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2010
MRI Instrumentation
Raimo Sepponen
Elektroniikan laitos
Aalto yliopiston teknillinen korkeakoulu
MRI System
Equipment room
RF source
Gradient
Shim
Faraday shield Power supply
Control SE: RF: 100 ‐120 dB
room
Console
Computer
Storage
Monitors
Magnet room
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24.3.2010
RF Interference
MRI Clinics of North America: Vol.7, No. 4: Nov. 1999
RFI Interference
BW 100 kHz BW 50 kHz
chickscope.beckman.uiuc.edu
2
24.3.2010
Instability artefact
chickscope.beckman.uiuc.edu
MRI system
Damping
RF Modulator
and F
Matching Amplifier
p e
Circuits
Quadrature
detector
Optical link Operator
Image
A/D console
Converter
processor Storage
3
24.3.2010
MRI system
Damping
RF Modulator
and F
Matching Amplifier
p e
Circuits
Quadrature
detector
Optical link Operator
Image
A/D console
Converter
processor Storage
Coil and signal amplifier
• Reciprocity principle (Hoult) B1(x,y)
• Minimize electric field coupling – increases noise and SAR
• Resonance:S/N ~SQRT
SQRT (Q)
(Q)
• Matching: At resonance impedance of coil circuitry either very low or very high =>
matching circuitry mandatory
• Coil resonance should be wide enough for signal bandwidth
• Preamplifiers Noise Figure as low as possible
• When coupling the amplifier – avoid common mode noise coupling (e.g. Hoult)
• Multiple channels important – see the capability of sampling and converter units
to accomodate enough channels now and in future
• At high frequencies the coil may not be considered as a near field detector of low
impedance NMR signal
NMR signal – the displacement
the displacement current term of Maxwell
of Maxwell equations
becomes important
• RF coils are not very homogenous – a problem especially when quantitative
imaging is performed
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24.3.2010
Multiple channel head coil
Val. M. Runge et al: The physics of clinical MR taught through images, Thieme 2009
Subimages and final image obtainned with
multichanne coil
Val. M. Runge et al: The physics of clinical MR taught through images, Thieme 2009
5
24.3.2010
T1 weighted images – same sequence parameters
Standard circular polarized coil Eight channel coil
Val. M. Runge et al: The physics of clinical MR taught through images, Thieme 2009
RF Inhomogeneity
chickscope.beckman.uiuc.edu
6
24.3.2010
MRI system
Damping
RF Modulator
and F
Matching Amplifier
p e
Circuits
Quadrature
detector
Optical link Operator
Image
A/D console
Converter
processor Storage
Quadrature error
chickscope.beckman.uiuc.edu
7
24.3.2010
Imaging process
See the dynamics of
the signal amplitude
Receiver overshoot
MRI Clinics of North America: Vol.7, No. 4: Nov. 1999
8
24.3.2010
Clipping ‐ ADC overflow
Digitizer Quantization ‐ Low Dynamic Range
chickscope.beckman.uiuc.edu
9
24.3.2010
MRI system
Damping
RF Modulator
and F
Matching Amplifier
p e
Circuits
Quadrature
detector
Optical link Operator
Image
A/D console
Converter
processor Storage
Minimum TE and gradients
Val. M. Runge et al: The physics of clinical MR taught through images, Thieme 2009
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24.3.2010
True FISP images: Weak and strong gradients
Strong gradients: Minimum TE 2,15 ms, TR 4,3 ms Weak gradients: Minimum TE 2,59ms, TR 5,18 ms
Val. M. Runge et al: The physics of clinical MR taught through images, Thieme 2009
Faster and stronger gradients – more slices per imaging time
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24.3.2010
Shimming
Spin Echo Gradient Echo
chickscope.beckman.uiuc.edu
Gradients
• Strong and fast gradients improve
performance
• Setling time is important not just rise time
• Due to eddy currents compensation is
necessary – also nonlinear sampling
• Gradients generate vibrations – may affect
diffusion imaging
• Local shimming capability is important for
spectroscopic studies
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24.3.2010
13