LESSON PLAN

A. Identity
Education units : SMA Negeri 1 Abiansemal
Subjects : Biologi
Class/Semester : XI MIA/2
Subject matter : Excretion process in humans, excretion in animals
and abnormalities / diseases that occur.
Meeting to :1
Time allocation : 2 x 45 Minute

B. Core Competence
1. To live and practice the religious adopted.
2. Living and practicing honest, disciplined, responsible, caring (polite,
cooperative, tolerant, peaceful) behavior, polite, responsive and proactive and
showing attitude as part of the solution to problems in interacting effectively with
the social and natural environment and in placing themselves as a reflection of the
nation in the association of the world.
3. Understand, apply, and analyze factual, conceptual, procedural, and
metacognitive knowledge based on their curiosity about knowledge, technology,
art, culture, and humanities with the insights of humanity, nationality, state and
civilization on the causes of phenomena and events, procedural knowledge in a
specific field of study according to his or her talents and interests to solve
problems.
4. Processing, reasoning, and giving in the realm of concrete and abstract realms
related to the development of the self-study in schools independently, acting
effectively and creatively, and able to use methods according to scientific rules.
C. Basic Competence
1.1. Admire the regularity and complexity of God's creation of the structure
and function of the cells, tissues, organ of the systems and bioprocesses that
occur in living things.
2.1. Behave scientifically: thorough, diligent, honest with data and facts,
discipline, responsibility, and caring in observation and experiment,
courageous and courteous in asking questions and arguing, caring environment,
mutual cooperation, cooperating, peace loving, scientifically and critically ,
responsive and proactive in every action and in conducting observations and
experiments in the classroom / laboratory or outside the class / laboratory.
3.9. Analyzing the relationship between the structure of the organizing tissue in
the excretory system and linking it to the excretion process so as to explain the
mechanisms and possible functional disturbances in the human excretion
system through literature studies, observations, experiments, and simulations.
4.10. Presents the results of an analysis of abnormalities in the structure and
function of organs that cause disruption of the human excretion system through
various forms of presentation media.
D. Learning Indicator
3.9.1 Analyze the relationship between the structure of the organ's network of
excretion systems and their functions.
3.9.2 Explain the mechanisms of excretion in humans.
3.9.3 Analyze the disruption / function of the excretory system.
4.10.1 Present data analysis of disorders / abnormalities in the excretion system
in the form of papers and presentation media.
E. Learning Objectives
3.9.1.1 After observing the torso media, learners are able to name the organs of
composing the human excretion system and identify the parts correctly.
3.9.1.2 After conducting the review process of library discussions, and group
work, learners are able to explain the structure and function of organ
composers network on excretion system correctly.
3.9.2.1 After conducting the review process of literature, discussion, and group
work, learners can explain the mechanisms of excretion of the lungs, liver,
skin, and kidneys man correctly and correctly.
 3.9.3.1 After conducting the review process of literature, discussion, and group
work, learners can analyze the disorder / abnormalities in the system of human
excretion at least 2.
4.10.1.1 Through the activities of the assignment of students able to present
data analysis of disorders / abnormalities in the excretion system in the form of
papers and presentation media in accordance with the format that has been
given.
F. Learning Materials
a. Teaching Materials
Excretion helps maintain homeostasis by maintaining the environment in
the body to remain stable and free of harmful materials. Metabolic substances that
must be removed from the body include carbon dioxide, excess water, and urea.
Carbon dioxide is produced in between cellular respiration processes, whereas
urea is a chemical derived from the breakdown of proteins. The excretion tools
that exist in humans are the skin, lungs, liver, and kidney.
1) Material Facts
a. Various pictures / Photos / Videos various examples of kidney failure
disease.
b. Concept Material
a. Understanding of excretion, secretion and defecation
b. The organs of excretion in humans and their functions include:
1. Kidney 3. Skin
2. Lung 4. Liver
c. The process of forming urine
d. Abnormalities and diseases that occur in the human excretion system
c. Principle Material
a. Excretion is a process of excretion of metabolism that is no longer
needed for the body organism.
b. Each of those excretions serves to remove different metabolic waste
substances, except for water that can be excreted through all the
excretory devices.
 c. Unhealthy lifestyle can cause damage to vital excretion tools, such as
kidneys.
G. Learning Method
a. Approach: Saintific
b. Strategy : Group Learning
c. Model : Cooperative STAD
d.Learning Methods: Discussion, questioning, assignment,
presentation, observation.
H. Media, Tools, and Learning Resources
a. Instructional Media
1. Torso 3. Student Worksheet
2. Power Point
b. Tools / Materials
1. Laptop 3. Whiteboard
2. LCD projector 4. Markers
5. Board eraser
Resources
1. Campbell, Neil et al. 2003. Biology. Jakarta: Erlangga
2. Biology Package Curriculum 2013 class XI
3. Internet

I. Learning steps

No. Steps Learning Activity Allocation

Time
1. Opening  The teacher gives the opening greeting, and the 10
minutes
student returns the teacher's greeting.
 The teacher asks the student's situation, and the
student answers the teacher's questions.
 Teachers and all students pray together before
beginning learning activities.
 Teacher conducts student attendance.
  Teachers advise students to always maintain good
health so they can go to school well.
 Teacher gives apperception by asking students:
Why do we always urinate every day?
 The teacher explains the learning objectives
related to the organ structure of the excretory
system and its functions and what substances are
released by each excretory organ, as well as
abnormalities in the excretory system.
 Teacher explains the learning strategy to be used
with group learning.
2. Core  Stage 1. Present the information 65
minutes
a. Observe :
 Teachers briefly explain the meaning and function
of the excretory system.

Stage 2. Organize discussion groups

 Teacher instructs all students to form 4
heterogeneous groups with 5 people each group
and teacher then distributes group name (Lung,
Liver, Skin and Ren) and distributes LKS.
 Students listen to the teacher's instruction on how
to work LKS.

b. Questioning:
 Learners are motivated to ask questions about:
 What are the structures and functions of organs
that make up the excretory system?
 What is the process of formation and expenditure
of urine in our body?
 What are the abnormalities / diseases that can
 occur in the excretory system?

Stage 3. Guiding the study group

c. Collecting data:
 Students with group members observe the organ
structure of the excretory system compiler and
describe the observations on the HVS paper
provided and complete with the parts.
 Teachers guide students in making observations
and directly provide performance assessments for
each student.

d. Associating:
 Students with group members cultivate
observations, and literature review of the structure
and function of organ composing excretion
systems, excretory mechanisms in each organ,
and examples of excretory system abnormalities.
 Teacher only acts as a facilitator.

e. Communicating:
 Each group representative presents the results of
the discussion in front of the class, and the teacher
is only a facilitator.
 The teacher facilitates the discussion process by
showing the power point medium and assessing
the process of presentation and discussion.
 Teacher asks each group to collect the results of
the discussion.
3. Closing  Learners conclude the material that has been 20
discussed about the structure and function of the
organ composing excretion system, excretory
 mechanisms in each organ, and examples of
abnormal excretion system.

Stage 4. Group evaluation and appreciation

 After the process of presentation and discussion
the learners return to their original place to do the
quiz.
 Teachers reward one group that meets the best
group criteria.
 The teacher presents the material to be discussed
at the next meeting of the excretory system in
animals.
 Teachers with learners end the lessons by praying
together to give thanks according to their beliefs.

J. Assessment
1. Attitude Competence
a. Assessment Technique: Observation
b. Instrument form: Observation sheet (attached)
2. Knowledge competence
a. Assessment Technique: Written test
b. Instrument form: Multiple choice (attached)
3. Skill Competence
a. Assessment Technique: Observation
b. Instrument Form: Presentation and project observation sheet
(attached)
K. Independent Activities
Structured Self-Task meeting 3rd
Look for information about abnormalities / diseases regarding excretory
systems including the causes and handling techniques used to overcome them.
Information can be found in books, or on the internet. Make the task
individually in the form of papers and presentation media!
 STUDENT WORK SHEET
(ORGAN STRUCTURE OF EXPRESSION SYSTEMS
AND THE FUNCTIONS)

School : SMA Negeri 1 Abiansemal

Subject : Biology
Class/Semester : XI MIA/2
Material : The organ structure of the composition of excretion system
and its functions and what substances are released by each
excretory organ, as well as abnormalities in the excretory
system.
Allocation Time : 40 Menit

A. Purpose
1. Through observation activities of excretion system torso, students are able
to identify the organ structure of the compiler of excretion system.
2. Through discussion activities and literature review, students are able to
mention the function of the constituent organ and what substances released by
excretory organ, and mention 3 examples of abnormalities in the excretory
system.
B. Tools / Materials
1. Tools: Textbook, stationery
2. Material: Student Worksheet (LKS), Torso Skin, Liver, Lung, and Human
Kidney.

C. Work procedures
1. Observe the torso of the organs of the excretory system according to the
division of groups (groups of skin, liver, lungs, and kidneys), then draw
the organs and complete with the description of the parts!
 2. Describe the functions, substances released and the mechanisms of
excretion of related substances by the organ of the excretory system and
provide an example of abnormalities in the excretory organ system in
accordance with the organs studied by each group!
3. Write the observations on A4 paper HVS in detail in table form!
4. Answer the questions that have been available on the LKS completely
and clearly!
5. Present the observations in front of the class!

D. Observation result
Observed Organ Name:
Function:
Substances issued:
Mechanism of excretion in
related organs:
Abnormalities / diseases:
Organ image and
description:
E. Questions
1. The process of removal of waste substances from within the human body is
divided into 3 namely defecation, excretion, and secretion. Explain the
differences between the three terms!
2. Why drink lots of water in a short time can be dangerous?
3. Explain the effect of temperature on sweat exposure?
4. What happens when the bile duct is blocked? Explain!

F. Conclusion
 ANSWER LKS
Example Table result of group observation Ren
Organ Name Observed: Kidney (Ren)
Fungsi : 1. Throw away metabolic waste containing nitrogen (urea
or uric acid) from the body.
2. Throw away substances that are harmful to the body,
such as bacteria, drugs, and dyes.
3. Set the balance of water and salt in the blood.
4. Arranges blood pressure in the arteries by removing
excess acid or base and removing excess of certain
foods such as sugars and vitamins.
Substances emitted: Urine (normal urine composition is 95% water, urea, uric
acid, and ammonia)
Mechanism of excretion in The kidney is an excretory organ that will secrete
related organs: urine as a result of its excretion. The mechanism of
excretion in the kidney begins with the formation of urine
through 3 stages of filtration, reabsorption, and
augmentation.
The blood entering the kidney through the renal artery
carries various substances, namely water, glucose, proteins,
blood cells and salts that the body still needs. Blood
pressure causes blood fluid to penetrate the capillary walls
and enter Bowman's capsule while carrying the molecules.
In the kidneys there is a series of processes: filtration,
reabsorption and discharge of substances that our bodies no
longer need. (augmentation).
In the glomerulus occurs filtration process (filtration).
Blood fluids containing water, sugar, salt and urea are
filtered, while blood cells and protein molecules cannot
escape because
the molecules are large, so they are perfectly filtered inside
the glomerulus. The filtrate then enters Bowman's capsule
as a glomerular filtrate. The shrinking and development of
the arterioles leading to and leaving the glomerulus and
blood pressure from the heart help the screening process.
This glomerular filtrate is called primary urine. This
glomerular filtrate still contains glucose, salt, water, urea,
and amino acids. This filtrate is brought into the contortial
tubules surrounded by blood capillaries. In the tubular
contortion occurs the process of re-absorption
(reabsorption). Substances that are still useful, namely
glucose, salts are still useful
and water. Then these substances into the blood capillaries
that are around the tubules. After reabsorption, the urea
 level increases, and tubular filtrate is formed. The filtrate of
the tubule is called secondary urine. Secondary urine still
adds urea and salts that are no longer used by the body, and
then formed the real urine, which enters into the collecting
tubule and then into the collecting tubule and into the
pelvis
From the urinal renal pelvis will go to the ureter and then
accommodated in the urine bag. When the bag is full, the
urine will be removed through the urethral tract. Urine
contains 95% water and 5% salts, ammonia, urea, uric acid,
and creatinine.
Abnormalities / diseases: 1. 1. Kidney stones, is the formation of crystals in the
urine due to deposition of calcium salts in the kidney
cavity, kidney tract, or bladder.
2. Diabetes mellitus, is a disease because of the sugar in
the urine due to high blood sugar levels. High blood
sugar levels caused due to lack of hormone insulin
produced pancreas gland.
3. Nephritis, is inflammation of the nephron due to
Streptococcus bacterial infection.
Organ image and
description:

Nefron enlarged
Answer:
1.
- Defecation: the process of removal of food digestion residues
called feces. Substances released have never metabolized in the
network. Substances emitted include substances that are not
absorbed intestinal epithelial cells, damaged intestines and
intestinal microbes.
- Excretion: removal of waste substances waste metabolism that is
no longer useful to the body.
- Secretion: the release of sap by the digestive gland into the
digestive tract. The sap is still useful for the body and generally
contains enzymes.
2. Drinking a lot of water in a short time can be dangerous, especially for
the kidneys. This is because the amount of water will dissolve the salt
in the body and will come out with urine which indirectly will
aggravate the kidneys work, especially in the filtering process and
removal of fluids from the body. Because of the amount of salt
dissolved by excessive drinking water will occur hypothermia (lack of
salt in the blood). Hypothermia can cause fatigue, nausea, severe
 headaches, vomiting, persistent urination which can lead to death in
one case.
3. High temperatures will spur a lot of sweat expenditure. As is well
known that the process of sweating is regulated by the hypothalamus.
The hypothalamus can produce a Brandicinin enzyme that works to
affect the activity of sweat glands. Temperature changes will stimulate
the temperature control center (hypothalamus). The stimulation will be
passed on by the sympathetic nerves to the sweat glands and then the
sweat glands will absorb the brine and a little urea from the blood
capillaries and then send it to the surface of the skin in the form of
sweat. Sweat will evaporate and absorb body heat so that body
temperature returns to normal.
4. In case of blockage in the bile ducts it will cause the function of bile
ducts such as removing the pigment result of blood cell splitting and
cholesterol excess obstructed. In addition, with the presence of
blockage in the bile ducts will cause the occurrence of gallbladder
inflammatory disease (Cholesistic).
 TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT
Tasks:
Look for information about abnormalities / diseases regarding excretory
systems including the causes and handling techniques used to overcome them.
Information can be found in books, or on the internet. Make the task
individually in the form of papers and presentation media!

Format Paper :
Cover
Foreword
Table of Contents
BAB I Preliminary
1.1.Background
1.2.Problems
1.3.Purposes
1.4.Benefits
BAB II Discussion
BAB III Closing
3.1.Conclusion
3.2.Suggestion
References

Terms:
1. The data used in the manufacture of papers should be derived from
literature, journals, scientific articles, books, internet browsing and or
related agencies that can be used as a resource to obtain data.
2. Paper typed using HVS A4 paper with TNR type of paper, 12 letter size,
and space 1.5 except the 1 spaces list.
3. Papers were collected at the next meeting.
Appendix 02. Assessment of Knowledge
Questions:
Indicator No. Questions Answer Score
Analyzing the 1 Below are the organs of composing the C 1
relationship human excretion system, except ...
between the a. Liver
structure of the b. Lung
organ's network of c. Anus
excretion systems d. Ren
and their e. Skin
functions 2 Appropriate relationship between the B 1
discharge device and the substance it
releases:
a. The liver secretes red blood cells.
b. Kidneys secrete urine
c. Skin removes CO2
d. The lungs release O2
e. The lungs secrete nitrogen
3 The kidneys consist of sections in A 1
sequence from outside to inside ...
a. cortex, medulla, pelvis
b. ureteral ureter cortex
c. pelvis, urethral tubules
d. kidney, urine bag, ureter
e. glomerulus, ureter, cortex
4 Skin is an excretory organ that produces C 1
waste substances in the form of sweat.
Sweat consists of ...
a. Water, ammonia, and urea
b. Water, gout, and urea
c. Water, sodium chloride, and urea
d. Water, sodium oxide, and urea
e. Water, oxide ions, and urea
Describes the 5 The process of reabsorption in the A 1
mechanism of kidneys occurs in part ...
excretion in a. Tubular proximal Contortus
humans b. Distal contrast tubules
c. Tubule collective
d. Body Malphigi
e. Glomerulus
6 Which is the most correct sequence of C 1
urine formation in the kidney ...
a. Filtration, augmentation, reabsorption
b. Augmentation, filtration, reabsorption
 c. Filtration, reabsorption, augmentation
d. Filtration, segmentation,
augmentation
e. Augmentation, reabsorption, filtration

7 NH3 as a result of protein metabolism A 1

and CO2 as a result of respiration can
form urea which is then cleansed. The
urea formation takes place inside ...
a. Liver
b. Ren
c. Vesica Urinaria
d. Intestine
e. Ventriculus
Analyze the 8 The disease caused by blockage of the E 1
disruption / bile ducts due to the accumulation of
function of the cholesterol is called ...
excretion system a. Dermatitis
b. Prostate
c. Kidney failure
d. Albuminuria
e. Yellow fever
9 From the test results, it turns out Pak B 1
Dadang's urine contains glucose. This
indicates the presence of renal function
abnormalities in the process ...
a. Reabsorption
b. Filtration
c. Augmentation
d. Defecation
e. Secret
10 Patients with kidney failure can be A 1
assisted by ...
a. Dialysis unit
b. Blood pump
c. Unit osmosis
d. Sodium pump
e. The desplasmolysis unit

Scoring Instructions
𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
Value = 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 max 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 × 100

Note : ideal max score 10

A. Kidney
1. Kidney Structure
The main (excretory) aids in humans are the kidneys. The kidneys or
human kidneys are shaped like red beans, hanging purple, and two pieces of
fruit. The second weight of an adult kidney is between 120-150 grams. Humans
have children who are in the back of the stomach or stomach.

At the top (superior) of the kidneys there is the adrenal gland (also called
the suprarenal gland). Some of the tops are protected by the ribs to eleven and
twelve. Both kidneys are wrapped by two layers of fat (Perirenal fat and
Pararenal fat) that help to reduce shock. In the skin of the kidney (the cortex)
there is a blood-neutralizer called nephron. Glomerulus any woven blood
capillaries, while bowman bow bowls are thick-walled Glomerulus resistant.
Long channel that is curved (tubular) by blood capillary plane. Tubule
located near the Malpighi body is called proximal tubule. Tubule is located far
from Malpighi body called distal tubule. The proximal tubule and tubule are
distal by Henle or Henle geese.
The loop of Henle tangent to the afferent artery is called the
juxtaglomerular apparatus, containing macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells.
The juxtaglomerular cell is the site of synthesis and renin secretion. The liquid
becomes thicker along the tubules and ducts to form urine, which is then
brought to the bladder through the ureters. The loop of Henle is a goose-like
 vein that descends into the renal medulla, then rises again towards the kidney
cores. The final portion of the renal tubule is the collecting (collecting) tubule
located at the renal end.
The outermost part of the kidney is called the cortex, the deeper part being
called the medulla (renal terminus). The deepest part is called the pelvis
(kidney cavity), in the human renal medulla can also be seen the pyramid
which is not a collection channel. The kidneys are wrapped by a layer of loose
connective tissue called the capsule. A nephron consists of a filter component
called the corpuscula (or malpighi body) followed by tubules.
Corpuscula contains a blood-capillary coil called a glomerulus in the
Bowman's capsule. Every glomerulus gets blood clan from Aferen artery.
Capillary walls of the glomerulus have pores for filtration or filtration. Blood
can be filtered through the thin porous epithelium wall of the glomerulus and
Bowman's capsule due to pressure from the blood that promotes blood plasma.
The resulting filtrate will enter the renal tubule. The filtered blood will leave
the kidneys through the efferent arteries.
Among the blood in the glomerulus and the room contains fluid in the
capsule Bowman there are three layers:
a. capillary layer of endothelial cells on the glomerulus
b. the protein rich layer as the base membrane
c. a layer of epithelial cells lining the walls of Bowman's capsule (Podocyte).
Human blood passes through the kidney 350 times a day at a rate of 1.2 liters
per minute, producing 125 cc of glomerular filtrate per minute. This glomerular
filtration rate is used for diagnostic tests of renal function.
 Image: The location of the human kidney.
2. Kidney Work
a. Urine Formation Process
The kidneys play a role in the process of formation of urine that occurs
through a series of processes, namely: filtering, re-absorption and collection
(augmentation).
1). Filtering (filtration)
The process of formation of urine begins with blood filtering that occurs in
glomerular capillaries. The porous glomerular capillary cells (Podocytes),
high pressure and permeability of the glomerulus make the screening
process easier. In addition to filtration, in glomerulus also occurs the re-
absorption of blood cells, blood clots, and most of the plasma proteins.
Small substances dissolved in the blood plasma, such as glucose, amino
acids, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate and urea can pass through
the filter and become part of the precipitate. The results of filtration in the
glomerulus are called glomerolus or primary urine filtrate, containing amino
acids, glucose, sodium, potassium, and other salts.
2). Reabsorption
The ingredients that are still needed in the primary urine will be
reabsorbed in the proximal contractus tubule, whereas in the distal contrast
tubules there is addition of residual substances and urea. The substance
absorps to the tubules by two ways. Sugar and amino acids permeate
through diffusion events, while water passes through osmosis events. After
reabsorption the tubules will produce secondary urine, the substances that
are still needed will not be found again. In contrast, concentrations of toxic
substances of metabolism increase, for example urea.
 Picture. The structure of the nephron in the human kidney
3). Augmentation
Augmentation is the process of adding residual substances and urea
that begin to occur in the distal contrast tubules. From the kidney tubules,
urine will go into the kidney cavity, then into the bladder through the
kidney ducts. Urine will be out through the urethra.
3. Urine Content
Normal urine contains ingredients, namely: water, urea and ammonia,
which are the remnants of protein mineral salts, especially the salt of the kitchen
(NaCl). The bile dye gives yellow color to the urine. Excessive substances in the
blood such as vitamin D, vitamin C, drugs and hormones.
4. Factors that affect urine production
Urine released by the kidney is actually very influenced by internal and
external factors of the individual concerned. These factors include antidiuretic
hormone (ADH), insulin hormone, amount of water taken, and weather factor.
5. Kidney disorders
a. Kidney stones
Kidney stones are a disorder that occurs with symptoms of kidney stones
clumping due to stagnation of urine. Smiling on people who are not drinking can
occur clumping and crystallization of substances that should be removed from the
kidneys out of the body. Kidney stones are stones formed from uric acid, calcium,
phosphate, oxalic acid and others that form in the kidneys. The formation of
kidney stones can cause because urine is too concentrated and lack of drinking.
This stone can also form in the bladder and kidney itself.
 Image: The location of kidney stones.

b. Kidney failure

Kidney failure is a disease that causes no formation of urine (anuria) so

that when it is acute / severe can cause nephritis, bleeding and heart stop working
/ functioning suddenly. The kidneys can lose their function so they cannot remove
the metabolic waste substances from the body, even substances that can still be
used by the body such as glucose and protein can come out of the body.
People who suffer serious kidney damage can still filter their blood with
artificial kidney or kidney transplant. This process is called dialysis or dialysis. In
the dialysis of blood is pumped into a channel containing a salt solution similar to
blood plasma. The waste material diffuses from the blood-filled channels and is
cleaned by salt solution. The left clean blood is returned to the vein. A person who
has only one kidney can still use the kidney normally. A healthy kidney can do the
work of two kidneys.

Picture. The location of kidney grafts in patients with kidney failure

c. Nephritis
Nephritis occurs due to infection by the bacterium Streptococcus in the
nephron, this bacteria enter through the respiratory tract carried by blood to the
kidney. As a result of this infection, proteins and blood cells will come out
together with urine. The level of urea in the blood becomes high so that the
absorption of water is disrupted as a result the water will accumulate in the foot
(leg swollen sufferers).
 Patients usually complain such as coldness, fever, headache, back pain, udema
(swelling) on the face usually around the eyes (petals), nausea, vomiting and
difficult urination and urine becomes turbid.

d. Systis
Systis is a disorder of human renal abnormalities in the form of inflammation
of the mucous membranes that become the bladder coating.
e. Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes insipidus occurs because the body lacks antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
so that the volume of urine produced can reach 30 times the normal urine volume.
As a result the patient becomes frequent urination.
f. Albuminaria
This disease is caused by the failure of the protein filtering process, so the
urine contains protein.
g. Diabetes Mellitus (diabetes)
Diabetes mellitus can be caused due to lack of insulin, consequently increased
blood sugar.
h. Anuria
Anuria is a kidney failure because of damage in the glomerolus, so no urine
produced by the patient.

B. Skin
The skin is a thin layer that covers and protects the entire surface of the
body. In addition to functioning to cover the surface of the body, the skin also
serves as a means of spending. The residual substances released through the skin
are water and salts. The skin consists of three layers, namely epidermis layer, the
skin of the hides (dermis) and the layer of connective tissue under the skin.
 Picture. Structure on human skin

1. Epidermis (epidermis)
Consists of two layers, namely the horns layer and malpighi layer.
The horns layer is the outer layer and consists of dead cells. This layer can
peel. The malpighi layer lies below the horn layer and consists of living
cells. Malpighi layer contains melamine pigment that serves to give color to
the skin. Malpighi layer also protects the body from the sun.
2. Hides Skin (Dermis)
Leather is a layer of skin that lies beneath the epidermis. Inside the skin
there are sweat glands, oil glands, blood vessels, nerve endings and hair
follicles. The nerve end consists of the tip of the touch nerve to recognize
the palate, the nerve press of the nerve to recognize the pressure and the
nerve end of the temperature to recognize the temperature.
3. Connective tissue
In the tissues under the skin there is a fat reserve. Fats serve as food
reserves and body temperature controls to stay warm.
4. Skin Function
The skin functions include the following:
a. Removes sweat;
b. Body armor;
c. Storing excess fat;
d. Setting body temperature;
e. Place the manufacture of vitamin D from pro vitamin D with the help of
sunlight that contains ultraviolet.
5. The process of forming sweat
When our body temperature increases or the air temperature in our
environment is high, the blood vessels in the skin will widen. This results in
a lot of blood flowing into the area. The base of the sweat glands associated
with the blood vessels then there is absorption of water, salt and a little urea
by sweat glands. Then water with the solution comes out through the pores
 that are the tip of the sweat glands. The sweat that comes out brings in body
heat, so it's important to keep the body temperature normal. When the
temperature in our surroundings is hot then the skin will regulate the body
temperature with a lot of sweat and urine produced less. Conversely when
the temperature is cold then the body produces less sweat and more water
expenditure through the kidneys (urine).
6. Abnormalities in the skin
Abnormalities in the skin that many experienced by teenagers is
acne. There are three types of acne, namely:
a. Blackheads
b. Common acne
c. Cystic Acne (Acne Stone / Acne Corn)
Acne occurs when small holes in the skin surface are called clogged
pores. Each pore is a channel opening called a follicle. Inside the follicle
there are hairs and oil glands. Normally, the oil glands help lubricate the
skin and get rid of dead skin cells. However, when the gland produces
excessive oil, the pores become blocked by the buildup of dirt and bacteria.
This blockage is called a blackhead.

Picture. Acne formation

Many types of medications and treatments are offered to get rid of acne.
However, the real nature already provides a variety of plants that can eliminate
acne. The plants include tomatoes, lime, star fruit, cucumber. As for some ways to
prevent the occurrence of skin disorders. The skin needs to be properly treated to
keep it healthy:
 1) Eat foods that contain nutrients.
2) Drinking water at least 8 glasses every day.
3) Exercise regularly.
4) Bath to clean the body.
7. Coating on the Skin
a. The epidermis layer of skin
b. Germinative layer
The lowest layer on the epidermis. Germinative layer cells are the
cells that are actively dividing. The result of division of these germanitive
cells will be spread out toward the surface above the germinative layer. This
outer layer is a layer of granules.
c. Layers of granules
This layer is above the germinative layer. Germinative coating cells
have many granules. This granule is composed of keratin, keratin is a
protein hard ingredient.
d. Clear lining
This layer is above the granule layer. The granule coating cells are
hard-to-tarnish cells. The shape of these clear cells, too, will be more flat
when away from the blood supply. These cells will die when blood supply
is not received or insufficient.
e. Skin dermis layer
Dermis layer is a layer that has blood supply or blood capillari.
This layer also places certain receptors. There are also certain muscles and
glands to function for homeostasis settings. In the dermis there are hair
roots.
C. Heart
The liver is the largest gland in the human body, located in the right abdominal
cavity, below the diaphragm. In adults the weight of the liver reaches 2 kg. The
liver is a place to change various substances, including toxins. As the liver
receives the excess amino acids that will be converted into toxic urea. The heart
becomes a red cell refurbishment that is damaged into bile. The resulting bile will
be stored in the gallbladder (bilirubin).
 Bilirubin is the main product of the decomposition of the old red blood cells.
Bilirubin is filtered from the blood by the liver, and is secreted into the bile. As
the heart becomes more damaged, total bilirubin will increase. Some of the total
bilirubin is metabolized, and this part is referred to as direct bilirubin. When direct
bilirubin is low while total bilirubin is high, it indicates damage to the liver or to
the bile ducts in the liver.
Bilirubin contains a coloring agent, which gives the color to the faeces (feces).
When the levels are very high, the skin and eyes may become yellow, resulting in
jaundice. Albumin is a protein that flows in the blood. Albumin is made by the
liver and secreted in the blood.

Gambar struktur hati

1. Heart Function
The liver function for the body as follows:
a) As a place to store sugar in the form of glycogen
b) Neutralize the toxins that enter the body and kill the seeds of disease
c) Regulate blood sugar levels
d) As a place to convert pro-vitamin A into vitamin A
e) Produces bile useful for emulsifying fat
f) Outlining old hemoglobin molecules
g) Remove excess hormones
h) Forming a particular protein and overhauling it
i) The formation and release of fat and cholesterol.
2. Liver Disorders
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver cells. The main cause of hepatitis
desease is virus. Hepatitis virus that has been found is quite a lot and classified.
Some types of hepatitis that is currently to watch out for is:
a. Hepatitis A caused by Hepatitis A virus (VHA), the disease is transmitted
through food and drink.
b. Hepatitis B caused by Hepatitis B virus (VHB), the disease can be
transmitted through blood or infected body fluids, or from mother to infant
being born.
c. Hepatitis C caused by Hepatitis C virus (VHC), the disease is similar to
hepatitis B is transmitted through body fluids.

D. LUNG
The lungs are inside the right and left human chest cavity protected by the
ribs. The lung consists of two parts, the right lung which has three waves and the
left lung has two waves. The lungs are actually a collection of alveolar bubbles
that are encased by a membrane called pleural membrane. Lung is an organ that is
vital to human life because without lung man can not live. In the excretory
system, the lungs function to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor
(H2O).

Picture. The parts of the human lungs.

1. Abnormalities in the lungs, including:
 a. Asthma or shortness of breath, a disorder caused by respiratory blockage
caused by allergies to hair, feathers, dust or psychological pressure.
b. Lung cancer, a lung disorder caused by smoking habits.
References
Anonim. 2013. Sistem Ekskresi Manusia. Dapat diakses pada laman
https://unitedscience.wordpress.com/ipa-3/bab-1-sistem-ekskresi-manusia/.
penulis mengunduh pada tanggal 15 Mei 2015.
Campbell. A. Neil, Reece, J.B, Mitchell. L.G. 2003. Biologi Jilid 3. Edisi
kedelapan. Jakarta:Erlangga.
Nurhayati, Nunung. Syaiful, Azmi. Teti, Suryati. 2013. Biologi untuk SMA/MA
Kelas XI. Jakarta:Yama Widya.
https:/www.file.upi.com