Project designing, its important steps;

Introduction; = Project is an investment activity in which financial resources are

extended to create capital assembly that produce benefits over an extended period of
time. Generally specking, a project is an activity in which money is spent in hope of same
return. It is a specific activity with a specific starting time and a specific ending time
extended to accomplish some specific objectives.
It is in fact that in past several years, the developing countries have made significant
progress in making fairly consistent national and regional plans. Projects are selected ion
adhoc consideration and little attention is given to any systematic identification and
comparison of their cost and benefits to the society. The sea city of planning process is
resulted in.
In efficiency of investment.
Mis allocation of source recourses
Lopsided development.

Definition of a project; A simple precise definition of project is not possible.

However a few project charatefishies can be identified. Project is concerned with
commitment of scores resources for a special action, which stops the use of those
resources. “Project is an activity on which we spend money in expectation of return. It is
a specific activity with a specific starting point and a specific ending point extended to
accomplish a specific objective.

Different steps in project designing.

There are different steps which have been extended in project designing. There
steps have been enumerated as below;
1. Project identification.
2. project formulation.
3. Project appraisal.
4. Project approval.
5. Project activity & organization.
6. Project implementation & operation.
7. Project monitoring.
8. Project termination.
9. Out put diffusion and transition to nerwal administration.
10. Project evaluation.

Now these have been explained.

1. Project identification;- Projects are proposed enterprises at different periods
of time with different purposes and different magnitudes. This is first stage
of project cycle. Where do projects came from? There is no simple answar.
Projects mostly start as an idea. Eventually some simple ideas asre
elaborated into a form to which the name” Project” can be formally applied.
At this stage possible resources of finances may also be considered &
potentional and deners identified.
 2. Project formulation;= Projects are being seriously considered as investment
action and detailed planning of idea can being. Preparation coves the
establishment of technical, economical and financial fasibility. Decisions
have to be made on the basis of project size, form/factory size etc. Now the
projects are sets of tongible proposals.
3. Project appraisal; This stage consists of a comprehensive and systematic re
Aspects of a project. Generally internal govt; staff only asre used for this
work and not the consultant. Projects should be appraised both in the field
at the desk. Appraisal should cover at least seven aspects of a project. There
are, technical, financial, cumerial,incentives, econmic,managerial and
organizational aspects.
4. Project approval;- After careful planning a pilot project is necessary to be
Implemented on a linuted area and resources. This is needed to check
whether the proposed project is benefiting or not. It the result achieved is
in the benefit side, the project can be approved and can be started on large
scale.
5. Project activity & organization;- After project approval,project activity &
Organization is under taken. Project is initiated in full and needs to be
organized .
6. Project implementation & operation
Fully organization projects, can be implemented and operated. Projects are
implemented in on organised way to given full benefits and to avoid any
misuse.
7. Project monitoring ; Any successful project requires deep moniting. This is
Due by project directions from govt; side or any reliable sector to ensure the
rigut use of financial & malpractise.
8. Project termination;- After successfully completing the required objective
In a project it is necessary that the project should be terminated in a rigut
time to avoid any extravagance and corruption.
9. Out put diffinition and transition to normal administration;-
Every project is designed to achieve certain goals whenever these goals are
seen to be achieved after project termination. The outputs are then careful
diffused and normally administration.
11. Project evaluation; Once a project has been carried out,it is always useful to look
back over what took place specially to compare actual progress with plans. This
is called evaluation. This kind of analysis can not only help in the management of
project but also will help in the planning of future projects and this can give rise
to new and useful ideas.
Ethnographic Research.
Introduction; Social anthropologists have deep interest in studying different
ethrucs, their cultural heritage & socio-economic conditions. As social
anthropology is a social science, therefore to collect informations about the socio
cultural dimensions of different ethnics a social authropologist is required use
practices and tools of research procedure used in social sciences. The branch of
anthropology which deals with the study of different ethnirecs, their socio
enltusal patherns is called ethnography.
Definition;. As it is stated in the branch of social anthropology which deal with
the scientific study of the socio anthonal condition of different ethnics is called
ethnograophy
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH.

Introduction: - Social anthropologists have deep interest in studying different

ethics, their cultural heritage socio-economic conditions. As social anthropology is a
social science, therefore to collection information’s about the socio-cultural dimensions
of different ethnics, a social anthropologist is required to use practices and tools of
research procedure used in social sciences. The branch of anthropology, which deals with
the study of different ethnics, their socio-cultural patterns are called ethnography.

Definition: - As it is stated that ethnography is the branch of social anthropology,

which deals with, the scientific study of the socio-cultural conditions of different ethnics
is called ethnography. To collect facts about ethnographic realities, research procedure is
hereby used which is termed as ethnographic research. Ethnographic Research is a
combination of two words i.e. ethnographic and research. Ethnographic term has been
derived from ethnography. Any thing related to ethnography will be termed as
ethnographic. Different researchers and thinkers have variously defined the term
research. According to good and Hatt :- Scientific procedure of finding facts, Notifying
the old facts ‘. In words of Kerlinger :” Research is the way of finding truth by scientific
methods”. In short words Research is the way of finding facts and the way of verifying
already existing information. Combining the two works, Ethnographic Research can be
defined.

The scientific way of finding facts and verifying old facts about socio-cultural
patterns of different races is called ethnographic research.

Mode of participation in Ethnographic Research :-

1. Permission: - Once the ethnographer has decided upon an area within which to
carryout his fieldwork. It is helpful to contact other scholars who have
recently done research there. There may be new restrictions, special
difficulties, or unusual requirements compared by the Government. This
advice may be expected to include names of local government agents,
missionaries, or other useful parties to whom to write for further
information’s. Enquiries must be well advance of the proposed
commencement of fieldwork.
2. Choosing field work location: - Among the more usual rationales for field
research are (a() the desire to study certain topics, (b) investigate specific
theoretical problems, (c) suggest solutions to practical problems. The choice
of location may be simply based on the fact that its inhabitants have never
been ethnographically part on record. Perhaps all that is known about them is
their existence. Their prospective ethnographer will get some idea of the
social forums which may prevail among them by what is know about their
neighbors.
3. Getting into the field: - Once the bureaucratic preliminaries have been
completed, and the general location of the research determined, the fieldwork
must establish contact with a community of a size convenient for the desired
 research. Whether the community has fervor than 150 inhabitants or boasts
thousands or a factory work group of dozer members must be practicable for
research. Transportation may turn out to be a critical consideration. Have rains
or snows at certain seasons may isolate a community, lodging facilities can
also be considered as important.
4. Time tabling “- Junker (1960-12) has estimated that as a rule, one sixth of
field works time is spent in observing, one third in recording, one third
analyzing and one sixth repertory. Routine” must it be, the what do I to day “
attitude is no substitute for a systematic plan of investigation. A daily
schedule must of activities must be set up, commencing shortly after down, in
a tropical climate and allowing for relaxation when the sun at its peak.

Short comings of Ethnographic research :- No Social researcher is spared

ethical problems, but it can be argued that some dilemmas are the more acute
for ethnographers because of their moral involvement with their information’s
or are the more likely to arise in anthropological and other participant
observation studies. Only a few of the issues can be considered here.

1. Scientist and Citizen: One set of dilemmas, which may create personal,
political, or legal difficulties arises out of a difference between a scientist
and a citizen. Whether these roles are taken as combined in the person of
the ethnographer or as divided between researcher and informants.
Whether one holds that activities as scientist or citizen and as scientist or
person should be balanced or separated, or are inseparable and totally
independent, personal characteristics of a researcher may be especially
salient in such fieldwork context. Gender, age, ethnicity, nationality,
personality and political or religious convictions may affect the
acceptability of the researcher to the host population, gate keepers,
sponsors or colleagues, constrain behavior in the field, and may cause
moral and ethical and logical problems.
2. Stressful, dangerous and illegal situation: - Fieldwork is a difficult and
taxing activity, one not for the faint-hearted or self-conscious demonstrate.
Some field situations may necessitate participation in socially dis-
approved, dangerous, illicit or criminal activities. Fieldwork may also
involve, the situations, which threatens the moral code, values or personal
integrity of the researchers.
3. Back stage and covert researcher: - Another dilemma for ethnographers is
the various ways in which their real interest or re4search role maybe
hidden from, or become, invisible” to those being studies.
4. Date protection: - Social researchers are also increasingly presented with
problems relating to other social covering matters such as privacy and
confidentiality, freedom of information’s, date protection and libel, in
relation to which neither they nor their date may be protected or
privileged. Ethnographers-a mass a considerable quantity of personal and
or confidential information, gossips, etc about individual citizens, groups
 and organizations in their field notes, diaries, photographs and films and
audio and video recordings.
5. Lack of precision and accuracy: - Ethnographic information’s involve
personal biasness of the researcher. Therefore the information’s collected
in the ethnographic research is lacking accuracy.
6. Time consuming: - Time is the mere precisions of all the things a
researcher have since ethnographic information’s involve thoughly
recording of the events and complete observation is carried out which
requires more time. Hence the ethnographic search is a time consuming
venture,.
7. Costly.:-Approaching the area residing and recording of the related
information is a laborious work which need heave budgeting and the
resources are spent lavishly.
Merits of Ethnographic research: -
1. First hand information’s: - Ethnographer is always busy in collecting
first hand information as he himself approaches the area and collects
information always by himself.
2. Rapport making: - An ethnographer is a sociologist who makes
friendly environment with the populace of the area as he is considered
to be field worker.
3. Multiple information’s: While studying the ethnographic qualities of a
society or community, a researcher is therefore lucky in collecting
information regarded as important for the study. He collects
information’s related to culture, religion, racios social and political
environments. Therefore ethnographic research is useful in collecting
data of multiple use.
4. Presence of facts: - As given earlier, a researcher is always interested
in truth s collection. As a researcher himself visits the area, collect he
under processes the date and further information’s collected. Therefore
those information’s are collected as facts, the truth to be so called.