How To Build An FM transmitter Circuit Its

Working and Applications

The FM transmitter is a singal transistor circuit. In the

telecommunication , the frequency modulation (FM) transfer the
information by verying the frequency of carrier wave according to the
message signal. Generally, the FM transmitter uses VHF radio
frequencies of 87.5 to 108.0 mhz to transmit & receiver the fm signal.
This transmitter accomplishes the most excellent range with less
power. The performance and working of the wireless audio
transmitter circuit is depends on the induction coil & variable
capacitor . This article will explain about the working of the FM
transmitter circuit with its applications.

What is an FM transmitter
The FM transmitter is a low power transmitting the sound, this
transmitter transmits the audio signal through the carrier wave by
the difference of frequency. The carrier wave frequency is
equivalent to the audio signal of the amplitude and the FM
transmitter produce VHF band of 88 to 108 MHz . Plese follow the
below link for : Know all about Power amplifiers for FM transmitter.
The following image shows the block diagram of the FM
transmitter and the required components of the FM
transmitter are; microphone, audio pre amplifier, modulator,
oscillator, RF- amplifier and antenna. There are two frequencies
in the FM signal, first one is carrier frequency and the other
one is audio frequency. The audio frequency is used to
modulate the carrier frequency. The FM signal is obtained
by differing the carrier frequency by allowing the AF. The
FM transistor consists of oscillator to produce the RF signal.
Working of FM Transmitter Circuit

The following circuit shows the FM transmitter circuit and

the required electrical and electronic components for this circuit
is the power supply of 9V, resistor, capacitor, trimmer
capacitor, inductor, mic, transmitter, and antenna. Let us
consider the microphone to understand the sound signals
and inside the mic there is a presence of capacitive
sensor. It produces according to the vibration to the
change .of air pressure and the AC signal.
The formation of the oscillating tank circuit can be done through
the transistor of 2N
3904 by using the inductor and variable capacitor.
The transistor used in this circuit is an NPN transistor used for
general purpose amplification. If the current is passed at the inductor
L1 and variable capacitor then the tank circuit will oscillate at the
resonant carrier frequency of the FM modulation. The negative
feedback will be the capacitor C2 to the oscillating tank circuit.

To generate the radio frequency carrier waves the FM

transmitter circuit requires an oscillator. The tank circuit is
derived from the LC circuit to store the energy for oscillations.
The input audio signal from the mic penetrated to the base
of the transistor, which modulates the LC tank circuit carrier
frequency in FM format.
The variable capacitor is used to change the resonant
frequency for fine modification to the FM frequency band.

The modulated signal from the antenna is radiated as radio

waves at the FM frequency band and the antenna is nothing but
copper wire of 20cm long and 24 gauge.

In this circuit the length of the antenna should be significant and

here you can use the 25-27 inches long copper wire of the
antenna.
 Application of Fm Transmitter
 The FM transmitters are used in the homes like sound systems in halls
to fill the sound with the audio source.
 These are also used in the cars and fitness centers.
 The correctional facilities have used in the FM transmitters to reduce
the prison noise in common areas.


Advantages of the FM Transmitters

 The FM transmitters are easy to use and the price is low
 The efficiency of the transmitter is very high
 It has a large operating range
 This transmitter will reject the noise signal from an amplitude
variation.
Disadvantages of the FM Transmitter
 In the FM transmitter the huge wider channel is required.
 The FM transmitter and receiver will tend to be more complex.
 Due to some interference there is poor quality in the received signals
In this article we have discussed about the FM transmitter circuit
working and its applications.
I hope by reading this article you have gained some basic
knowledge about the working of FM transmitter.
If you have any queries about this article or to implement electronics
projects for engineering students, please feel free to comment in
the below section.
Here is the question for you, what is the function of the FM
transmitter?
FM Receiver

A radio or FM receiver is an electronic device that receives radio

waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable
form.
An antenna is used to catch the desired frequency waves.
The receiver uses electronic filters to separate the
desired radio frequency signal from all the other signals picked
up by the antenna, an electronic amplifier to increase the power of
the signal for f rther processing, and finally recovers the desired
information through demodulation.
Of the radio waves, FM is the most popular one. Frequency
modulation is widely used for FM radio broadcasting.
It is also used in telemetry, radar, seismic prospecting, and
monitoring new borns for seizures via EEG, two-way radio
systems, music synthesis, magnetic tape-recording systems and
some video- transmission systems.
An advantage of frequency modulation is that it has a larger
signal- to- noise ratio and therefore rejects radio frequency
interference better than an equal power amplitude modulation
(AM) signal.
FM frequency ranges

Frequency modulation is used in a radio broadcast in the

88-108MHz VHF band.
This bandwidth range is marked as FM on the band scales
of radio receivers, and the devices that are able to receive
such signals are called FM receivers.
The FM radio transmitter has a 200kHz wide channel.

The maximum audio frequency transmitted In FM is 15 kHz

as compared to 4.5 kHz in AM. This allows a much larger range
of frequencies to be transferred in FM and thus the quality
of FM transmission is significantly higher than of AM
transmission. Presented below is an electronics circuit for
FM receiver along with its full
List of Components
 IC- LM386
 T1 BF494
 T2 BF495
 4 turn 22SWG 4mm dia air core
 C1 220nF
 C2 2.2nF
 C 100nF * 2
 C4 10uF
 C5 10uF (25 V)
 C7 47nF
 C8 220 uF(25 V)
 C9 100 uF (25 V) * 2
 R 10KΩ * 2
 R3 1KΩ
 R4 10Ω
 Variable resistance
 Variable capacitance
 Speaker
 Switch
 Antenna
 Battery

explanation.
FM Receiver Circuit Explanation

Here’s a simple FM receiver with minimum components for

local FM reception.

Transistor BF495 (T2), together with a 10k resistor (R1), coil L,

22pF variable capacitor (VC), and internal capacitances of
transistor BF494 (T1), comprises the Colpitts oscillator.

The resonance frequency of this oscillator is set by trimmer

VC to the frequency of the transmitting station that we
wish to listen. That is, it has to be tuned between 88 and
108 MHz.

The Information signal used in the transmitter to perform

the modulation is extracted on resistor R1 and fed to the
audio amplifier over a 220nF coupling capacitor (C1).
You should be able to change the capacitance of the variable
capacitor from a couple of picofarads to about 20 pF. So, a
22pF trimmer is a good choice to be used as VC in the
circuit. It is readily available in the market.

If you are using some other capacitor that has a larger

capacitance and are unable to receive the full FM bandwidth
(88-108 MHz), try changing the value of VC. Its capacitance is
to be determined experimentally.

The self-supporting coil L has four turns of 22 SWG enamelled

copper wire, with air core having a 4mm internal diameter.
It can be constructed on any cylindrical object, such as a
pencil or pen, having a diameter of 4 mm.

When the required number of turns of the coil has

reached, the coil is taken off the cylinder and stretched a
little so that the turns don’t touch each other.

Capacitors C3 (100nF) and C10 (100µF, 25V), together with R3

(1k), comprise a band-pass filter for very low frequencies,
which is used to separate the low-frequency signal from
the high-frequency signal in the
Antenna is a bit tricky
You can use the telescopic antenna of any unused device.
However, A good reception can also be obtained with a
piece of isolated copper wire about 60 cm long. The
optimum length of copper wire can be found
experimentally.

The performance of this tiny receiver depends on several

factors such as quality and turns of coil L, aerial type, and
distance from FM transmitter.

IC LM386 is an audio power amplifier designed for use in

low-voltage consumer applications. It provides 1 to 2 watts,
which is enough to drive any small-size speaker.

The 22k volume control (VR) is a logarithmic potentiometer

that is connected to pin 3 and the amplified output is
obtained at pin 5 of IC LM386.

The receiver can be operated off a 6V-9V battery.

This circuit costs around ₹120.

More on FM receivers in the slideshow below.

 What is a Radio Transmitter?

Out of all the equipment needed for radio broadcasting, there is no piece more
important than the FM radio broadcast transmitter or FM Transmitter.

Sure, the microphone picks up your voice, the audio processor

makes it sound better, and the mixer allows you to control various
aspects of the sound, but the most important piece of equipment is the radio
transmitter because it is responsible for taking the sound from your studio and
broadcasting it through an antenna to receivers throughout your listening area.
An FM radio transmitter consists of several pieces that work together to
transmit information (in the case of radio broadcasting, sound is that
information). A typical FM radio broadcast transmitter that is used in FM
broadcasting contains the following components:

 The power supply provides an electrical signal to operate the

transmitter.

 The oscillator creates the alternating current, a carrier wave, that the
transmitter sends through the antenna.

 The modulator adds information to the carrier wave. In the case of FM

(frequency modulation), the modulator either slightly increases or
decreases the frequency of the carrier wave.

 The amplifier increases the power of of the wave. More powerful

amplifiers allow for a larger broadcast area.

 Finally, the antenna converts the amplified signal to radio waves.

While the components of an FM radio transmitter may seem confusing to

some, they are actually quite simple.

Radio transmitters are used in a variety of applications, from radio and TV to

electronic devices, such as wireless internet routers, and they are often built in
schools as a project for science or electronics classes.

These types of transmitters, however, are far less powerful than those that
power your favorite FM radio stations.

If you’re putting together your own radio station, or you just enjoy tinkering
around with radio broadcasting transmitters, contact the experts at Progressive
Concepts who can help you gather everything you need to navigate the
airwaves.
What is radio receiver
In radio communications, a radio receiver, also known
as a receiver, wireless or simply radio is an electronic device
that receives radio waves and converts the information
carried by them to a usable form.
It is used with an antenna. The antenna intercepts
radio waves (electromagnetic waves) and converts them
to tiny alternating currents which are applied to the
receiver, and the receiver extracts the desired
information.
The receiver uses electronic filters to separate the
desired radio frequency signal from all the other
signals picked up by the antenna, an electronic amplifier
to increase the power of the signal for further
processing, and finally recovers the desired information
through demodulation..