1.

Bill of Rights- A bill of rights, sometimes called a declaration of rights, is a list of the most
important rights to the citizens of a country. The purpose of these bills is to protect those rights
against infringement.

2. Natural Rights- natural rights are those not contingent upon the laws, customs, or beliefs of
any particular culture or government, and therefore universal and inalienable.

3. Political Rights- political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from
infringement by governments and private organizations, and ensure one's ability to participate in
the civil and political life of the state without discrimination or repression.

4. Constitutional Rights- A constitutional right is a legal right of its citizens (and possibly others
within its jurisdiction) protected by a sovereignty's constitution.

5. Statutory Rights- Statutory rights are a person's legal rights granted by local and national
government. These rights are based on cultural customs and differ from one country to another. A
key example of a statutory right is the right of employees to be paid for the work they perform.

6. Due Process of Law- A fundamental, constitutional guarantee that all legal proceedings will be
fair and that one will be given notice of the proceedings and an opportunity to be heard before the
government acts to take away one's life, liberty, or property. Also, a constitutional guarantee that
a law shall not be unreasonable, Arbitrary, or capricious.

7. Procedural Due Process- Principle required by the Constitution that when the state or
federal government acts in such a way that denies a citizen of a life, liberty, or
property interest, the person must first be given notice and the opportunity to be
heard.

8. substantive due process- substantive due process (SDP) is a principle which allows federal
courts to protect certain fundamental rights from government interference

9. Equal Protection of Law- the right of all persons to have the same access to the law and
courts, and to be treated equally by the law and courts, both in procedures and in the substance
of the law.

10. Class Legistation-A term applied to statutory enactments which divide the people or subjects
of legislation into classes, with reference either to the grant of privileges or the imposition of
burdens, upon an arbitrary, unjust, or invidious principle of division, or which, though the
principle of division may be sound andjustifiable, make arbitrary discriminations between those
persons or things coming within the same class.

11. Right of Privacy- The right to privacy is a human right and an element of
various legal traditions which may restrain both government and private party action that
threatens theprivacy of individuals.
12. Probable Cause- probable cause (also referred to as reasonable cause) is the standard by
which an officer or agent of the law has the grounds to obtain a warrant for, or as an exception to
the warrant requirements for, making an arrest or conducting a personal or property search, etc.
when criminal charges are being considered.

13. Search Warrant-A search warrant is a court order issued by a magistrate, judge or Supreme
Court official that authorizes law enforcement officers to conduct a search of a person, location,
or vehicle for evidence of a crime and to confiscate evidence if it is found. A search warrant
cannot be issued in aid of civil process.

14. Warrant of arrest- An arrest warrant is a warrant issued by a judge on behalf of the state,
which authorizes the arrest and detention of an individual, or the search and seizure of an
individual's property.

15. Cross examination- cross-examination is the interrogation of a witness called by one's

opponent.

16. inadmissable evidence- Evidence that can not be presented to the jury or decision
maker for any of a variety of reasons: it was improperly obtained, it is prejudicial
(the prejudicial value outweighs the probative value), it is hearsay, it is not relevant
to the case etc.

17. freedom of expression- freedom of expression is the right of every individual to hold opinions
without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media
and regardless of frontiers.

18. religious freedom- Freedom of religion or Freedom of belief is a principle that supports
the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion
or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance; the concept is generally recognized also
to include the freedom to change religion or not to follow any religion

19. non establishment clause- No

law shall be made respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of
religious profession and worship, without
discrimination or preference shall forever be ed. No
religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil
or political rights.

20. freedom to believe- a group of liberties that allows people to choose whether to worship and
how to worship.
21. freedom to act to one belief- Freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief may be
subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to
protect public safety, order, health, morals or the fundamental rights and
freedoms of others.

22. power of eminent domain- The power to take private property for public use by a state,
municipality, or private person or corporation authorized to exercise functions of public character,
following the payment of just compensation to the owner of that property.

23. Expropriation- occurs when a public agency (for example, the provincial government and its
agencies, regional districts, municipalities, school boards and utilities) takes private property for a
purpose deemed to be in the public interest

24. Sequestration- Sequestration (in law) is the act of removing, separating, or seizing anything
from the possession of its owner under process of law for the benefit of creditorsor the state.

25. police power- police power is the capacity of the states to regulate behavior and enforce order
within their territory for the betterment of the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of their
inhabitants.

26. power of taxation- Constitutionally-granted power of a government to impose and collect taxes, as
the means of raising revenue within its jurisdiction.

27. pauper litigant- An impoverished person who is supported at public expense; an indigent litigant
who is permitted to sue or defend without paying costs; an impoverished criminal defendant who
has a right to receive legal services without charge.

28. docket fee- a sum of money charged by a court for placing a case on its docket or calendar.
In other words it means a set amount chargeable as part of the expenses of the action.

29. preliminary investigation- an inquiry conducted by law enforcement representatives to

gather more information about an allegation.

30. prima facie case- a plaintiff's lawsuit or a criminal charge which appears at first blush to be
"open and shut."

31. right against self-incrimination- The right against self-incrimination forbids the government
from compelling any person to give testimonial evidence that would likely incriminate him during a
subsequent criminal case.

32. right to remain silent- The right to remain silent is a legal right recognized, explicitly or by
convention, in many of the world's legal systems.
33. testimonial compulsion- this is confined to the oral evidence of a person standing his trial for
an offence when called to the witness-stand

34. writ of amparo- this is confined to the oral evidence of a person standing his trial for an offence
when called to the witness-stand

35. writ of habeas corpus- a writ (court order) that requires a person under arrest to be brought
before a judge or into court.

36. right to bail- a right to be released on bail before the trial.

37. reclusion perpetua- is a particular kind of sentence of imprisonment in

thePhilippines, Argentina, and several other countries.

38. Recognizance- A recorded obligation, entered into before a tribunal, in which an individual
pledges to perform a specific act or to subscribe to a certain course of conduct.

39. presumption of innocence- the principle that one is considered innocent until proven guilty.

40. counsel de officio- a counsel, appointed by the court from among such members of the bar in
good standing who, by reason of their experience and ability, may adequately defend the
accused.

41. martial law- the imposition of military power over designated regions on an emergency basis.

42. trial in absentia- A person who is subject to criminal proceedings in a court of law but is not
physically present at those proceedings

43. ex post facto law- a law that retroactively changes the legal consequences (or status) of
actions that were committed, or relationships that existed, before the enactment of the law.

44. bill of attainder- an act of a legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of some
crime and punishing them without privilege of a judicial trial.

45. bill of pains and penalties- A special act of the legislature which inflicts a punishment, less than
death, upon persons supposed to be guilty of high offences, Such as; treason and felony, without
any conviction in the ordinary course of judicial proceedings.

46. right against double jeopardy

47. life
48. liberty
49. property
50. subpoena adtersificadum
51. subpoena duces tecum