Solved Past Papers Short Questions Only

Course: Human Computer Interaction (HCI) BS-IT 5th Semester (UOS)

Credits: Sir Wajid (HOD SCPT/IMS)
Prepared by: Osama Naseer 

1. Explain frameworks in HCI?

Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Frameworks are models that provide guidance
for health informaticists to complete user-centered design processes, usability tests,
IT adoption evaluations, and usability research.

2. Briefly explain what is meant by term cognition?

Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding
through thought, experience, and the senses".

3. What is meant by term perception?

Perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory
information in order to represent and understand the presented information, or the
environment.
4. What do you mean by affordance?
Affordance is clue about how an object should be used, typically provided by the
object itself or its context.

5. Give example haptic element in service design?

Haptic perception is the human ability to experience and interpret things based on
touch + movement. It is category of sensation.
Example: A customer runs their hand across a chair to judge the quality of its
materials and build.

6. Which type of evolution is applied to the B-release of the software? (B=Beta)

7. What do you mean by metaphor?

A metaphor is a figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that isn’t
literally true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison.

8. What do you mean by earcon?

An earcon is a brief, distinctive sound used to represent a specific event or convey
other information.

9. In groupware, what is major concept that is embedded in the time/space matrix?

Explain.
10.What do you mean by heuristics evaluation?
A heuristic evaluation is a usability inspection method for computer software that
helps to identify usability problems in the user interface (UI) design. It specifically
involves evaluators examining the interface and judging its compliance with
recognized usability principles.

11.Define key stroke level modeling?

Keystroke-level model, sometimes referred to as KLM or KLM-GOMS, is an approach
to human–computer interaction, developed by David Kieras and based on CMN-
GOMS.

12.Explain fits law?

This scientific law predicts that the time required to rapidly move to a target area is a
function of the ratio between the distance to the target and the width of the target.

13.Discuss direct manipulation as used in HCI.

Direct Manipulation is a human–computer interaction style which involves
continuous representation of objects of interest and rapid, reversible, and
incremental actions and feedback.
14.Introduce the concepts of recognition as they are used in HCI.
Recognition refers to our ability to “recognize” an event or piece of information as
being familiar.

15.Introduce the concepts of recall as they are used in HCI.

Recall designates the retrieval of related details from memory. You would use a
process of recall to retrieve the right answer from your memory.

16.Explain the concept of prototyping?

Prototypes are experimental and incomplete designs which are cheaply and fast
developed. Prototyping is the process of developing prototypes, is an integral part of
iterative user-centered design because it enables designers to try out their ideas with
users, and to gather feedback from users while you are still planning and designing
your project.

17.What do you mean by WIMP?

WIMP stands for "Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointer", denoting a style of interaction
using these elements of the user interface.

18.What do you mean by HCI patterns?

By combining different patterns, developers can use pattern relationships and
combine them in order to produce an effective design solution. As a result, patterns
become a more effective vehicle that supports design reuse.

19.What do you mean by term dialogue in HCI?

A dialog is the construction of interaction between two or more beings or systems. In
HCI, a dialog is studied at three levels −
 Lexical − Shape of icons, actual keys pressed, etc., are dealt at this level.
 Syntactic − The order of inputs and outputs in an interaction are described at this
level.
 Semantic − At this level, the effect of dialog on the internal application/data is
taken care of.

20.Explain usability in HCI?

Usability is the ease of use and learnability of a human-made object such as a tool or
device.

21.What do you mean by multimodal interaction?

Multimodal user interfaces are a research area in human-computer interaction(HCI).
 The advantage of multiple input modalities is increased usability.
the weaknesses of one modality are offset by the strengths of another.

22.What do you mean by usability engineering?

Usability is all about how users interact with technology, and usability
engineering studies the human-computer interface (HCI) in depth. Usability
engineering requires a firm knowledge of computer science and psychology and
approaches product development based on customer feedback.

23.What do you mean by groupware application?

Collaborative software or groupware is application software designed to help people
involved in a common task to achieve their goals. One of the earliest definitions of
collaborative software is "intentional group processes plus software to support
them".

24.What do you mean by 3D interaction?

In 3D user interaction (3DUI) the human interacts with a computer or other device
with an aspect of three-dimensional space. This interaction is created thanks to the
interfaces, which will be the intermediaries between human and machine.

25.What do you mean by CSCW?

The term Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) was first coined by Irene
Greif and Paul M.Cashman in 1984, at a workshop attended by individuals interested
in using technology to support people in their work.

26.Define virtual reality?

The computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional image or environment
that can be interacted with in a seemingly real or physical way by a person using
special electronic equipment, such as a helmet with a screen inside or gloves fitted
with sensors.
e.g., Oculus Rift, Google Cardboard.

27.What do you mean by aircrafts?

An Artifact simply means any product of human workmanship or any object modified
by man.

28.What is evaluation process of any software product in HCI?

 Evaluation is an integral part of the design process and should take place throughout
the design life cycle. Its aim is to test the functionality and usability of the designand
to identify and rectify any problems. It can also try to determine the user’s attitude
and response to the system.

29.What are ubiquitous applications?

Any computing technology that permits human interaction away from a single
workstation is called ubiquitous technology or application. This includes pen-based
technology, handheld or portable devices, large-scale interactive screens, wireless
networking infrastructure, and voice or vision technology.

30.What do you mean by sensor based interaction?

Systems that users are able to interact implicitly or explicitly with through a sensor
are called sensor based interaction. Due to the advances in sensor technology, we
can utilize sensory data as a means of user interactions.

31.What do you mean by hypertext?

Hypertext is text which contains links to other texts.

32.What do you mean by dynamic web interface?

The Computer Hope main page has a dynamic web interface if it automatically
changes daily.

33.What do you mean by shared applications?

Application sharing is an element of remote access, falling under the collaborative
software umbrella, that enables two or more users to access a shared application or
document from their respective computers simultaneously in real time.

34.What are the biggest pitfall interaction models in HCI.

35.List the goals behind the implementation of an rich context in modeling rich
interaction?
36.What do you mean by dialog semantics?
The dialog notations we have seen more or less clearly describe the structure of the
dialog. We must now move on to meaning. There are two aspects to the dialog
semantics, inward toward the application, and outward toward the presentation. The
semantic part of the dialog should serve as a link between the two, performing as
little as possible itself.

37.What do you mean by textual dialogue notation?

 Diagrammatic notations included various forms of state transition network, Petri
nets, Harel state charts, flow charts and JSD diagrams. Under textual notations, we
considered grammars (regular expressions and BNF), production rules (event based
and state based) and CSP.

38.What do you mean by multimodal interaction?

Multimodal interaction provides the user with multiple modes of interacting with a
system. A multimodal interface provides several distinct tools for input and output of
data.

39.Identify the kinds of data that each entity relationships based techniques required.

40.Define designing for diversity?

Diversity in design means diversity of experience, perspective and creativity —
otherwise known as diversity of thought and these can be shaped by multiple factors
including race, ethnicity, gender, age, sexual identity, ability/disability and location,
among others.

41.Explain pointing in WIMP interface?

WIMP stands for window, icon, menu and pointer. The pointer is an onscreen symbol
that represents movement of a physical device that the user controls to select icons,
data elements, etc.

42.Explain shared aircrafts?

Fractional Aircraft is a common term for fractional ownership of aircraft where
multiple owners share the costs of purchasing, leasing and operating the aircraft.
Commercial programs for large aircraft include NetJets, Flexjet, PlaneSense, and
AirSprint.

43.Explain status event analysis?

A theme that has run through my work for several years has been the analysis and
specification of interfaces including both status and event phenomena. The word
'event' is self-evident. Whereas events happen at a particular time, status refers to
phenomena which have some continuity.

44.List down core features of user interface management system.

It improves:
i. Portability
ii. Reusability
iii. Multiple interfaces
iv. Customizability
45.Define rationale.
An explanation of controlling principles of opinion, belief, practice, or phenomena is
called rationale.

46.What are augmented realities?

Augmented reality (AR) is an interactive experience of a real-world environment
where the objects that reside in the real-world are enhanced by computer-generated
perceptual information, sometimes across multiple sensory modalities, including
visual, auditory, haptic, somatosensory and olfactory.

47.What do you mean by HCI patterns?

An approach to reusing knowledge about successful design solutions Originated in
architecture. A pattern is an invariant solution to a recurrent problem within a
specific context.
Examples:
 Light on Two Sides of Every Room (architecture)
 Go back to a safe place (HCI)

48.Explain ergonomics?
“Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the
understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and
the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to
optimize human well-being and overall system performance.”

49.Explain navigation design?

A central theme in web design is the development of a web navigation interface that
maximizes usability. A website's overall navigational scheme includes several
navigational pieces such as global, local, supplemental, and contextual navigation; all
of these are vital aspects of the broad topic of web navigation.

50.What are “think aloud” evaluation techniques?

Think-aloud techniques have been described as "eavesdropping on
someone'sthinking." With this strategy, teachers verbalize aloud while reading a
selection orally. Their verbalizations include describing things they're doing as they
read to monitor their comprehension.

51.What is meant by user centered design?

User-centered design is an iterative design process in which designers focus on
the users and their needs in each phase of the design process. UCD calls for
 involving users throughout the design process via a variety of research
and design techniques so as to create highly usable and accessible products for them.

52.What is meant by chunking?

Chunking enhances working memory most effectively when a string of information is
broken into chunks of five to nine items.

53.Explain one of limitations in human eye? Describe how this should be taken into
account in the design of visual interface?
The typical human eye is only capable of perceiving light at wavelengths between
390 and 750 nanometers. We should design interface within this limitation.

54.Explain ubiquitous computing.

Ubiquitous computing (or "ubicomp") is a concept in software engineering and
computer science where computing is made to appear anytime and everywhere. In
contrast to desktop computing, ubiquitous computing can occur using any device, in
any location, and in any format.

55.Distinguish between direct and indirect communication? How can each be

supported in groupware?
Direct communication is when the speaker clearly relays his thoughts and opinion in
his verbal message. While indirect communication is defined as gathering
information from more than the words spoken by the communicator. Ab how can
each be supported in groupware Ka Nhi Pata 
56.Explain models in HCI?
Special interaction models are designed specifically to describe usability properties,
including:
– predictability and observability
– what you can tell about the system from looking at it
– reachability and undo
– what you can do with it.
Most formal models and notations focus on events and changes that happen when
they occur, but we need richer models to deal with:
– interstitial behavior
– the things that happen between events such as dragging an icon
– physical objects in ubiquitous computing or virtual reality
– the tension between precise time and more fuzzy human ideas of time.

KEEP SMILING  BEST OF LUCK 