CSE/IT 353 Fall 2013 Homework #2 Answers

Due: Tuesday, October 8th (in class)

GRADING
The grading for this assignment will be based on the complete details of your answers. A correct final
answer without its detailed steps will receive a grade of zero. Hence, you must show the step-by-step
process, which might allow for possible partial credit in the case of a wrong final answer.

CHAPTER 5 PROBLEMS
The following problems are related to the content in Chapter 5 of the course textbook.

1. Calculate the baud rate for the given bit rate and type of modulation.
We can use the formula S = (1/r) x N to calculate the baud rate. However, first we need to
calculate the value of r for each case.
a. 2,000 bps, BFSK
r = log2 L = log2 2 = 1
S = (1/r) x N = (1/1) x (2000 bps) = 2000 baud
b. 4,000 bps, BASK
r = log2 L = log2 2 = 1
S = (1/r) x N = (1/1) x (4000 bps) = 4000 baud
c. 6,000 bps, QPSK
r = log2 L = log2 4 = 2
S = (1/r) x N = (1/2) x (6000 bps) = 3000 baud
d. 36,000 bps, 64-QAM
r = log2 L = log2 64 = 6
S = (1/r) x N = (1/6) x (36,000 bps) = 6000 baud

2. What is the number of bits per baud for the following techniques?
We use the formula r = log2 L to calculate the value of r for each case. Note that in this
equation, L is the type of signal element, not the level.
a. ASK with four different amplitudes
r = log2 L = log2 4 = 2
b. FSK with 8 different frequencies
r = log2 L = log2 8 = 3
c. PSK with four different phases
r = log2 L = log2 4 = 2
d. QAM with a constellation of 128 points
r = log2 L = log2 128 = 7

3. Draw the constellation diagram for the following cases. Find the peak amplitude value for each
case and define the type of modulation (ASK, FSK, PSK, or QAM). The numbers in parentheses
define the values of I and Q respectively.
a. Two points at (2, 0) and (3, 0)
This is ASK. There are 2 peak amplitudes both with the same phase, which is 0 degrees.
The peak amplitude values are A1 = 2 and A2 = 3, so the peak amplitude is Apeak = 3
b. Two points at (3, 0) and (-3, 0)
This is BPSK. There is only one peak amplitude, Apeak = 3, which is the distance between
each dot and the origin. We do, however, have two phases 0 and 180 degrees.

c. Four points at (2, 2), (-2, 2), (-2, -2), and (2, -2)
This can be interpreted as either 4-QAM or QPSK because both have only one
amplitude, but four phases. The amplitude is the distance from the point to the origin,
which is Apeak = √22 + 22 = √8 ≅ 2.83

d. Two points at (0, 2) and (0, -2)

This is BPSK. The peak amplitude is Apeak = 2, where the phases are 90 and 270 degrees.
4. How many bits per baud can we send in each of the following cases if the signal constellation
has one of the following number of points?
The number of points defines the number of signal elements, L. The number of bits per baud is
the value of r. Therefore, we use the formula r = log2 L for each case.
a. 2
r = log2 2 = 1
b. 4
r = log2 4 = 2
c. 16
r = log2 16 = 4
d. 1024
r = log2 1024 = 10

5. A corporation has a medium with a 1-MHz bandwidth (lowpass). The corporation needs to
create 10 separate independent channels each capable of sending at least 1 Mbps. The
company has decided to use QAM technology. What is the minimum number of bits per baud
for each channel? What is the number of points in the constellation diagram for each channel?
Let d = 0.
If a 1-MHz channel needs to carry 10 separate independent channels, each channel has:
bandwidthchannel = 1 MHz / 10 channels = 100 KHz / channel

Next we find r for each channel. We can use the following equation:
1+𝑑
𝐵= 𝑟 × 𝑁

Using d = 0, we can solve the above equation for r:

𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠
𝑁 1 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑟= 𝐵
= 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙
𝐾𝐻𝑧 = 10 𝐻𝑧
100
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙

Further, L = 2r = 210 = 1024

Therefore, we need a 1024-QAM Technique.
 6. A cable company uses one of the cable TV channels (with a bandwidth of 6 MHz) to provide
digital communication for each resident. What is the available data rate for each resident if the
company uses a 64-QAM technique, with d = 0?
First, let us find r
r = log2 L = log2 64 = 6
Next, we can find the baud rate using bandwidth.
S = B / (1 + d) = 6 MHz / (1 + 0) = 6 MHz
Finally, we can calculate the data rate:
N = S x r = (6 MHz) x 6 = 36 Mbps

CHAPTER 12 PROBLEMS
The following problems are related to the content in Chapter 12 of the course textbook.

7. Compare and contrast a random access protocol with a channelizing protocol.

In a random access method, the whole available bandwidth belongs to the station that wins the
contention; the other stations need to wait. In a channelization method, the available
bandwidth is divided between the stations. If a station does not have data to send, the
allocated channel remains idle.

8. Compare and contrast a controlled access protocol with a channelizing protocol.

In a controlled access method, the whole available bandwidth belongs to the station that is
granted permission either by a central authority or by other stations. In a channelization
method, the available bandwidth is divided between the stations. If a station does not have
data to send, the allocated channel remains idle.

9. One hundred stations on a pure ALOHA network share a 1-Mbps channel. If frames are 1000
bits long, find the throughput if each station is sending 10 frames per second.
First, you need to calculate the frame transmission time of a 1000 bit frame
Ftr = frame size / data rate = (1000 bits/frame) / 1 Mbps = 0.001 s = 1 ms
Secondly, we need to calculate the average number of frames generated by the system during
one frame transmission time.
G = (frames generated per station per s) x (number of stations) x Ftr
= (10 frames/s per station) x (100 stations) x (0.001 s) = 1 frame
Thirdly, we can calculate the percentage of frames that will reach their destination successfully:
S = G x e-2G = (1) x e-2(1) = e-2 = 0.135 or 13.5%
Therefore, the total throughput for the network will be
Throughput = (10 frames/s per station) x (100 stations) x (0.135)
= 135 frames per second

10. Repeat question 9 (above) for slotted ALOHA.

The values for Ftr and G are the same for question 9 above. Ftr = 1 ms, and G = 1 frame
We can calculate the percentage of frames that will reach their destination successfully:
S = G x e-G = (1) x e-(1) = e-1 = 0.368 or 36.5%
Therefore, the total throughput for the network will be
Throughput = (10 frames/s per station) x (100 stations) x (0.368)
= 368 frames per second
 11. In a CDMA/CD network with a data rate of 10 Mbps, the minimum frame size is found to be 512
bits for the correct operation of the collision detection process. What should be the minimum
frame size if we increase the data rate to: (Hint: the minimum frame size is proportional to the
data rate.)
We know that there is a relationship between the frame transmission time and the data rate by
the following equation:
Tfr = frame size / data rate
We can solve this equation for frame size:
Frame size = Tfr x data rate
If the transmission time of the frame is constant, then we can see a direct relationship between
the frame size and the data rate. First, we need to calculate Tfr
Tfr = frame size / data rate = 512 bits / 10 Mbps = 0.0000512 s = 51.2 µs
a. 100 Mbps
Frame Sizemin = Tfr x data rate = 51.2 µs x 100 Mbps = 5120 bits
b. 1 Gbps
Frame Sizemin = Tfr x data rate = 51.2 µs x 1 Gbps = 51200 bits
c. 10 Gbps
Frame Sizemin = Tfr x data rate = 51.2 µs x 10 Gbps = 512000 bits

CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS
The following problems are related to the content in Chapter 6 of the course textbook.

12. Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 kHz. We need to multiplex 10 voice
channels with guard bands of 500 Hz using FDM. Calculate the required bandwidth.
To multiplex 10 voice channels, we need nine guard bands. The required bandwidth is then:
B = (voice channel) x (# of voice channels) + (guard band size) x (# guard bands)
= (4 KHz) x 10 + (500 Hz) x 9 = 40 KHz + 4.5 KHz = 44.5 KHz

13. We need to transmit 100 digitized voice channels using a pass-band channel of 20 KHz. What
should be the ratio of bits/Hz if we use no guard band? Hint: The human voice normally
contains frequencies from 0 to 4000 Hz; assume 8 bits per sample. (See example 4.14 in the
textbook).
The bandwidth allocated to each voice channel is
Bvoice = total channel / number of channels = 20 KHz / 100 channels = 200 Hz per channel
Each digitized voice channel has the following data rate
data rate = sampling rate x number of bits per sample
= 8000 samples x 8 bit/sample = 64Kbps
This means that our modulation technique uses
64,000 bps / (200 Hz) = 320 bits/Hz

14. We need to use synchronous TDM and combine 20 digital sources, each of 100 Kbps. Each
output slot carries 1 bit from each digital source, but one extra bit is added to each frame for
synchronization. Answer the following questions:
a. What is the size of an output frame in bits?
Each output frame carries 1 bit from each source plus one extra bit for synchronization.
Frame size = (# of sources) x (bits per source) + (synch) = 20 x 1 + 1 = 21 bits
 b. What is the output frame rate?
Each frame carries 1 bit from each source.
Frame rateSynchTDM = input rate = 100,000 frames/s
c. What is the duration of an output frame?
Frame duration = 1 / (frame rate) = 1 / 100,000 = 10 µs
d. What is the output data rate?
Data rate = (100,000 frame/s) x (21 bits/frame) = 2.1 Mbps
e. What is the efficiency of the system (ratio of useful bits to the total bits)?
In each frame, 20 bits are useful (data), and one bit is useless (synchronization bit).
Efficiency = 20 bits / 21 bits = 95%

15. We have 14 sources, each creating 500 8-bit characters per second. Since only some of these
sources are active at any moment, we use statistical TDM to combine these sources using
character interleaving. Each frame carries 6 slots at a time, but we need to add four-bit
addresses to each slot. Answer the following questions:
a. What is the size of an output frame in bits?
Frame size = (# of slots) x (character size + slot address) = 6 x (8 bits + 4 bits) = 72 bits
b. What is the output frame rate?
We can assume that we have only 6 input lines. Each frame needs to carry one
character from each of these lines. This means that the link needs to send 500 frames/s
to keep up with the transmission rate of each source.
c. What is the duration of an output frame?
Frame duration = 1 / (frame rate) = 1 / 500 = 2 ms
d. What is the output data rate?
Data rate = (500 frames/s) x (72 bits/frame) = 36 Kbps

16. Two channels, one with a bit rate of 190 kbps and another with a bit rate of 180 kbps, are to be
multiplexed using pulse stuffing TDM with no synchronization bits. Answer the following
questions:
We need to add extra bits to the second source to make both bit rates = 190 Kbps. Now we
have two sources, each of 190 Kbps. Since the data unit was not specified, assume that it is one
bit.
a. What is the size of a frame in bits?
The frame carries 1 bit from each source.
Frame size = 1 + 1 = 2 bits
b. What is the frame rate?
Each frame carries 1 bit from each 190 Kbps source.
Frame rate = 190,000 frames/s
c. What is the duration of a frame?
Frame duration = 1 / (frame rate) = 1 / 190,000 = 5.26 µs
d. What is the data rate?
Output data rate = (190,000 frames/s) x (2 bits/frame) = 380 Kbps
Note that the output bit rate is greater than the sum of the input rates (370 Kbps)
because of the extra bits added to the second source.

17. Answer the following questions about a T-1 line:

a. What is the duration of a frame?
T-1 line sends 8000 frames/s. Therefore:
 Frame duration = 1 / (frame rate) = 1 / 8000 = 125 µs
b. What is the overhead (number of extra bits per second?)
Each frame carries one extra bit for synchronization.
Overhead = (8000 frames/s) x (1 bit/frame) = 8 Kbps

18. We have a digital medium with a data rate of 10 Mbps. How many 64-kbps voice channels can
be carried by this medium if we use DSSS with the Barker sequence?
The Barker chip is 11 bits, which means that it increases the bit rate 11 times. A voice channel
of 64 Kbps needs 11 x 64 Kbps = 704 Kbps.
This means that the bandpass channel can carry the following number of channels:
Channels = (10 Mbps) / (704 Kbps) ≈ 14 channels