Chapter 3

Laws of Motion
“If I have seen farther than others, it is
because I have stood on the shoulders of
giants.”

Sir Isaac Newton

Physicist
 Our Goals for Learning

• What are Newton’s three laws of motion?

• Why does a spinning skater spin faster as she
pulls in her arms?
• Demonstrate your understanding of the
distinction between mass and weight
• Draw free-body diagrams for objects at rest and
in motion
• Explains the objects’ motions depending on
forces acted on them
 Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

• An English scientist and

mathematician famous for his
discovery of the law of gravity also
three laws of motion
• Book: Mathematic Principles of
Natural Philosophy in 1687
• Perhaps the greatest genius of all
time
• Invented the reflecting telescope
• Invented calculus
• Connected gravity and planetary
forces
 The space shuttle
Endeavor lifts off for
an 11-day mission in
space. All of Newton’s
laws of motion - the
law of inertia, action-
reaction, and the
acceleration produced
by a resultant force -
are exhibited during
NASA this lift-off.

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA-MSFC).

 Forces
• Forces refer to an interaction with an object by means of muscular
activity change the motion of objects
• As long as the object’s mass does not change, the force causes a
change in velocity, or acceleration
• Because forces have been experimentally verified to behave as
vectors, you must use the rules of vector addition to obtain the net
force on an object

• Two types of forces

– Contact force
• Force caused by physical contact
– Field force
• Force caused by gravitational attraction between two objects
• Contact force: when a coiled spring is pulled, the spring stretches (a). When a stationary
cart is pulled, the cart moves (b). When a football is kicked, it is both deformed and set in
motion (c)
• Field force: gravitational force of attraction between two objects with mass (d), electric
force that one electric charge exerts on another (e), force a bar magnet exerts on a piece
of iron (f)
• Field forces: (1) gravitational forces between objects, (2) electromagnetic forces between
electric charges, (3) strong forces between subatomic particles, and (4) weak forces that
arise in certain radioactive decay processes. In classical physics, we are concerned only
with gravitational and electromagnetic forces
 Is Mass the Same Thing as Weight?
• Mass – the amount of matter in an object
• Weight – a measurement of the force which acts upon an object

When in “free-fall,”
you are weightless!!
 Newton’s First Law

• An Object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion

continues in motion with constant velocity (that is,
constant speed in a straight line), unless it experiences a
net external force.
• The tendency to resist change in motion is called inertia
– People believed that all moving objects would
eventually stop before Newton came up with his laws
– All objects have inertia. The more mass an object has,
the more inertia it has (and the harder it is to change
its motion).
 What Does This Mean?

Basically, an object will “keep doing

what it was doing” unless acted on
by an unbalanced force.
If the object was sitting still, it will
remain stationary. If it was moving
at a constant velocity, it will keep
moving.
It takes force to change the motion
of an object.
 Newton’s First Law

A glass is placed on a board and the board is jerked quickly to

the right. The glass tends to remain at rest while the board is
removed.

Assume glass and board move together at constant speed. If the

board stops suddenly, the glass tends to maintain its constant
speed.
 Understanding the First Law
Discuss what the driver
experiences when a car
accelerates from rest and
then applies the brakes.

(a) The driver is forced to move forward. An object

at rest tends to remain at rest.

(b) Driver must resist the forward motion as brakes

are applied. A moving object tends to remain in
motion.
 Unbalanced Force?

If the forces on an object are equal and opposite, they are said to
be balanced, and the object experiences no change in motion. If
they are not equal and opposite, then the forces are unbalanced
and the motion of the object changes.
 More Examples from Real Life
A powerful locomotive begins to pull a long line of boxcars that were
sitting at rest. Since the boxcars are so massive, they have a great deal
of inertia and it takes a large force to change their motion. Once they
are moving, it takes a large force to stop them.

If you throw a ball upwards it will eventually slow down and fall
because of the force of gravity
 More Examples from Real Life
A soccer ball is sitting at rest. It takes an unbalanced
force of a kick to change its motion.

Two teams are playing tug of war. They are both exerting
equal force on the rope in opposite directions. This balanced
force results in no change of motion.
 More Examples from Real Life
• In outer space, away from gravity and any
sources of friction, a rocket ship launched
with a certain speed and direction would
keep going in that same direction and at
that same speed forever.

On your way to school, a bug flies into

your windshield. Since the bug is so
small, it has very little inertia and
exerts a very small force on your car
(so small that you don’t even feel it).
 Why don’t keep on moving forever?

• So, if an object in motion remains in motion unless

acted upon by another force and I pushed my desk
across the room, would it keep moving forever?
• Of course not.
• It stops moving because an unbalanced force acts
on it.
• This unbalanced force is friction.
• This force is everywhere & affects our daily life
constantly.
 Friction
• Friction was discovered by
Galileo Galilee when he rolled
a ball down a slope and
observed that the ball rolls up
the opposite slope to about the
same height, and concluded
that the difference between
the initial height and the final
height is caused by friction.
• Galileo also noticed that the
ball would roll almost forever
on a flat surface so that the
ball can elevate to the same
height as where it started.
 Friction

• A force that causes resistance to motion

• Arises from contact between two
surfaces
– If the force applied is smaller than
the friction, then the object will not
move
• If the object is not moving, then
ffriction= Fapplied
– The object eventually slips when the
applied force is big enough
 Two types of Friction
• Static Friction • Kinetic Friction
– Friction that exists – The friction that exists when
while the object is an object is in motion
stationary – F-fkinetic produces
– If the applied force on acceleration to the direction
an object becomes the object is moving
greater than the – If F = fkinetic, then the object
maximum of static moves at constant speed
friction, then the with no acceleration
object starts moving – fkinetic= μkineticn
– fstatic≤ μstaticn – Kinetic friction and the
n is the magnitude of the normal coefficient of kinetic
force exerted by one surface on friction are smaller than
static friction and the static
the other. coefficient
 Example
• A tractor trailer will
often jackknife on an icy
road when the driver
suddenly applies the
breaks
• The breaks stop the
wheels and the front of
the rig stops.
• However, the back half
skids and keeps moving
in the direction it was
going in.
 • The following is a simple method of measuring coefficients of
friction. Suppose a block is placed on a rough surface inclined
relative to the horizontal. The incline angle is increased until the
block starts to move. Show that you can obtain us by measuring
the critical angle θc at which this slipping just occurs.

The external forces exerted on a block

lying on a rough incline are the
gravitational force mg , the normal force n ,
and the force of friction fs. For
convenience, the gravitational force is
resolved into a component mgsinθ along
the incline and a component mgcosθ
perpendicular to the incline.
• A hockey puck on a frozen pond is given an initial speed of
20.0 m/s. If the puck always remains on the ice and slides
115 m before coming to rest, determine the coefficient of
kinetic friction between the puck and ice.

After the puck is given an initial velocity to the right, the

only external forces acting on it are the gravitational force
mg, the normal force n, and the force of kinetic friction fk
• A block of mass m1 on a rough, horizontal surface is connected
to a ball of mass m2 by a lightweight cord over a lightweight,
frictionless pulley. A force of magnitude F at an angle θ with
the horizontal is applied to the block as shown and the block
slides to the right. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the
block and surface is uk. Determine the magnitude of the
acceleration of the two objects.
 Newton’s Second Law
• The change in a body’s velocity due to an applied force is in
the same direction as the force and proportional to it, but is
inversely proportional to the body’s mass portional to the net
force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass

F=ma
Fnet

Acceleration
 Unbalanced Force and Acceleration
• Force is equal to acceleration
multiplied by mass
– When an unbalanced force
acts on an object, there is
always an acceleration
• Acceleration differs
depending on the net
force
• The acceleration is
inversely related to the
mass of the object
 Net Force
• Force is a vector
– Because it is a vector, the net force can be
determined by subtracting the force that resists
motion from the force applied to the object.
– If the force is applied at an angle, then
trigonometry is used to find the force

Fnet
If the force of tire
friction (F1) and the
force of air resistance
(F2) have a vector
sum that equals the
applied force (Fa), the
net force is zero.
Therefore, the
acceleration is zero
(i.e., velocity is
constant)
More mass results in less
acceleration when the same
force is applied. With the
same force applied, the
riders and the bike with
twice as much mass will
have half the acceleration
(with all other factors
constant). Note that the
second rider is not pedaling.
Newton’s 2nd Law proves that different masses
accelerate to the earth at the same rate, but with
different forces.

• We know that objects

with different masses
accelerate to the ground
at the same rate.
• However, because of the
2nd Law we know that
they don’t hit the
ground with the same
force.
F = ma F = ma
98 N = 10 kg x 9.8 m/s/s 9.8 N = 1 kg x 9.8 m/s/s
 What does F = ma say?
F = ma basically means that the force of an object
comes from its mass and its acceleration.
Something very massive (high mass) that’s
changing speed very slowly (low acceleration),
like a glacier, can still have great force.

Something very small (low mass) that’s

changing speed very quickly (high acceleration),
like a bullet, can still have a great force.
Something very small changing speed very
slowly will have a very weak force.
 Check Your Understanding

• 1. What acceleration will result when a 12 N net force

applied to a 3 kg object?

• 2. A net force of 16 N causes a mass to accelerate at a rate

of 5 m/s2. Determine the mass.

• 3. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier 1

m/sec/sec?

• 4. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling

freely at 9.8 m/sec/sec?
 Acceleration and Force With
Zero Friction Forces

Pushing the cart with twice the force produces twice the
acceleration. Three times the force triples the
acceleration.
 Acceleration and Mass Again
With Zero Friction

F F

a/2
a

Pushing two carts with same force F produces one-half the

acceleration. The acceleration varies inversely with the amount
of material (the mass).
 Force and Acceleration
F
4 lb a = 2 ft/s2
F
8 lb a = 4 ft/s2

F
12 lb a = 6 ft/s2

Acceleration a is directly proportional to force F and is in the

direction of the force. Friction forces are ignored in this experiment.
 Force and Acceleration

F DF
Da = Constant
DF

8 lb lb
Da 4 ft/s2 =2 ft/s2

Inertia or mass of 1 slug = 1 lb/(ft/s2)

Mass m = 2 slugs
 Two Systems of Units

USCU system: Accept lb as unit of force, ft as unit of length,

and s as unit of time. Derive new unit of mass, the slug.
Although the force in newtons will become our standard, we
begin by using the more familiar unit of force--the pound (lb).

F (lb) = m (slugs) a (ft/s2)

SI system: Accept kg as unit of mass, m as unit of length, and
s as unit of time. Derive new unit of force, the newton (N).

F (N) = m (kg) a (m/s2)

1 lb = 4.45 N
 Mass
• The ratio of the two masses is defined as the inverse ratio of the magnitudes
of the accelerations produced by the force
• Mass is an inherent property of an object and is independent of the object’s
surroundings and of the method used to measure it. Also, mass is a scalar
quantity and thus obeys the rules of ordinary arithmetic. For example, if you
combine a 3-kg mass with a 5-kg mass, the total mass is 8 kg. This result can
be verified experimentally by comparing the acceleration that a known force
gives to several objects separately with the acceleration that the same force
gives to the same objects combined as one unit.
• Mass should not be confused with weight. Mass and weight are two different
quantities. The weight of an object is equal to the magnitude of the
gravitational force exerted on the object and varies with location. For
example, a person weighing 180 lb on the Earth weighs only about 30 lb on
the Moon. The mass of an object is the same everywhere: an object having a
mass of 2 kg on the Earth also has a mass of 2 kg on the Moon.
 Example: An Accelerating Hockey Puck
• A hockey puck having a mass of 0.30 kg slides on the
horizontal, frictionless surface of an ice rink. Two hockey sticks
strike the puck simultaneously, exerting the forces on the puck.
The force has a magnitude of 5.0 N, and the force has a
magnitude of 8.0 N. Determine both the magnitude and the
direction of the puck’s acceleration.
 Newton’s Third Law

• If two objects interact, the force

exerted on object 1 by object 2 is
equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction to the force exerted on
object 2 by object 1
Fn • Forces always come in pair when
two objects interact
Fg – The forces are equal, but opposite in
direction
Newton’s Third Law
According to Newton,
whenever objects A and
B interact with each
other, they exert forces
upon each other. When
you sit in your chair,
your body exerts a
downward force on the
chair and the chair exerts
an upward force on your
body.
Newton’s Third Law

As the man jumps off

the boat, he exerts the
force on the boat and
the boat exerts the
reaction force on the
man.
The man leaps forward
onto the pier, while the
boat moves away from
the pier.
Newton’s Third Law

Force exerted by the

road

Force exerted by the

wheels
 Newton’s Third Law

Foil deflected
up

Engine pushed
forward Flow
backward
Flow pushed backward
Foil deflected
down
Foil deflected down

When Newton’s laws are applied to

an object, we are interested only in
external forces that act on the object.
More examples…
• 1. Conceptualize. Draw a simple, neat diagram of the system. The
diagram helps establish the mental representation. Establish convenient
coordinate axes for each object in the system.
• 2. Categorize. If an acceleration component for an object is zero, the
object is modeled as a particle in equilibrium in this direction and F= 0. If
not, the object is modeled as a particle under a net force in this direction
and F = ma.
• 3. Analyze. Isolate the object whose motion is being analyzed. Draw a
free-body diagram for this object. For systems containing more than one
object, draw separate free-body diagrams for each object. Do not include in
the free-body diagram forces exerted by the object on its surroundings.
Find the components of the forces along the coordinate axes. Apply the
appropriate model from the Categorize step for each direction. Check your
dimensions to make sure that all terms have units of force. Solve the
component equations for the unknowns. Remember that you must have as
many independent equations as you have unknowns to obtain a complete
solution.
• 4. Finalize. Make sure your results are consistent with the free-body
diagram. Also check the predictions of your solutions for extreme values of
the variables. By doing so, you can often detect errors in your results.
 Example: A Traffic Light at Red
• A traffic light weighing 122 N hangs from a cable tied to two other cables
fastened to a support. The upper cables make angles of 37.0° and 53.0°
with the horizontal. These upper cables are not as strong as the vertical
cable and will break if the tension in them exceeds 100 N. Does the traffic
light remain hanging in this situation, or will one of the cables break?

(a) A traffic light suspended by cables.

(b) The free-body diagram for the traffic light.
(c) The free-body diagram for the knot where the three cables are joined.
• A car of mass m is on an icy driveway inclined at an angle θ
(A) Find the acceleration of the car, assuming that the driveway is
frictionless.
(B) Suppose the car is released from rest at the top of the incline and
the distance from the car’s front bumper to the bottom of the incline is
d. How long does it take the front bumper to reach the bottom of the
hill, and what is the car’s speed as it arrives there?

a) A car of mass m on a frictionless incline.

(b) The free-body diagram for the car.
• Two blocks of masses m1 and m2, with m1 m2, are placed in
contact with each other on a frictionless, horizontal surface. A
constant horizontal force F is applied to m1 as shown.
(A) Find the magnitude of the acceleration of the system.
(B) Determine the magnitude of the contact force between the
two blocks.

A force is applied to a block of mass m1,

which pushes on a second block of mass m2.
(b) The free-body diagram for m1.
(c) The free-body diagram for m2.
 • A person weighs a fish of mass m on a spring scale attached to
the ceiling of an elevator.
(A) Show that if the elevator accelerates either upward or
downward, the spring scale gives a reading that is different
from the weight of the fish.
(B) Evaluate the scale readings for a 40.0-N fish if the elevator
moves with an acceleration ay = ± 2.00 m/s2.

Apparent weight versus true weight.

(a) When the elevator accelerates
upward, the spring scale reads a
value greater than the weight of the
fish.
(b) When the elevator accelerates
downward, the spring scale reads a
value less than the weight of the fish.
• When two objects of unequal mass are hung vertically over a
frictionless pulley of negligible mass, the arrangement is called an
Atwood machine. The device is sometimes used in the laboratory
to calculate the value of g. Determine the magnitude of the
acceleration of the two objects and the tension in the lightweight
cord.

(a) Two objects connected by a massless inextensible cord over a frictionless pulley.
(b) The free-body diagrams for the two objects.
A ball of mass m1 and a block of mass
m2 are attached by a lightweight cord
that passes over a frictionless pulley of
negligible mass. The block lies on a
frictionless incline of angle u. Find the
magnitude of the acceleration of the
two objects and the tension in the cord.

• (a) Two objects connected by a lightweight cord strung over a frictionless

pulley. (b) The free-body diagram for the ball. (c) The free-body diagram
for the block. (The incline is frictionless.)
 The Force of Gravity

Our goals for learning:

• What is the universal law of gravitation?

• What types of orbits are possible according to the
law of gravitation?
• How can we determine the mass of distant
objects?
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation

Isaac Newton discovered that it is gravity which plays

the vital role of determining the motion of the planets -
concept of action at a distance
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
Between every two objects there is an attractive force, the
magnitude of which is directly proportional to the mass
of each object and inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between the centers of the objects.

G=6.67 x 10-11 m3/(kg s2)

•How does the acceleration of gravity depend on the mass
of a falling object?
• It does not. All falling objects fall with the same acceleration (on a
particular planet).
• Now see why…
• F = ma and on Earth acceleration due to gravity denoted “g” so F = mg
or g = F/m
• If mass of earth is M1 then Fg = GM2/d2
• Forces of attraction between everyday objects:
* Unnoticeably small
* Overshadowed by the large gravitational force of the Earth
 Deriving the Weight of an object from
the Universal Law of Gravitation
• Weight: force of attraction by the Earth on an object:
W = F = G (mEm) / d2
mE = mass of the earth
m = mass of the object
d = distance from the center of the earth to the object
• but the weight of an object is: W = mg
• therefore:
mg = G (mEm) / d2
which gives:
g = G mE / d2
• Therefore: the gravitational acceleration (g) does not depend on the
mass of the object
The force of
gravitational attraction
decreases inversely with
the square of the
distance from the center
of the earth. Note the
weight of a 70.0 kg
person at various
distances above the
surface of the earth.
Gravitational attraction
acts as a centripetal force
that keeps the Moon from
following the straight-line
path shown by the dashed
line to position A. It was
pulled to position B by
gravity and thus "fell"
toward Earth the distance
from the dashed line to B,
resulting in a somewhat
circular path.
 Recall Kepler's Laws
Kepler's First Law: Kepler's Second Law: Line
Each planet’s orbit around the Sun is joining planet and the Sun sweeps out
an ellipse, with the Sun at one focus. equal areas in equal times

Kepler's Third Law: The squares of

the periods of the planets are proportional to
the cubes of their semi-major axes:
 Orbital Paths
• Extending Kepler’s
Law #1, Newton
found that ellipses
were not the only
orbital paths.
• Possible orbital paths
– ellipse (bound)
– parabola (unbound)
– hyperbola (unbound)
 Understanding Kepler…
Kepler's First Law:
Each planet’s orbit around the
Sun is an ellipse, with the Sun
at one focus.
Kepler's Second Law: Line
joining planet and the Sun
sweeps out equal areas in
equal times
Kepler's Third Law: The squares of
the periods of the planets are proportional to
the cubes of their semi-major axes:
angular momentum
= mass x velocity x radius
is constant, so in a circular orbit, m,
v, r constant and so planet keeps
orbiting so long as no force acts
on it and in elliptical orbits,
when r is large, v must be small
etc…
3rd law-’force’ (gravity) stronger
when distance ( orbital radius, R)
is smaller, so planets closer to
Sun orbit it faster (smaller
period, P).
Newton’s Version of Kepler’s Third Law
Using the calculus, Newton was able to derive Kepler’s
Third Law from his own Law of Gravity.

In its most general form:

2 2 3
P = 4 a / G (m1 + m2)
If you can measure the orbital period of two
objects (P) and the distance between them (a),
then you can calculate the sum of the masses
of both objects (m1 + m2).
 Tides

Our goals for learning:

• Why are there two high tides on Earth each day?
• Why are tides on Earth caused primarily by the
Moon rather than by the Sun?
• Why is Earth’s rotation gradually slowing
down?
• Why does the Moon always show the same face
to Earth?
 Tides

• Since gravitational force decreases with (distance) 2,

the Moon’s pull on Earth is strongest on the side
facing the Moon, and weakest on the opposite side.
• The Earth gets stretched along the Earth-Moon line.
• The oceans rise relative to land at these points.
 Tides
• Every place on Earth passes through these points,
called high tides, twice per day as the Earth rotates.
• High tides occur every 12 hours 25minutes
– remember, the Moon moves!
• The Sun’s tidal effect on Earth is not as strong.
– the ratio Earth’s diameter : distance to Sun is much less
than ratio Earth’s diameter : distance to Moon
• When the Sun & Moon pull in the
same direction (new & full phases)
– high tide is higher than usual (spring)
• When the Sun & Moon pull at right
angles (first & last quarter phases)
• high tide is lower than usual (neap)
 Tidal Friction

• This fight between Moon’s pull & Earth’s rotation

causes friction.
• Earth’s rotation slows down (1 sec every 50,000 yrs.)
 Synchronous Rotation
• …is when the rotation period of a moon,
planet, or star equals its orbital period about
another object.
• Tidal friction on the Moon (caused by Earth)
has slowed its rotation down to a period of
one month.
• The Moon now rotates synchronously.
– We always see the same side of the Moon.
• Tidal friction on the Moon has ceased since
its tidal bulges are always aligned with Earth.
 Orbital Energy and Escape Velocity
orbital energy = kinetic energy +
gravitational potential energy
conservation of energy implies:
orbits can’t change spontaneously
An object can’t crash into a planet
unless its orbit takes it there.
An orbit can only change if it
gains/loses energy from another
object, such as a gravitational
encounter:

If an object gains enough energy so that its new orbit is unbound,

we say that it has reached escape velocity (11 km/s for Earth)
 Summary
Newton’s First Law: An object at rest or an object in
motion at constant speed will remain at rest or at
constant speed unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.

Newton’s Second Law: A resultant force produces an

acceleration in the direction of the force that is directly
proportional to the force and inversely proportional to
the mass.

Newton’s Third Law: For every action force, there

must be an equal and opposite reaction force. Forces
occur in pairs.
 Summary: Procedure
FR
FR  ma; a N = (kg)(m/s2)
m
• Read, draw and label problem.
• Draw free-body diagram for each body.
• Choose x or y-axis along motion and choose
direction of motion as positive.
• Write Newton’s law for both axes:

SFx = m ax SFy = m ay
• Solve for unknown quantities.
 Homework
• 1. A 3.00-kg object undergoes an acceleration given by a = (2i + 5j) m/s 2. Find the
resultant force acting on it and the magnitude of the resultant force.
• 2. A force F applied to an object of mass m1 produces an acceleration of 3.00 m/s2.
The same force applied to a second object of mass m2 produces an acceleration of
1.00 m/s2. (a) What is the value of the ratio m1/m2? (b) If m1 and m2 are combined
into one object, what is its acceleration under the action of the force F?
• 3. To model a spacecraft, a toy rocket engine is securely fastened to a large puck that
can glide with negligible friction over a horizontal surface, taken as the xy plane. The
4.00-kg puck has a velocity of 3.00 m/s at one instant. Eight seconds later, its
velocity is to be (8.00i + 10.0j ) m/s. Assuming the rocket engine exerts a constant
horizontal force, find (a) the components of the force and (b) its magnitude.
• 4. The average speed of a nitrogen molecule in air is about 6.70 x10 2 m/s, and its
mass is 4.68 x10-26 kg. (a) If it takes 3.00 x10-13 s for a nitrogen molecule to hit a
wall and rebound with the same speed but moving in the opposite direction, what is
the average acceleration of the molecule during this time interval? (b) What average
force does the molecule exert on the wall?
• 5. An electron of mass 9.11 x10-31 kg has an initial speed of 3.00 x105 m/s. It travels
in a straight line, and its speed increases to 7.00 x10 5 m/s in a distance of 5.00 cm.
Assuming its acceleration is constant, (a) determine the force exerted on the electron
and (b) compare this force with the weight of the electron, which we ignored.
• 6. A woman weighs 120 lb. Determine (a) her weight in newtons and (b) her mass in
kilograms.
• 7. The distinction between mass and weight was discovered after Jean Richer transported
pendulum clocks from France to French Guiana in 1671. He found that they ran slower
there quite systematically. The effect was reversed when the clocks returned to France.
How much weight would you personally lose when traveling from Paris, France, where g =
9.8095 m/s2, to Cayenne, French Guiana, where g = 9.7808 m/s2?
• 8. Besides its weight, a 2.80-kg object is subjected to one other constant force. The object
starts from rest and in 1.20 s experiences a displacement of (4.20i-3.30j) m, where the
direction of j is the upward vertical direction. Determine the other force.
• 9. Two forces and act on a 5.00-kg object. Taking F1 = 20.0 N and F2 = 15.0 N, find the
accelerations in (a) and (b)

• 10. You stand on the seat of a chair and then hop off. (a) During the time interval you are in
flight down to the floor, the Earth is lurching up toward you with an acceleration of what
order of magnitude? In your solution, explain your logic. Model the Earth as a perfectly
solid object. (b) The Earth moves up through a distance of what order of magnitude?
• 11. A brick of mass M sits on a rubber pillow of mass m. Together they are sliding to
the right at constant velocity on an ice-covered parking lot. (a) Draw a free-body
diagram of the brick and identify each force acting on it. (b) Draw a free-body diagram
of the pillow and identify each force acting on it. (c) Identify all the action–reaction pairs
of forces in the brick–pillow–planet system.
• 12. A 15.0-lb block rests on the floor. (a) What force does the floor exert on the block?
(b) A rope is tied to the block and is run vertically over a pulley. The other end of the
rope is attached to a free-hanging 10.0-lb object. What is the force exerted by the floor
on the 15.0-lb block? (c) If we replace the 10.0-lb object in part (b) with a 20.0-lb object,
what is the force exerted by the floor on the 15.0-lb block?
• 13. Three forces acting on an object are given by N, N, and N. The object experiences an
acceleration of magnitude 3.75 m/s2. (a) What is the direction of the acceleration? (b)
What is the mass of the object? (c) If the object is initially at rest, what is its speed after
10.0 s? (d) What are the velocity components of the object after 10.0 s?
• 14. A 3.00-kg object is moving in a plane, with its x and y coordinates given by x=5t 2-1
and y = 3t3-2, where x and y are in meters and t is in seconds. Find the magnitude of the
net force acting on this object at t =2.00 s.
• 15. The distance between two telephone poles is 50.0 m. When a 1.00-kg bird lands on
the telephone wire midway between the poles, the wire sags 0.200 m. Draw a free body
diagram of the bird. How much tension does the bird produce in the wire? Ignore the
weight of the wire.
• 16. An iron bolt of mass 65.0 g hangs from a string 35.7 cm long. The top end of the
string is fixed. Without touching it, a magnet attracts the bolt so that it remains
stationary, displaced horizontally 28.0 cm to the right from the previously vertical line
of the string. (a) Draw a free-body diagram of the bolt. (b) Find the tension in the
string. (c) Find the magnetic force on the bolt.
• 17. A bag of cement of weight 325 N hangs in equilibrium from three wires as shown
in Figure P5.20. Two of the wires make angles θ= 60.0° and θ= 25.0° with the
horizontal. Assuming the system is in equilibrium, find the tensions T1, T2, and T3 in
the wires.
• 18. The systems shown in Figure P5.23 are in equilibrium. If the spring scales are
calibrated in newtons, what do they read? Ignore the masses of the pulleys and strings,
and assume the pulleys and the incline in part (d) are frictionless.

Figure P5.23

Figure P5.20