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Impurities on the
Boiling Point and Freezing Point of A liquid”
Declaration
I, ____________ student of ___________________ is doing project report
entitled “Effect of Impurities on the
Boiling Point and Freezing Point of A liquid” being submitted to
___________________is an original piece of work done by me.
(Signature)
Project Report on Effect of
Impurities on the Boiling Point and
Freezing Point of A liquid
Introduction
Project Report Boiling Point and Freezing Point : Generally, on cooling a liquid its
temperature falls gradually till it starts freezing. At this point the temperature
remains constant till whole of the liquid changes into solid.
"The fixed temperature at which a certain liquid freezes, is termed as its freezing
point." Freezing point of water is 00C or 273 K.
In the same manner, on heating a liquid its temperature rises gradually till a stage
comes when the temperature does not rise further and the liquid starts boiling. The
fixed temperature at which a certain liquid boils is termed as the boiling point of
liquid. The boiling point of water is 1000C or 373 K.
In terms of vapour pressure (pressure exerted by the vapours of solution) Boiling
point of a liquid is the temperature at which vapour pressure of the liquid becomes
equal to the atmospheric pressure.
Freezing point of a substance is the temperature at which the solid and the liquid
forms of substance have same vapour pressure.
Experiment No.1
AIM :- To determine the effect of impurities on the freezing point of water.
APPARATUS REQUIRED : - 500 ml beaker, boiling tubes, 1100 thermometer with
0.10C calibration, cork, iron stand, stirrer.
MATERIAL REQUIRED :- Glucose, ice, water and KNO3.
PROCEDURE :-
1) Take three clean and dry boiling tubes and label them as 1,2,3.
2) Take 20ml distilled water in each boiling tube. Add 1g of glucose to boiling tube
no.2 and 2g of glucose to boiling tube no. 3. Shake till the glucose is dissolved.
3) Put a mixture of ice and KNO3 in a beaker and fix test tube no. 1 in it and dip a
stirrer. Insert a thermometer in a bored cork and fix in a stand in such a way that its
bulb dips in water in the boiling tube.
4) Water is stirred in the boiling tube and watch the temperature which is falling
gradually. Note the temperature when it remains constant and water starts freezing.
This is the freezing point of the pure water.
5) Take away boiling tube no. 1 from the beaker and replace it by the boiling tube
no. 2. Repeat the experiment and note the freezing point of glucose solution (it is 5%
since 1g is dissolved in 20ml water).
6) Now place boiling tube no. 3 in position and repeat the experiment to note its
freezing point. (10% glucose).
Observation :-
FREEZING POINT
PURE WATER 10% GLUCOSE 20% GLUCOSE
RESULT :-
1) Freezing point of water decreases due to the presence of dissolved glucose.
2) Depression in the freezing point increases as the quantity of dissolved glucose
increase.
Experiment no.2
AIM :- To determine the effect of impurities on the boiling point of water.
APPARATUS REQUIRED : - Three boiling tubes each fitted with cork with two
holes, 1100 thermometer with 0.10C calibration, sand bath, burner, iron stand.
MATERIAL REQUIRED :- Glucose, water.
PROCEDURE :-
1) Take three clean and dry boiling tubes fitted with a cork with two holes (each)
one for the thermometer and other for a delivery tube.
2) Take 20ml distilled water in each boiling tube. Add 1g of glucose to boiling tube
no.2 and 2g of glucose to boiling tube no.3. Shake till the glucose is dissolved.
3) Fit boiling tube no. 1 with a thermometer, keeping its bulb above the level of
water. Fit it with a delivery tube, fit it in an iron stand and start heating it on a sand
bath.
4) Heat and watch the temperature which rises gradually and note it when becomes
constant, i.e. when water starts boiling. This is the boiling point of pure water.
5) Now fit the boiling tube no. 2 in the above described manner and heat it. Note the
boiling point of 5% glucose solution.
6) Similarly, note the boiling point of 10% glucose solution.
Observation :-
BOILING POINT
PURE WATER 10% GLUCOSE 20% GLUCOSE
RESULT :-
1) Boiling point of water increases due to the presence of dissolved glucose.
2) Elevation in the boiling point increases as the quantity of dissolved glucose
increase.
The running of a car in sub zero whether even when the radiator is full of water
(which freezes below 273 K) has been possible due to fact that depression in freezing
point of water takes place when appropriate amount of a suitable solute (usually
ethylene glycol) called antifreeze is dissolved in water.
Conclusion
1) The impurities present in a liquid pull its two fixed points away from each other
i.e. the freezing point is lowered while the boiling point is raised.
2) The depression in freezing point and the elevation in boiling point increases with
increase in the concentration of the solute or impurity i.e. these are the colligative
properties that depends only on the no. of moles of the solute. They are independent
of the nature of the solute.