSI feedback: CSI, RI and CQI
Up to 4 ports can be observed

5G NR SIDELINK – PROTOCOL STRUCTURE PC5 CONTROL
PC5 interface describes the „logical“ connection between two V2X UEs
Sidelink describes the radio channel between two V2X UEs Disclaimer: Rel-16 is work item status, subject to be changed

5G NR SIDELINK – PROTOCOL STRUCTURE PC5 USER PLANE
QoS flow to SLRB mapping for SL unicast
SL packet duplication and duplicated

discard function
Segmentation & reassembly. Discard

function for broadcast
Broadcast + Multicast, HARQ,

prioritization, buffering, scheduling request
Flexible numerologies, sidelink operation,
synchronization, resource scheduling
Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects Disclaimer: Rel-16 is work item status, subject to be changed
5G NR SIDELINK – SYNCHRONIZATION
Idea of S-SSB: Contains PSBCH, S-PSS and S-SSS as block structure. Sent within UE BWP.
Periodic transmission using same numerologies as PSSCH and PSCCH
Multiple format configurations are discussed, e.g. S-PSS of 1 or 2 symbols duration etc.
frequency DMRS
P S S G
24 or 20 RB
bandwidth S - - u
B P S a 1 resource block
C S S r
H S S d
time
S-PSS = Sidelink primary synchronization signal, m-sequence based PRBS

S-SSS = Sidelink secondary synchronization signal, Gold sequence based PRBS
PSBCH = Physical sidelink broadcast channel
Rohde & Schwarz

5G NR SIDELINK – SYNCHRONIZATION ASPECTS
Several synchronization
sources defined + priority rules
gNB
GNSS
C-V2X UE
eNB
Priority level GNSS-based synchronization gNB/eNB-based synchronization
P0 GNSS gNB/eNB
P1 All UEs directly synchronized to GNSS All UEs directly synchronized to gNB/eNB
P2 All UEs indirectly synchronized to GNSS All UEs indirectly synchronized to gNB/eNB
P3 Any other UE GNSS
P4 N/A All UEs directly synchronized to GNSS
P5 N/A All UEs indirectly synchronized to GNSS
P6 N/A Any other UE
Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects Disclaimer: Rel-16 is work item status, subject to be changed
NR V2X RESOURCES FOR DIRECT COMMUNICATION
Resource pools are time-frequency resources for
sidelink TX and RX.
Definition of
resource pools of
Resource NR V2X sidelink:
pools are Indicated by
within the Subframe indicator
UE‘s bitmap
bandwidth
part
Resource pools have a single numerology

5G NR SIDELINK – PHY DETAILS, CONTROL & DATA
frequency frequency
P P
S
S C
C 1 resource block C
1 resource block
H
C
H
time time
PSCCH and PSSCH use same PSCCH and PSSCH use not identical
frequency resource, separated in time frequency resources, separated in time
Ongoing discussion on various options for multiplexing sidelink data & control channels
frequency
frequency
PSCCH
P
1 resource block S
C 1 resource bloc
C
H
time
PSCCH and PSSCH use different time
PSCCH and PSSCH use non-overlapping
frequency resource, same in time
time & frequency resources
Rohde & Schwarz
5G NR C-V2X AND LTE C-V2X COEXISTENCE
Synchronization on frame
TDM based
structure & non-overlapping
coexistence
resource pools
5G NR sidelink LTE sidelink

May have impact on latency, reliability & data rates
FDM based No synchronization &

coexistence. Intra- or overlapping aspects to be
inter-band V2X 5G NR sidelink considered.
LTE sidelink
Power allocation is an issue!
5G NR C-V2X MULTICAST WITH HARQ
Rel. 14 C-V2X Broadcast Rel. 16 C-V2X Multicast
mode without feedback mode with feedback
NACK
NACK
No feedback
possible Multicast with HARQ ensures reliability

THE 7 PILLARS OF NR-C-V2X
1 CP-OFDM with multiple numerologies
2 Larger cell sizes + higher throughput
3 Low latency slot structure (self-contained)
4 Broadcast, Multicast and Unicast
5 QoS management policy
6 Beamforming support
7 Channel structure: reliability + flexibility

V2X - THE ROAD TO 5G
3GPP Rel.8-13 3GPP Rel.14 3GPP Rel.15 3GPP Rel.16
Mobile communication using cellular network

LTE
NR
V2N (Uu) 5G NR
V2N (Uu)
Rel.8-9 Rel.10-11 Rel.12 Rel.13 Rel.14 V2N (Uu)
D2D
C-V2X (PC5) communication independent of cellular network

Out-of-
Coverage V2P 64QAM
Higher data rates
V2V Lower latency C-V2X
TM4
Tx
diversity
NR based
LTE- V2I LTE- LTE-
V2X eV2X eV2X
Phase Phase Phase
I II III
Public Safety Basic Traffic enhanced Traffic Advanced Traffic
Proximity Safety Services Services Services
2008 2010 2012 2015 Q2/2017 Q3/2018 Q1/2020

Rohde & Schwarz
“If you want to go fast, go alone.
If you want to go far, go together!”
African proverb

Rohde & Schwarz

5 Gnrfundamentalsprocedurestmaspectsrsmexicoseptember 20191568692139703

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5G NEW RADIO

Technology manager wireless

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Mobility Low latency

Secure & reliable

3GPP work items Rel-16: 3GPP work items Rel-16:

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

COMPLETION STATUS AFTER 3GPP RAN #84 (JUNE 2019)

2017 2018 2019 2020

Rel-15 NR Phase 1: Focus on early NSA / SA Now

Rel-14 Release 15 Rel-15 “Late Drop” Release 16 Rel-17

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Rel-15 Rel-15 test specifications completed

Rel-16 Rel-16 core specifications completed

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

ı < 1GHz ı Hybrid beamforming

Multi-Connectivity Network flexibility - virtualization

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

eNB gNB gNB

MME SGW AMF UPF

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

NG-eNB gNB NG-eNB NG-eNB gNB

AMF UPF AMF UPF AMF UPF

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Packets Data radio bearer

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

FR1 example for single layer 15kHz SCS in DL with 256QAM:

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Frequency SCS Bandwidth DL UL Efficiency Efficiency

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Subscription permanent identity (SUPI)

SUPI Home network Routing info Protection scheme ID

Subscription concealed identity (SUCI)

Security Authentication Repository &

Provisioning of SUPI after

Rohde & Schwarz Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

0 – 3000 MHz 5 kHz 0 MHz 0 0 – 599999

3000 – 24250 MHz 15 kHz 3000 MHz 600000 600000 – 2016666

24250 – 100000 MHz 60 kHz 24250.08 MHz 2016667 2016667 - 3279165

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

FUL_low – FUL_high FDL_low – FDL_high

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

5G NR physical layer simplified:

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Symbol duration (µs) 66.7 33.3 16.7 8.33 4.17

CP duration (µs) 4.7 2.3 1.2 (normal) 0.59 0.29

Symbols per slot 14 14 14 14 14

Slots per frame 10 20 40 80 160

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

1 resource block is defined only in

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects

Sept 19 5G NR Fundamentals, procedures and T&M aspects