LINEAR & NEARLY NONLINEAR MAGNETICOVECTION OF FLUID

SATURATED POROUS LAYER WITH CONCENTRATION BASED

INTERNATION HEATING
→
𝑇𝑜 𝜕𝑉
= 𝑉𝜌∗ + 𝜌𝑜 𝜗[𝛽𝑇 (𝑇 ∗ − 𝑇𝑜 ) − 𝛽𝑐 (𝑒 ∗ − 𝑐𝑜 )] →
𝜑 𝜕𝑡 𝑘

∝𝑇
→ →
𝜇
𝜕( 𝑉
) − 𝑉 𝑎 𝐵02 (𝑢∗ , 𝑣 ∗ , 0)
ℎ 𝑘
−
ℎ2 𝐴𝑡
𝜕(
∝𝑇
) = −𝑉𝜌 + 𝜌𝑜 𝜗𝛽(𝑇 ∗ − 𝑇𝑜 ) → − 𝜌𝑜 𝜗𝛽𝑐(𝑒 ∗ − 𝑐𝑜 ) →
𝑘 𝑘

→
𝜇 ∝𝑇 ∝𝑇 𝐵02
𝑉
− (
𝑘 ℎ
) − ℎ 𝛾𝑐 (𝑢∗ , 𝑣 ∗ , 0)

∝2𝑇 𝜕𝑉
⃗
= 𝛾̅ 𝜌∗ + 𝜌𝑜 𝜗𝛽(𝑇 ∗ − 𝑇𝑜 ) → − 𝜌𝑜 𝜗𝛽𝑐(𝑒 ∗ − 𝑐𝑜 ) →
ℎ3 𝐴𝜕𝑡 𝑘 𝑘

𝜇 ∝𝑇 ∝ 𝐵 2
− 𝑉̅ − 𝑇 0 (𝑢∗ , 𝑣 ∗ , 0)
𝑘 ℎ ℎ

∝𝑇 𝜕𝑣̅ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑘ℎ 𝑘ℎ𝜌𝑜 𝜗𝛽(𝑇 ∗ −𝑇𝑜 ) 𝑘ℎ𝜌𝑜 𝜗𝛽𝑐(𝑒 ∗ −𝑐 )

= 𝑉̅ ( )+ 𝑘̅ 𝑜
ℎ3 𝐴 𝜕𝑡 ∝𝑇𝜇 ∝𝜇 ∝𝜇

𝛾𝐵 2
−𝑉̅ − 𝑐 0 𝑘(𝑢∗ , 𝑣 ∗ , 0)
𝜇

∝𝑇 𝜕𝑉 ̅
(𝐴𝜑𝑣 ) 𝜕𝑡 = −𝑉𝑃 + 𝑅𝑎 𝑇𝑘̅ − 𝑅𝑠 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
𝑐𝑘 − 𝑉

⃗
𝑑𝑉
⃗ − 𝑅𝑠 𝑐𝑘
= −𝑉𝑃 + 𝑅𝑎 𝑇𝑘 ⃗ − 𝑣 − 𝐻𝑎2 (𝑢∗ , 𝑣 ∗ , 0)
𝜕𝑡

⃗⃗⃗
𝑉0 𝑉⃗ =0
̅
𝐷𝑎 𝜕𝑉
⃗ − 𝑅𝑠 𝑐𝑘 − 𝑉
= −∆𝑃 + 𝑅𝑎 𝑇𝑘 ⃗ − 𝐻𝑎2 (𝑢∗ , 𝑣 ∗ , 0)
𝑝𝑟 𝜕𝑡

𝑘
𝐷𝑎 =
ℎ2

𝐴 𝐴𝑣 ∅𝑝𝑟
𝑝𝑟 = → 𝑉𝑎 = = 𝑉𝑎 𝑑𝑔𝑠𝑧
∝𝑇 ∝𝑇 𝐷𝑎

ℓ𝑜𝜗𝐵𝑇 𝑘ℎ ∆𝑇
𝑅𝑎 =
𝜇∝𝑇
 ℓ𝑜𝜗𝐵𝑐 𝑘ℎ ∆𝐶
𝑅𝑠 =
𝜇∝𝑇

ℎ2 𝛾∆𝑇
𝑅𝑖 =
∝𝑇 ∆𝑇

𝑇 ∗ −𝑇 0
𝑇=
∆𝑇

𝑐 ∗ −𝑐 20
𝐶=
∆𝑇
∝𝑇
𝐿𝑒 =
𝑥𝑐

𝜎𝑐𝐵02
𝐻𝑎2 =
𝜇

𝑘𝑝∗
𝑃−
𝜇∝𝑇

𝑉 .𝑉 = 0
𝐷𝑎 𝜕
⃗ − 𝑅𝑠 𝑐𝑘
( 𝑝𝑟 𝜕𝑡 + 1) 𝑉 + 𝐻𝑎2 (𝑢∗ , 𝑣 ∗ , 0) = −∇𝑃 + 𝑅𝑎 𝑇𝑘 ⃗

𝜕𝑇
+ (𝑣 . 𝑣 ̅)𝑇 = ∇2 T + R i c
𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑐
𝐿𝑒 𝜀 + 𝐿𝑒(𝑣 . 𝑣 ̅)𝑒 = ∇2 c
𝜕𝑡

The boundary conditions are:

𝑤 = 0, 𝑇 = 1, 𝑐 = 1 𝑜𝑛 𝑧 = 0

𝑤 = 0, 𝑇 = 0, 𝑐 = 0 𝑜𝑛 𝑧 = 1

The basic state of the third is assumed to be …………….., and the basic state
quantifies are given by:

⃗ 𝐵 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑏 , 𝐶 = 𝑐𝑏 , 𝑃 = 𝑝𝑏
𝑉

Satisfying the equations and boundary conditions

𝑑 2 𝑇𝑏
+ 𝑅1 𝐶𝑏 = 0
𝑑𝑧 2

𝑑 2 𝑇𝑏
=0
𝑑𝑧 2
𝑑𝑝𝑏
= 𝑅𝑎 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑅𝑠 𝐶𝑏
𝑑𝑧

𝑇𝑏 = 𝐶𝑏 = 1 𝑜𝑛 𝑧 = 0

𝑇𝑏 = 𝐶𝑏 = 0 𝑜𝑛 𝑧 = 1

Here the subscript 𝑏 refers to the basic state. Solving equations (16) yield the
basic state profiles as:
1
𝑇𝑏 (𝑧) = [6(1 − 𝑧) + 𝑧(1 − 𝑧)(2 − 𝑧)𝑅𝑖 ], 𝐶𝑏 (𝑧) = 1 − 𝑧
6

𝜌𝑏 (𝑧) = ∫(𝑅𝑎 𝑇𝑏 (𝑧) − 𝑅𝑠 𝐶𝑏 (𝑧)) 𝑑𝑧

On the basic state, we superimpose small perturbations in the form

𝑣 = 𝑣̅𝑏 + 𝑣, 𝑝 = 𝑝𝑏 + 𝑝, 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑏 + 𝜃, 𝐶 = 𝑐𝑏 + 𝜑

Substituting egn (18) into eqns (10) - (13) and the b.cs (14) and using the basic
state (17), we obtain the linearized equations as:

𝑣. 𝑣̅ = 0
1 𝜕
(𝑉 ⃗
+ 1) 𝑣 + 𝐻𝑎2 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑜) = −∇𝜌 + 𝑅𝑎 𝜃𝑘
𝑎 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝜃
+ (𝑣 . 𝑣 ̅)𝜃 + 𝑓(𝑧)𝜔 = ∇2 θ + R i φ
𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝜃
𝐿𝑒𝛿 + 𝐿𝑒(𝑣 . 𝑣 )̅ 𝜑 − 𝐿𝑒𝜔 = ∇2 φ
𝜕𝑡

Where 𝑓(𝑧) is the basic temperature gradient given by

𝜕𝑇𝑏 𝑅𝑖
= −1 + (2 − 6𝑧 + 3𝑧 2 )
𝜕𝑧 6

Impermeable boundary conditions (impermeable isothermal and iso-solutal) are:

𝜔 = 𝜃 = 𝜑 = 0 on 𝑧 = 0, 1

Linear Stability Analysis

Assuming that the magnitudes of the perturbations to the basic state are small,
we may reduce the system further by neglecting the non-linear terms in
Equations (21) and (22), taking the double curl of Eqn (21) and retaining only
the 𝑧 − component, yield thereby eliminating the pressure term. With these, the
system reduce to:
1 𝜕 ∂2 ω
(𝑉 + 1) ∇2 ω + Ha2 − R a ∇2h θ + R s ∇2h φ = 0
𝑎 𝜕𝑡 ∂𝑧 2

𝜕
𝑓(𝑧)𝜔 + ( − ∇2 ) 𝜃 − 𝑅𝑖 𝜑 = 0
𝜕𝑡

𝜕
−𝐿𝑒𝜔 + (𝐿𝑒𝜔 − 𝑉̅ 2 ) 𝜑 = 0
𝜕𝑡

𝜕2 𝜕2
Where ∇2ℎ = 2
+ is the baplacian in the horizontal plane.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

Now subject to the boundary conditions for system (24) are:

𝜕2 𝜔
𝜔= = 𝜃 = 𝜑 = 0 on 𝑧 = 0,1
𝜕𝑧 2

Further, assuming that the convective motion is exhibit horizontal periodiat.

According to Drazin & Reid (2004) we seek a time dependent periodic
disturbance of form.

𝜔 𝜔(𝑧)
( 𝜃 ) = ( Ⓗ(𝑧) ) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑒 𝜎𝑡
𝜑 Φ(𝑧)

Where 𝜎(= 𝜔𝑟 + 𝑖𝜔𝑖 ) is the growth rate and is in general complex, with 𝜔𝑟 , 𝜔𝑖
real and 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is a horizontal plane tiling the 𝑥𝑦 plane ...... periodically.

On substituting Eqn (26) into system (24) yield the eigen value problem.
𝜕2 𝜔
+ 𝑎2 𝑅𝑎 Ⓗ − 𝑎2 𝑅2 Φ = 0
𝜕
(𝑉 + 1) (𝐷2 − 𝑎2 )𝜔 + 𝐻𝑎2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝑎

−𝑓(𝑧)𝜔 + (𝐷2 − 𝑎2 − 𝜎)Ⓗ + 𝑅𝑖 Φ = 0

𝐿𝑒𝜔 + (𝐷2 − 𝑎2 − 𝐿𝑒𝜀𝜎) Φ = 0

𝑑
Where 𝐷2 and ∇2f f + a2 f = 0, a is a wave number [Christopherson, D.G
𝑑𝑧
(1940). Quaterly Journal of Applied Mathematics, 11:63-65. States in the
vibration of membranes].

Now, the bounding conditions become

𝜔 = Ⓗ = Φ = 0 on 𝑧 = 0,1
To satisfy the boundary conditions (28), we assume the solution of the
eigenvalue problem given in eq.

Solution of (27) in the form

𝜔(𝑧) 𝜔0
( Ⓗ(𝑧) ) = ( Ⓗ0 ) sin 𝑛𝜋 𝑧
Φ(𝑧) Φ0

Where 𝜔0 , Ⓗ0 Φ0 are constants. Substituting Eqn (29) into (27) yields in matrix
from:
𝑥̅ =
𝜎 𝐻𝑎2
(1 + 𝑉 ) + ) 2
𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝑎2 𝑅𝑎 𝜔0
𝑎
Where 𝐵 = 𝐽 ( 𝑎
−𝐽+𝜎 −𝑅𝑖 ) ( Ⓗ0 ) = 0
2𝐹(𝑧) Φ0
−𝐿𝑒 𝑂 𝐽2 + 𝐿𝑒𝜔𝜎
1
Where 𝐽 = 𝑎2 𝐻𝜋 2 is the total wave number and 𝐹 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑧)𝛿𝑚 2
𝜋𝑧𝑑𝑧. For non-
trivial solutions of the above matrix equation, we require that |𝐵| = 0. This
requirement yields the Rayleigh number, 𝑅𝑎 for the onset of convection as:
𝜎
4𝜋2 (𝐽(1+ )+𝐻𝑎2 𝜋2 )(𝐽+𝜎)(𝐽+𝐿𝑒𝜀𝜎)
𝑉𝑎
𝑃𝑟 𝐺𝑟 = 𝑅𝑎 =
𝑎2 ((4𝜋2 +𝑅𝑖 )(𝐽+𝐿𝑒𝜀𝜎)+4𝜋2 𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑖 )

For neutral solutions, we set 𝜎 = 𝑖𝜔𝑖 in Eqn. (31), and re-arranging we get:

𝑃𝑟 𝐺𝑟 = 𝑅𝑎 = ∇1 + 𝑖𝜔𝑖 ∇2

Where
4𝜋2
∇1 =
a2 (a2a +a23 ω2i )
[Ja1 a2 + ω2i (4 + b2 ) − a1 a2 b2 + J(Ja3 − a1 (1 + b2 )b1 ) −
9362b, ω4i + a2 Le R s (a1 J + a3 ω2i )]

Where

𝑎1 = (4𝜋 2 + 𝑅𝑖 )𝐽 + 4𝜋 2 𝑙𝑒𝑅𝑖

𝑎2 = 𝐽 + 𝜋 2 𝐻𝑎2

𝑎3 = (4𝜋 2 + 𝑅𝑖 )𝑙𝑒 𝜀

𝑏1 = 𝐽⁄𝑉𝑎

𝑏2 = 𝑙𝑒 𝜀
Since 𝑅𝑎 is a physical quantity, it must be real. Hence from equation (32), it
follows that either 𝜔 = 0 for the onset of steady convection or ∇2 = 0, 𝜔𝜖0 for
onset of oscillatory convection.

Onset of Stationary Convection

For the validity of principle of exchange of stabilities to hold and for marginal
stationary convection 𝜔𝑖 = 0. Setting 𝜔𝑖 = 0 in Eqn. (32) yields the Rayleigh
number for the stationary convection as:
4𝜋2
𝑃𝑟 𝐺𝑟 𝑠𝑡 = 𝑅𝑎 𝑠𝑡 = [𝐽𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 𝐿𝑒𝑅𝑠 𝑎1 𝐽]
𝑎2 (𝑎2 )−𝑎32 𝑤𝑖2

4𝜋 2 𝐽 + 𝜋 2 𝐻𝑎2 2
= [( 2
) 𝐽 (4𝜋 2 + 𝑅𝑖 )𝐽𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑠 ]
2 2
((4𝜋 + 𝑅𝑖 )𝐽 + 4𝜋 𝑙𝑒𝑅𝑖 ) 𝑎

In the absence of 𝑅𝑖 , 𝐻𝑎
𝐽2 (𝑎2 +𝜋2 )2
𝑅𝑎𝑠𝑡 = 2
+ 𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑠 = + 𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑠
𝑎 𝑎2

Which coincides with ...... results of Lambardo et al 2007 and Israel-Cookey et

al 2017.

Horton C.W., & Rogers, F.T. (1945) convection currents in a porous medium.
Journal of Applied Physics, 46, 367-370.

Furthermore, when 𝑅𝑎𝑠 = 0, the stationary, equation reduces to the classical

result of Horton & Rogers (1945)
(𝑎2 +𝜋2 )
𝑅𝑎𝑠𝑡 = and Lapwood (1948)
𝑎2

In addition, Eqn. (34) gives the critical Rayleigh number, 𝑅𝑎𝑠𝑡 = 4𝜋 2 for critical
wave number 𝑎𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 𝜋

Oscillatory Convection

For onset of oscillatory convection, ∇2 = 0 and 𝜔𝑖 ≢ 0. Setting ∇2 = 0 in Eqn

𝑃𝑟 𝐺𝑟 𝑠𝑡 = 𝑅𝑎𝑠𝑡 = ∇1
4𝜋2
=
𝑎2
[𝐽𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝜔𝑖2 (𝐽𝑎2 𝑎3 (1 + 𝑏2 ) − 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝐽(𝐽𝑎3 − 𝑎1 (1 + 𝑏2 )𝑏1 )) −
𝑎3 𝑏2 𝑏𝑎1 𝜔𝑖2 + 𝑎2 𝑙𝑒𝑅𝑠 (𝑎1 𝐽 + 𝑎3 𝜔𝑖2 )]
Where the frequency of oscillation is
𝐽2 (𝑎2 𝑎3 −𝑎1 𝑏1 )+𝑎2 𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑠 (𝑎3 𝐽−𝑎1 )−𝐽(1+𝑏2 )𝑎1 𝑎2
𝜔𝑖2 = [𝐽𝑎3 𝑏1 (1+𝑏2 )+(𝑎3 𝑎2 −𝑎1 𝑏1 )𝑏2 ]

𝐽(1 + 𝑏2 )𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝐽2 (𝑎1 𝑏1 − 𝑎2 𝑎3 ) + 𝜔𝑖2 (𝐽𝑎3 𝑏1 (1 + 𝑏2 ) + (𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎1 𝑏1 )𝑏2 ) +

𝑎2 𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑠 (𝑎1 − 𝑎3 𝐽) = 0

𝜔𝑖2 [𝐽𝑎3 𝑏1 (1 + 𝑏2 ) + (𝑎3 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 𝑏1 )𝑏2 ] = 𝐽2 (𝑎2 𝑎3 − 𝑎1 𝑏1 ) + 𝑎3 𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑠 (𝑎3 𝐽 −

𝑎1 ) − 𝐽(1 + 𝑏2 )𝑎1 𝑎2