WHAT IS COMPUTER

Computer is electronic devices that accepts input, process the input

and produce an output in a predefined form. i.e. in a form that the user
desires.
TYPES OF COMPUTER
[I] Analogue computer [ii] Digital Computer [iii] Hybrid Computer

WHAT IS DATA?
In general, Data is any set of characters that is gathered and translated for some
purpose, usually analysis. It can be any character, including text and numbers,
pictures, sound, or video. If data is not put into context, it doesn't do anything to
a human or computer.

DATA PROCESSING
Data Processing is the conversion of data into usable and desired form. This
conversion or “processing” is carried out using a predefined sequence of
operations either manually or automatically. Most of the data processing is done
by using computers and thus done automatically. The output or “processed” data
can be obtained in different forms like image, graph, table, vector file, audio,
charts or any other desired format depending on the software or method of data
processing used. When done itself it is referred to as automatic data processing.
Continue reading below to understand more about what is data processing.

TYPES OF PROCESSING
 Batch Processing
 Centralized Processing
 Decentralized Processing
 Online Processing
 Distributed Processing
 Time Sharing

Batch Processing
Batch processing is the processing of transactions in a group or batch. No user
interaction is required once batch processing is underway. This differentiates
batch processing from transaction processing, which involves processing
transactions one at a time and requires user interaction.

Centralized Processing
Processing performed in one computer or in a cluster of coupled computers in a
single location. Access to the computer is via "dumb terminals," which send only
input and receive output or "smart terminals," which add screen formatting. All
data processing is performed in the central computer.

Decentralized Processing
Decentralized computing is the allocation of resources, both hardware and
software, to each individual workstation, or office location. In contrast,
centralized computing exists when the majority of functions are carried out, or
obtained from a remote centralized location.

Online Processing
Online processing is an automated way to enter and process data or reports
continuously as use as the source documents are available.

Distributed Processing
Distributed processing is a setup in which multiple individual central processing
units (CPU) work on the same programs, functions or systems to provide more
capability for a computer or other device.

Time Sharing
In computing, time-sharing is the sharing of a computing resource among many
users by means of multiprogramming and multi-tasking at the same time.

DATA TRANSMISSION
Data Transmission refers to the process of transferring data between two or more
digital devices. Data is transmitted from one device to another in analog or digital
format.
 MODE OF DATA TRANSMISSION

TRANSMISSION MODE

HALF DUPLEX
SIMPLEX FULL DUPLEX

SIMPLEX MODE: Is the communication between sender and the receiver occurs in
only one direction. The sender can only send data and the receiver can only
receive data. The receiver cannot reply.
HALF DUPLEX: This is the communication occur between the sender and receiver
occur in both direction in half duplex transmission but only one at a time.
The sender and receiver can both send and receive the information, but only one is
allowed to send at any given time.
FULL DUPLEX: In full duplex mode the communication between sender and
receiver can occur simultaneously.

CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

MEMORY UNIT

INPUT A. I. U OUT

CONTROL UNIT

STORAGE

WHAT IS THE INTERNET

The Internet is a collection of thousands of computer networks of varying sizes,
millions of computer more than 30 million users who share an interacting means
for interacting with one another to exchange digital data.
Or
Internet is like a giant highway that connects you to millions of other users and
organization. And is also a system, which connects computer system located
throughout the world that is willing to share resources. The Internet has created a
cooperative society that forms a virtual community, stretching from one end of the
globe to the other.
Internet Applications
These tools are software programs, which make it easy reach any resources
available on the internet.

DATA TRANSMISSION
This is the movement of information in coded form comprising of binary
digit over some kind of communication system.
DATA TRANSMISSION COMMUNICATION FACILITIES
The basic components of data transmission system are:
 Central Computer
 Terminal Devices
 Telecommunication link between a and b
 Cable either coaxial or twisted pair
 Telephone
 Modem
 Radio waves
 Gateway
 Multiplexor
 Micro waves etc.

MODEM: A modem is the common link between all kinds of computers when there
connected by telephone lines. The reason you need a modem is simple: the
computer generate digital signals and telephone line is designed to carry analogue
signals when you transmit a message, the modem at the transmitting end converts
the computer digital signals to analogue signals so that they can be transmitted
effectively over telephone lines. The modem at the receiving end then converts
the analogue signals back to digital signals so that they can be used by that
computer.
MULTIPLEXOR: A multiplexor is basically an unintelligent device, which performs
only the basic role of reducing total communication. It enables a number of data
channels to be accommodated in a single communication line. A multiplexor
receives data from a number of terminals in the communication system, which
transmits and receives data at low speed. The multiplexor batches terminal
messages and transmits them at high speed to the computer.
BENEFITS OF ICT IN BUSINESS
1. High Speed of Operation: Computer operated at very high speed. This makes it
easier to contact business associated.
2. Accurate Processing (Accuracy): Information produced by computer especially
when the concept of GIGO is maintained. GIGO means garbage in Garbage Out.
This is a concept that denotes when you enter wrong data into the computer,
you will produce wrong information. Based on this concept, computer produces
accurate information.
3. Flexibility: This is the ability of the computer to handle several information at
the same time, such operations include online system application real time
system, multiprogramming, multilinking etc.
4. Reliability and Efficiency: When large volume of data processing is required,
computer produces reliable and efficient information compared to that led by
manual means.