MAKING OF INTERLOCKING BLOCKS BY USING INDUSTRIAL WASTE PRODUCTS 2019-20

CHAPTER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Now a day's interlocking concrete paver blocks are playing a vital role in the construction field.
Exterior landscapes, pedestrian footpath, and roads were filled with the paver blocks. Because of
its reliability and constancy, it is widely preferred in any kind of area. There is a different kind of
histories were given by the previous literature as it was developed in Giza, Egypt before 4500
years but some of the researchers were said that paver blocks were initiated in Holland. It brings
to the notice that after Second World War, the Europeans were started to reconstruct the roads by
using these types of blocks. A German Engineer Fritz von Langsd orff has developed the shape &
introduces colored concrete paver blocks. In earlier these blocks were made by natural stone and
clay, from the past six decades only we insisting of concrete pavers. The main advantages of paver
blocks were it should be flexible and it can avoid cracks by maintaining the good strengthen
properties. Several studies have been carried out in paper blocks by replacing the aggregate and
by reusing the aggregate. Tiles, Clay, Foundry sand and M-sand has been replaced the normal
materials used in paver blocks. Strengthen characteristics, abrasion and skid resistance of the
pavers has been monitored by the researchers. This paper aims to deliver the fundamental materials
that suit for exiting good strength by the literature study.

1.1 INDUSTRIAL WASTE MATIRIAL:

In our experiment we use the following materials
 Fly ash.
 Granite powder.
 Silica Fumes.

1.2 NEED FOR STUDY:

Research has required in the preparation of interlock with improved strength and use of local
available material. In addition to use of waste material to reduce the pollution, dumping problems
and also cost of the interlock is reduced. Further study required to use the some percentage of
cementanious materials by flyash ,Silica Fumes , fine aggregates by granite powder and
Demolition Waste as coarse aggregate.

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1.3 SELECTION OF MIX PROPORTION:

Several mix proportions has been gone through the researchers, depending upon the materials
added in concrete the mix proportions got varied.

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CHAPTER 2
2.0 SCOPE OF THE STUDY:
The new development of interlocking block usage was highly improved. Now a days parking
, vehicle moving areas are commonly used the interlock. The middle class people get low cost
interlock with high strength. The study involves collection of required materials. The material
selected for this study are fly ash, cement, granite powder, sand, Silica Fumes, coarse aggregate.

Initially the basic test were conducted for selected materials by varying the material
percentages different mix proportions were prepared. Water content required for the mixes were
selected based on the flow ability test by trial and error with the addition of water.

Using the selected water cement ratio for different mix proportions the compression test
were conducted based on the strength criteria mix proportions were selected for the manufacture
of interlock.
The strength characteristics of interlock of selected mix proportions were determined by
carrying the test like compressive strength test, durability test.

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MAKING OF INTERLOCKING BLOCKS BY USING INDUSTRIAL WASTE PRODUCTS 2019-20

CHAPTER 3
3.0 LITERATURE STUDY
T.Felixkala (et al 2014 [2]) The most commonly used fine aggregate across world is River sand.
River sand is expensive due to excessive cost of transportation from natural sources.Also large
scale depletion of the source creates environmental problems.as environmental,transportation and
other constraints make the availability and use of river sand less attractive. A substitute or
replacement product for concrete industry needs to be found. The main parameter investigated in
this study is M30 grade concrete with replacement of sand by granite powder by 0, 25 and 50%
and cement was partial replacement with silica fume, fly ash, slag and super plasticizer. This paper
presents a detailed experimental study on compressive strength, split tensile strength 28, 56 and
90 days. Durability study on chloride attack was also studied and percentage of weight loss is
compared with normal concrete. Test results indicate that use of granite powder and admixtures in
concrete has improved the performance of concrete in strength as well as in durability aspect.
M.D.A. Thomas (et al. 2010) [a] This paper reports the results from laboratory studies on the
durability of concrete that contains ternary blends of portland cement, silica fume, and a wide
range of fly ashes. Previous work has shown that high CaO fly ashes are generally less effective
in controlling alkali silica reactivity (ASR) and sulfate attack compared with Class F or low lime
fly ashes. Indeed, in this study it was shown that replacement levels of up to 60% were required to
control expansion due to ASR with some fly ashes. However, combinations of relatively small
levels of silica fume (e.g., 3 to 6%) and moderate levels of high CaO fly ash (20 to 30%) were very
effective in reducing expansion due to ASR and also produced a high level of sulphate resistance.
Concretes made with these proportions generally show excellent fresh and hardened properties
since the combination of silica fume and fly ash is somewhat synergistic. For instance, fly ash
appears to compensate for some of the workability problems often associated with the use of higher
levels of silica fume, whereas the silica fume appears to compensate for the relatively low early
strength of fly ash concrete. Diffusion testing indicates that concrete produced with ternary
cementitious blends has a very high resistance to the penetration of chloride ions. Furthermore,
these data indicate that the diffusivity of the concrete that contains ternary blends continues to
decrease with age. The reductions are very significant and have a considerable effect on the
predicted service life of reinforced concrete elements exposed to chloride environments.

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N.Kiran Kumar ( 2014) [4] Construction Industry contributes huge amounts to Indian economy
and concrete is one of the best materials used in construction. The ingredients used in it include
Cement, Sand, Gravel and water. Now-a-days sand is not easily available and recently Government
of Andhra Pradesh has imposed certain restrictions on its usage. So sand has become very costly
and time has come to search for identifying suitable material for its replacement. In this study an
attempt is made to find the suitability of Granite Fines as a replacement option to Natural Sand.
The study evaluates the impact of curing age and mix proportions on the compressive strength of
M 20 Grade concrete cubes subjected to partial replacement of sand with granite fines. A total of
75 cubes of 150 mm X 150 mm X 150mm dimensions were cast and cured in water for 3, 7, 28,
60 and 90 days with sand replacement by granite fines ranging from 0 to 40% respectively. The
control mix of 28 days target strength of 27.6 N/mm2 (using Indian standard) was adopted. The
study reveals that at 28 days with increase in % of granite fines, initially compressive strength
increased till 30% and afterwards it decreased. With increase in days of curing, compressive
strength of concrete cubes is increasing. So the optimum replacement level was taken as 30%
replacement of sand by granite fines. At this level the compressive strength increased with curing
age at a decreasing rate beyond 28 days. The target compressive strength of 27.6 N/mm2 was
achieved for this mixture at 7 days of curing. Granite fines content and curing age is having a
significant impact on the compressive strength of concrete with granite fines.

Osman Gencel (2012) We studied the influence of fly ash content and replacement of crushed
sandstone aggregate with concrete wastes and marble wastes in pre-fabricated interlocking blocks
(PCIBs). We have compared properties of PCIBs with fly ash produced with three different
replacement ratios of aggregate. Compressive strength, tensile splitting strength, density, apparent
porosity, water absorption by weight, abrasion resistance, alkali-silica reaction and freeze-thaw
resistance of PCIBs were determined. When compared the PCIBs with crushed sandstones, the
replacement of crushed sandstone with concrete waste and marble waste results in lower physical
and mechanical properties. By contrast, replacement of cement with fly ash (10% to 20%) has a
significant effect in increasing important properties of PCIBs.

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MAKING OF INTERLOCKING BLOCKS BY USING INDUSTRIAL WASTE PRODUCTS 2019-20

SUMMARY:
From literature work it can be summarized that waste product can be used for the production of
interlocking block .also waste material can be used as a replacement material for cement, fine
aggregate, coarse aggregate and which enhance the compressive strength. However the
percentages of various ingredients used by the researches and strength of search mixes are differ
more. It is observed that the use of waste material along with the cement, sand and coarse aggregate
found to be useful in enhancing the compressive strength of interlocking blocks. Therefore in the
present work fly ash, granite powder and silica fumes is used as a replacing material of cement,
sand and coarse aggregate to achieve high strength interlock with low cost.

3.1 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY:

Following are the objectives framed to study the properties of interlock by industrial waste
material.
 To determine the properties of cement, sand, coarse aggregate, fly ash, Silica Fumes,
granite powder.
 To determine the quantity of water required for the mixes based on the workability.
 Selection of mixes for the production of interlocking based on the strength criteria, by
varying the material percentage.
 To determine the strength characteristics of selected mix proportion of interlock.

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CHAPTER 4
4.0 MATERIALS USED
The different materials used in this investigation are:
4.1 Fly ash
4.2 Cement
4.3 Granite powder
4.4 Fine aggregate
4.5 Coarse aggregate
4.6 Silica Fumes
4.7 Water
4.1 Fly ash:
Fly Ash is a byproduct of coal-fired electric generating plants. For immediate combustion the
pulverized coal is blown into the burning chamber of the furnace. After the burning of coal the ash
that is heavier in weight would fall down but the lighter weight ash would fly out thus it is known
as fly ash. Fly Ash is used in the following applications, in addition to Ready-mix concrete,
Concrete block & pipe, Cement manufacture, Mineral filler for asphalt roads, Soil stabilization,
Structural fill, Waste stabilization/treatment, Specialty applications. Fly ash is also known as
pulverized fuel ash, which is a product of coal combustion that is when the coal is burned in
thermal power plant ash is created. The main composition of fly ash is Silica dioxide (sio2), Ferric
oxide (Fe203), Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), Calcium oxide (Cao). It is a pozzolanaand binding
material. Fly ash is mostly used as replacement of Portland cement with the percentage of 0-30%
by the total weight of the cement. Fly ash and lime combination could reduce CO2 emission and it
requires less energy to produce cement leads to green concrete Advantages:
 Reduction of cost.
 Reduce the heat of hydration.
 Increase the compressive strength.
 Decrease the porosity and pore size.

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4.2 Cement:
Portland cement is the basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco and non-specially grout and it
is the most common type of cement used all around the world. It was developed from other types
of hydraulic lime in England in the mid 19th century, and usually originates from limestone. In the
literature it is observed that as the percentage of cement increases, the strength of the brick is also
increases.

4.3 Granite powder:

Granite is a common commercial practice to include almost any hard (harder than steel),
crystalline stone that accepts a high polish that is marble, lime stone, sand stone, or other softer,
common stone. See ASTM specification C-119 another definition of the granite. It usually contains
small quantities of mica or hornblende, and minor accessory minerals may be present .depending
on the feldspar present, granite may be pink, dark gray or light gray.

Granite is commonly and widely occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock. Granite
usually have a medium to coarse grained texture.

As per IS specification specific gravity of granite powder is 2.43-2.58 .

4.4 Fine aggregate:

Fine aggregate generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most particles passing
through a 4.75mm sieve size and retained at 75µm sieve. These aggregate divided into coarse,
medium and fine.

As per IS specification the specific gravity of fine aggregate is lies between 2.45-2.85.

4.5 Silica Fumes:

Silica Fumes , also known as microsilica, is an amorphous(non crystalline) polymorph of silicon
dioxide, silica. It is an ultra fine powder collected as a by-product of the silicon and ferrosilicon
alloy production and consists of spherical particles with an average particle diameter of 150mm.
The main field of application is as pozzolanic material for high performance concrete.

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As per IS specification the specific gravity of silica fume is in the range of 2.2-2.3.

4.6 Coarse aggregate:

Demolition Waste were used as a coarse aggregate in concrete. Size of the coarse aggregate used
in the investigation was 10 -20 mm. These aggregate passes through 80mmsieve and retained at
4.75mm sieve.
As per IS specification the specific gravity of coarse aggregate is lies between 2.65-2.8.

4.7 Water:
Water is an important ingredient of the concrete as it actually participates in the chemical reaction
with cement. In general, water fit for drinking is suitable for mixing concrete. Impurities in the
water may affect setting time, strength, shrinkage of concrete or promote corrosion of
reinforcement. Locally available drinking water was used in the present work.

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CHAPTER 5
5.0 TESTES ON MATERIALS
5.1 TEST ON CEMENT:

5.1.1 Specific Gravity (IS:2720; Part-3)

This property is very important in the mix design.Specific gravity is normally defined as
the ratio of between the mass of given volume of the material and mass of an equal volume of
water. One of the methods of deternmining the specific gravity of cement is by use of a liquid such
as water free from kerosene it doesnot react with cement .
A specific gravity bottle may be employed or a standard Le-chatelier flask may be used.

5.1.2 Fineness of cement (IS:12269-1987)

The degree of fineness measures of the mean size of the grains in cement. The rate of
hydration and consequent of strength in cement mortar depends upon the fineness of cement to
have same rate of hardening in different brands of cement, the fineness has been standardized.

5.2 TEST ON FINE AGGREGATE:

5.2.1 Specific gravity(IS:2386-1963;Part 3)

This property is very important in the mix design.Specific gravity is normally defined
as the ratio of between the mass of given volume of the material and mass of an equal volume of
water. One of the methods of deternmining the specific gravity of fine aggregate is by use of water.

5.2.2 Fineness modulus of Fine aggregate (IS:2386-1963; Part 1)

Fineness modulus is only a numerical index of fineness, giving some idea of the mean size of
particles in the entire body of aggregate.determination of fineness modulus may be considered as
a method of standardization of the grading of the aggregates.

5.3 TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATE:

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5.3.1 Specific gravity(IS:2386-1963;Part 3)

This property is very important in the mix design.Specific gravity is normally defined
as the ratio of between the mass of given volume of the material and mass of an equal volume of
water. One of the methods of deternmining the specific gravity of coarse aggregate is by use of
water.

5.2.2 Fineness modulus of Coarse ggregate (IS:2386-1963; Part 1)

Fineness modulus is only a numerical index of fineness, giving some idea of the mean size of
particles in the entire body of aggregate. Determination of fineness modulus may be considered as
a method of standardization of the grading of the aggregates.

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CHAPTER 6
6.0 TESTES ON CONCRETE:

6.1 TEST ON FRESH CONCRETE:

6.1.1 Slump Test.(IS:1199-1959)

6.2 TEST ON HARDENED CONCRETE:

After curing for specified days from the curing tank specimens are taken out from and kept for
drying in open air before testing.

The different test conducted on Hardened concrete are listed below

6.2.1 Density Test

6.2.2 Compression Test

6.3.3 Water absorption Test

6.3.4 Permeability Test.

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REFERANCES:

1. T.Felixkala, strength and durability properties of granite powder conctete,Journal of Civil

Engineering Research 2014, 4(2a):1-6.

2. M.D.A. Thomas, Fly ash and alkali-aggregate reaction, in: Advances in Cement and Concrete,
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 1994, pp. 362–376.

3. N.Kiran kumar ,An Experimental Investigation on strength of granite-fines concrete,

S.V.College of Engineering & Technology Chottoor.v0l. 4 Issue 2,September 2014.

4. www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat.

5. en.wikipedia.org.

6 .www.sciencedirect.com.

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