82 | Design of beams oo Se ee Example 61 on two masonry walls 250 mim nib a buted permanent action 01 Sore arerials to be used are grade C20 fected to 1 hour fire A rectangular reinforced concrete beam is simply supported 8.0 m apart (clear distance). The beam has to camry a di (excluding beam self-weight) and a variable action of 10 kN/m. The materia concrete and grade 500 reinforcement. The beam is inside buildings which subj resistance and design for 50 years design life. Design the beam. Example 6.2 ced concrete office building. During ickness of the slab is 125 mm and the ceiling and services form a is 3.0 kNim?, Three Figure E6.2 shows part of the first floor plan of a reinfor construction, slabs and beams are cast together. The overall this dimensions of the beams are as given in the diagram. The finishes, characteristic permanent action of 1.5 kN/m?. The characteristic variable action is r metre high brickwall weighing 2.6 kNim? is placed over the entire span of all beams. The construction materials consist of Grade C25 concrete and Grade 500 steel reinforcement. For durability consideration a nominal cover of 30 mm is required. Based on the information provided (a). calculate the design action carried by beam 2/B-C, (b). sketch the bending moment and shear force diagrams of beam 2/B-C, and (c). design the beam for ultimate and serviceability limit states.Example 6.3 ; /A-D for the Floor plan of an office building is shown in Figure E6.3. Design the continuous beam Jal following data: Variable load on slab 3.0 kim? Finishes, ceiling and services 1.5 kim? Characteristic concrete strength 25. N/mm? Characteristic stee! strength 500 N/mm Nominal concrete cover - 30mm ZL = 8000 mm, B= 3000 A= 110mm wa FBI =225 x 500mm, FB2=225 x 500 FB3=225 x 500mm, FB4 = ps Bas 2305 % 200mm, FB4 = 250 600 mmoT Design of beams | 87 65 Moment redistribution Moment redistribution is the transfer of moments to the less stressed sections as sections of peak moment yield on their ultimate capacity being reached. From a design viewpoint, this behavior can be taken advantage of by attempting to effect a redistribute bending moment diagram which achieves a reduction in the maximum moment levels (and a corresponding increase in the lower moments at other locations). Such an adjustment in the moment diagram often leads to the design of a more economical structure with better balanced proportion, and less congestion of reinforcement at critical sections. EC2: Section 5.5 permit the moment redistribution, provided that; : i. ‘The resulting distribution remains in equilibrium with the loads. : ii, ‘The continuous beams are predominantly subject to flexure. ifi, The ratio of adjacent spans be in the range of 0.5 to 2 There are other restrictions on the amount of moment distribution in order to ensure ductility of the beams. This entails limitations on the grade of reinforcing steel and of the areas of tensile reinforcement and hence the depth of the neutral axis. Example 65 : Referring to the three span continuous beam analyzed in Example 6.4 above, redistribute the moments after making a 20 % reduction in the maximum hogging moment at the interior support. Draw the envelopes for the maximum shear force and bending moment.Example 6.1 : Design of simply supported beam muds Ret Calculations Output SPECIFICATION h 6 Effective span, L = 825m Characteristic Actions Permanent, 2 15 KN/m (Excluding selfweight) Variable, 4 10 kN/m Design life 50 Years (Table 2.1 EN 1990) : Fire resistance R60 (See. 5 EN 1992-1-2) Table 4.1 | Exposure classes = xcl Materials 0 3.1213) | Characteristic strength of concrete, fx 20 Nimm* (Table F.1 EN 206) 3.2.2(2) | Characteristic strength of steel, fx 500 N/mm’ Characteristic strength of link, fyk = 500 Nimm* ‘Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 25 KNim’ (Table A.1 EN 1991-1) Assumed: tw = 20 mm Por = 12 mm Pim = 8mm ‘SIZE Overalldepth, h = L/13 = 8250/13 = 635 min |Use: b xh Width, b= 04h = 04x 635 =(. 254 mm = 250x650 mm DURABILITY, FIRE & BOND REQUIREMENTS Table 4.2 | Min, conc. cover regard to bond, Cminv 20 mm Table 4.4N| Min. cone. cover regard to durability, Cninur 15mm 4.4.1.2 | Min. required axis distance for R60 fire resistance, iTable 5.5 EN 1992-1-2| au - 30+10= 40 mm Min, concrete cover regard to fire, Comin = Ged ~ $ tink ~ B val? 40 - 8- 0.520) = 2mm 44.1.3. | Allowance in design for deviation, 4 Cer = 10. mm 4.4.1.12)| Nominal cover, Use: | ee Cua AGay, = e 1 > Stren) Sine 35 mm <. | sy 0990 | Design of beams page 2/6 Example 6.1 : Simply supported beam | = Output Ref Calculations LOADING & ANALYSIS Beamselfweight = (025 0.65)x 25 = 4.06 KN/m Permanent Joad (Excluding selfweight) 15.00 KN/m Characteristic permanent action, ¢ 19.06 KN/m Characteristic variable action, 94 = 10.00 kN/m Design action, rable A12B| wa =135ge+1Sqx = — ‘1.35(19.06) + 1.5 (10.00) EN 1990 = 40.73 KN/m wa = 40.73 kNim HA L= 825m Shear Force, V = wal 168.0 kN es see Moment, M = will8 M 346.6 KNm 61 MAIN REINFORCEMENT if Effective depth, et d= h-Coom- Pt = Pie = 587 mm d= Crom + Bring + Pad? Design bending moment, Mey = 346.6 KNm ; K = MIbd"fa eel = 346.6 x10" /(250x 587° x 20) 0.201 Redistribution = 0% Redistribution ratio, 3 0.484(6 = kk > ~ O.182[(6 = & hs 0.363 (3- ky)- 0.116 (5 ~ ky)" 0.167 Ko> Ke Compression reinforcement is required # d (05 +025 - Kull.134)] 082d = 082x587 = 481.8 mm (4=2)/04 = 263.1 mm a dix = 99/2631 = 0193038 => The compression steel wil fu = 08a 2» 09]a eae eee Example 6.1 : Simply supported beam page 3/6 Ref Calculations Output Area of compression stee! As (K ~ Kya) fabd? / 0.87/(d - d") = (0.201 -0.167) x (20x _250x_587* Use: 3H 12 (339 mm’) As Krafabd? | O8Ifnzoa + As 0.167 x (20x _250x_587°) , 0.87 x 500 x 481.8 = 1624 mm” 0.87 x 500 x (587- 49) - 252 mm’ i Area of tension steel 252 92.1.1 | Minimum and maximum reinforcement area. Aamin = 0.26(Fem/fyr) bel 0.26 (ZA /500) bd Q.0011 bd Use = 0.0013 ba = 0.0018 «250 x587 = 191 mm Asma O04, = — 0.04 bh = 0.04 x250 x650 = 6500 mm" Use: 6H 20 (1885 mm’) 62 ‘SHEAR REINFORCEMENT } Design shear force, Vex 168.0 KN 623 | Conerete strut capacity Vane = 036budfia(l ~fa/250)/ (cot @ + tan O) = (036x 250x_587x _20(J- 20/250) (cot @ +tan 8) = BEEN =D BO = Wdeg cord = 25 = 486KN PB = ASdeg cot = 1.0 Ves < Ved ma cot 9 = 2.5 Ves << Vadim c0t = 1.0 ‘=> Therefore angle 0 ait = 0.5sin” [Ves / 0.186 wife 1- fer/250)] = 0.5sin fo 168.0 x 10° iq 18x 250x 587% 20(1- 20/250 ). = 0.5sin (0.35) = 10.1° se = 220° tan = 0.40 cot @ = 2.48]Example 6.1 : Simply supported beam | Ref. Calculations ta Shear fin Amis = ¥ a . (0.78x S00x 587x 2.48 = 0297 Try ink HS Am Spacing s = 101/030 5 : Use 922(6 | Max. spai 075d = 0.75 x587 = 440 mm 92215) | Minimum links | Amis = 008f.'"bw 0.08 x (20)"? x 250 0.179 HS Aga = 101 mm = 101/018 Use = $62mm ~.> )0.75d= 440mm HB - 425 ‘Shear resistance of minimum links Von Asu/s (0.78dfp, cot 8) = (101 /425)x (0.78 x587 x500 x25) 134 kN Links arrangement 68kN x= (168- 134)/ 40.7 134kN = 083m | 1340 _ oy us 535 18-205 Hs. ns 08m 636m Toa 62.317) | Additional longitudinal reinforcement ‘Additional tensile force, Ou = 05Veacot 0 = OS x 168x248 298 ay Meams!t = 3466x 10°/ 481.9 = 719KN > apy aie ——— | sy 09Design of beams | 93 Example 6.1 : Simply supported beam page 5/6 Ref Caleulations Output | Aditional longitudinal reinforcement, As = AF a (08% = 207.94x 10'/ 0.87x 500 Use: 2H 20 = 478 mm? (628 mm’) 74 ‘DEFLECTION Percentage of required tension reinforcement, P= Arg bd = 1624 /250x 587 = 0.011 Reference reinforcement ratio, Po = fal x10° =(20)"x10" = 0.0045 Percentage of required compression reinforcement, P= As yl bd = 252 /250x 587 = 0.002 frase 74x | Factor forstructural system. K = 1.0 P > pe Useequation (2) N+1sJF, =10(+ 3214 023) = 144 Modificatin factor for span greater than 7 m =Wspan =7/8 = 085 Modification factor for steelatea provided, va = Aspos/Asry = 1885! 1624 = 1.16 <1.5 < Therefore allowable spar-effective depth ratio, | Wd yisoe = 144X085 X16 = 142 if Actual span-effective depth ne Wid)aes = $250/587 = 14.1 < (el wroave Ok! CRACKING Limiting crack width, Wma = 0.3 mm el stress, Su, G,4030, 1 TAS“ (356, +150.) 6 = ($00/ 1.15) x. [(19.1+(0.3x 10.0)) 140.7) x 1.0 235 N/mm Ok! sy 09Example 6.1 : Simply supported beam & ae Ref, DETAILINGDesign of beams | 95 \ q Example 6.2 : Simply supported beam page 1/8 i i Ret Calculations Output SPECIFICATION Brickwall 3m height All units in mm Slab thickness 100 mm Unit weight of concrete 25 kNim Weight of brickwork 2.6 KN/n LS Nim? 3.0 kNim*96 | Design of beams Example 6.2 : Simply supported beam Output Calculations — Ret. beri = 0.2; + O.llo $ O2le 0.2b1+ Olle = 915 mm 0.2/o= 1200 mm 0.252 + O.1lo = 825 mm beg = 915 mm bea: = 825 mm b =bi+b2+ by = — 2950mm Effective flange width, banEbait bw = = 915+ 825+ 250= 1990 mm 2.0, one-way slab. => Shear coefficient, By = 0.50 Panel B-C/1-2 : Ly/L, = 6/3.5 = 1.71 <2.0, two-way slab. => Shear coefficient, By = 0.57 Characteristic permanent load : Beam self-weight, We 0.25 (0.50-0.10)x 25 wy = Ayal = 0.57 x4.00 x3.50 Bynly = 0.50 x4.00 x 2.50 Brickwallws = 26 x3.0 Ge Characteristic variable load : wy = Buns = 0.57 x3.00 wa = Bunby = 0.50 x 3.00 OX ‘Total design load on beam 2B-C, w =135G. + 1501Example 6.2 : Simply supported beam Ret Calcul: 61 MAIN REINFORCEMENT, Effective depth, d= h-Crom=G tik 0.56 > = 451-5 mm Mes = 207.1 KNm Mc = 0.567 fabhe(d-0.5hi) = 0567 x25x 1990x 100( 451.5 - 50) = 1133 kNm Mes < Mr — Neutralaxis within the flange K Mralfabd? = me (25 x 190% 451.5) z= Arco + [025 - K/1.134)] =0.98d ‘Area of tension reinforcement As = Mes/087fnz = 207.1 «107 (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 451.5)} = 1110 mm? Minimum and maximum reinforcement area, 0.26fam/fx) ba = 0.26 (2.56 1500) bd = 0.0013 bd Use = 0.0013 bd = 0.0013 x 250 x451.5 = 151 mm? 4 Assnin’ 004A, = 0.04 bh 0.04 x250 x500 = S000 mm? Wal! -fa/250)) cot 0+ 1S2x_ 25 (1- 25 fan) Daeg cot = 2. 5 = ASdeg cra = 19 ar eeExample 6.2 : Simply supported beam Calculations 6 =O5sin" (Yee! 0.186 adfall-fa/250)] =0.5sin 138 x10 Tx 250x 452x25(1- 25/250 =0.5sin" {030} -88° Use: @ 220° tan@ = 040 cre = 248) Shear links Amis = Ves/0.78fndeot 8 = 1381 x10" /(0.78x S00x 452x 2.48) * 0.317 Try lini: H6 Aw = ST Spacing, s = 57/0317 = 178mm 92216) | Max. spacing, sax = 0.754 = 0.75 x452 = 339mm Minimum links A/S = 008fa' bel fx = 0.08x(25)"7 x250 /500 = 0200 — Trylink: §—H6 Am = Simm Spacing, s = 57/020 283mm << O.75d= = Asls\0-78df. cot @) = (57/275)x (0.78 x452 xS00 x25) a KN 46.0page 5/8 Example 6.2 : Simply supported beam Ref Calculations Output @ =0.Ssin” [Ves 0.186 wdfia(I- fer/250)) = 0.5sin”. 138 «10! rigx 250K 452x25(1- 25/250 ). = 0.5sin" (0.30) =8.8° Use: @ = 220° tan @ = 0.40 cot @ = 2.48 Shear links Agels = Veal 0.78fndeot 8 = 1381 x 10" / (0.78x 500x 452 x 2.48) = (0317 Try link = H6 Ay = 57 mm Spacing, s 57/0317 = 178mm Use = 9.2216) | Max. spacing, sm = 0.75 = 0.75 x452 = 339 mm . H6- 150 92.2(5) | Minimum links Asis = 0.0868 "bw / fre fe = 0.08x (25)'” x250 /500 cx 0.200 Try link: H6 Am = 57mm Spacing, 5 = 57/020 hse : = 23mm < 0.75d= 339 mm. H6- 275 Shear resistance of minimum links (sols \0.78dfy, cot 8) (S7/275)x (0.78 x452 x 500 90 kN x25)Example 6.2 : Simply supported beam page 6/8 Ref Calculations Output 624 62.46) ‘Transverse steel in the flange ‘The longitudinal shear stresses are the greatest over a distance ‘x measured from the point of zero moment. dx = 0.5(L2) =(L/4) = 6000/4 = 1500 mm The change in moment over distance Ax from zer0 moment, AM = (WLIMLI4) - (WL/4\LI8)= 3wL 32 = 3 x46x6.07/ 32 = 155.35 KNm ‘The change in longitudinal force, AFa = [AM /(d -0.Sha}x{(6 - bw25) 155.35 x 10" (1990-250) (452- 50) * (2 x 1990) = 169 kN AF 4/ (hedx) 169 x10"/ (190x150) = 1.13 N/mm? vei > O.2%fek =0.27 x 1.80 = 0.48 N/mm! ‘Transverse shear reinforcement is required ‘Concrete strut capacity in the flange ‘ Vesna = O4fa(l ~fa/250)/(cot 8 +tan 8) = (00x 25(1- 25/250 (cot 9 tan 8) 359Nimm’ => @ = 265003 cot@ = 209] = 450NImm! —> 6 = 45deg cote = 1.0] “YEH < Ved mm cot @=2.0 YEH < —vedmu cot = 1.0 Thereforeangk @ =< (65 0 Pa 0.2fax(1- fa/250)]Example 6.2: page 7/8 Simply supported beam i Ret Calculations Output Minimum transverse steel area, = 0.26(Famlfy) bh = 0.26 (2.56 / $00) bhe 0.0013 bhy Use = 0.0013 bie 0.0013. x 1000 x100.0 = 133 min’/m Asmin \dinal reinforcement Additional tensile force, AFu = 0.5V ca cot 8 - 0.5 x 138 x2.48 I7LKN 207.1 x 10°/ 428.9 483 KN #REF! AF AF us /O8Tfon 171 x 10°/ (0.87 x 500) 393 mm? Mana !2 Use H10 - $00 (157 mm'/m) Use : 1H 25 (491 mm) 74 |Table 7.4N DEFLECTION Percentage of required tension reinforcement, P = Assy /bd = NNO /250x 452 Reference reinforcement ratio, Po = Fad" x10? =(25)'*x10" = 0,005 Percentage of required compression reinforcement, PO = As ey 1b Factor for structural system, K = 1,0 PF Po iy -*[n 15a e+ ave 2] = 1O(I+ 3.81 + 0.00) = 148 Modification factor for flange width, b/b. >3 ere: Modification factor for ‘span less than 7 m - 1.0 Modification factor for steel area provided, A spotA sea = 1473 / 1110 =1.33 <15 ‘Therefore allowable ‘span-effective depth ratio, Hd \woniie = 14.81 0.80 x 1.00 «133 = 15.7 Actual span-effective depth Wd)eu = 6000/4515 = 13.3 < (Lid )uronne 0.010 0 /250x 452 = 0.000 Ok!Example 6.3 : Continuous beam page I/II Ref Calculations Output Dimension: Span, L + 8.00 m Width, B = 300m Slab thickness = 10mm Beam size = 225 x 500 mm ‘Characteristic loads: Finishes etc. = 15 KN/m? Variable, 9. = 3.0 kN/m* Materials : Unit weight of concrete = 25 KN/m? Characteristic strength of concrete, fa = 25 N/mm’ Characteristic strength of steel, fy, - 500 N/mm* ‘Characteristic strength of link, fa, - 500 Némm* ‘Nominal concrete cover - 30 mm Assumed: ows = 20 mm ‘ fur = 16 mm Pink = 6 mm Design beam 1/A-DDesign of beams | 1 page 3/1 Exampie 6.3 : Continuous beam Output aie Calculations Action on beam 1a/A-D: Distribution of action from slabs to beam are as follows; Panel I-la/A-D Ly/Lx= 8.00/ 300= 27 > 20, one-way slab => Shear coefficient, By = 0.50 Panel 1a-2/A_D: LyLx= 8.00) 3.00= 2.7 > 2.0,one-way slab > Shear coefficient, By = 0.5 Characteristic permanent action We= 0225 (0.50-0.11)x 25 2.19 KNim wy = BynLx = 0.50 x4.25 x3.00 = 6.38 kN/m wa = Punky = 0.50 x4.25 x3.00 6:38 kN/m Ge = 14.94 kN/m Characteristic variable action : Wi = Punky = 0.50 x3.00 x3.00 4.50 KN/m wa = Bunbx = 0.50 x3.00 x3.00 4.50 kN/m Q. = ~ 9.00 kN/m Design load, we 1356, + 150 = (1.35% 14.94) +(1.50 £9.00) = | 33.67 kN/m ‘ANALYSIS Continuous beam with equal spans, uniform action and Q4 Use moment and shear coe ficient from Table 3.14 BS8110;Part | peak wakNm wakNm { Lm Lm Lm a 8 c ° onset oage a Shear Force ants pore 005A o4se osse ogr Bending moment OsF O5se ose Fewlin = aL kN 3367x80 = 269 gy sy 09Example 6.3 : Continuous beam Ref Calculations a ie Output 921.1 MAIN REINFORCEMENT Span A-B & C-D Effective depth, d =H - Coan - # tink - 0:59 tw = 454.0. mm Bending moment, M = 0.09 FL. 0.09 x 269 x80 = 0.567 fabh ed - 0.5h) 0.567 x25x 2145 x 1334 kNm M < Mt ==> Neutral axis within the flange 194 kNm. 110 ( 454.0 - 55) MI fabd* 194 x 10°/ (25 x 2145 x 454. 0.018 z = d[05 +/025- K71134)} =0.98 Area of tension reinforcement As = M/087fycz 194.0 x 10°/ (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 454.0) 1034 mm* Minimum and maximum reinforcement area, Asin = 0.26(femlfyx) bd 0.26 (2.56 1/500) bd 0.0013 bd — Use = 0.0013 bd = 0.0013 x225 x454.0 = 136 mm* Aer 0.044. = 0.04 bh 0.04 x225 x500 = 4500 mm‘ 4 Support B & C Effective depth, d= h - Coon $ nt = br = 444.0 mm Bending moment, Mo= onFL = "O11 x269 x80 = 3 K = M/bdfy oe = B71 x 10°/ (225 x 444" x 25) = 0214 ieee? 9% Redistribution ratio, 6 = 1.0 al OSHS - kaka ~ 0.182105 = kya}? 0.363 (5-41)- 0.116 (6 -& = 0.167 4 Use: SH 20 (1571 mm) Using: EC2 ki= 0.44 A= 1.25 msy ‘09page 5/11 Example 6.3 : Continuous beam Ref Calculations Output K > Ke ‘Compression reinforcement is pea d= c+ Pin + 0.59 on = z- Fee eatin = 082d = 082x444 = 364.4 mm x = (d+z)/04 = 199.0 mm dk = 44/ 199.0 Li 0.22 < 0.38 => The compression steel! will have yielded fe = 08Tf ‘Area of compression steel Ag = (K~Kya) fabd?/ 087 a(d - 4’) = (0.214 -0.17) x(25x 205 x 4447 zs 0.87 x 500 x (444- 44) = 299 mm? Area of tension steel Use: 5H 20 As = Kwifabd? 08x20 a 4 (1571 mm’) = 0,167 x(25x 225x 4447) 087 x 500x364 7 = 1466 mm* Agmin = 0.0013 bd = 136mm’ ane =. 0.06bh = 4500 mm" (402 mun 444.0 mm = 151 kNm 0.567 fabh ed - 05h) 0.567 x25x 1345x 110( 454.0 - 55) 837 KNm pees ae cin aifengeExample 6.3 : Continuous beam Ref Calculations ‘Area of tension reinforcement Ay Aasnin gma M /087fuz 150.9 x 10°/ (0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 454.0) 804 mm" 0.0013 bd 136 mm 0.04 bh * 4500 mm Use: page 6/1! Output 3H 20 (943 mm’) 623 922(6) 62317) ‘SHEAR REINFORCEMENT Concrete strut capacity Vina, os ‘Support A & D Vig = OASF = 045 x 269 = 121 kN => Therefore angle 0 A ee Shear links Aw! s Try link = ‘Spacing, Additional longitudinal reinforcement ‘Additional tensile force, Fw Meimulz = 194.0% 10°/ 431.3 Avr (036x 225x_454x_25(1- 25/250.) = 0.36budfall - fa/250)/ (cot @ + tan 8) (cot @ + tan 8) 27KN => 8 414kN > 8 deg cord = 25 45 deg cot 6 < Vad. max Cot 8 =2.5 << Vra, max cot 8 = Veg 0.78f xd cot @ = 121.2% 10° /(0.78x 500x 454x 2.48) = 027 H6 Aye = 57 mm s= 57/0277 = 204mm < 075d = 341 mm = 0.5V scot 0 oF OS x121 x2.48 i 150 KN = 450 kN > AF = Ful 08% = 150-x 10°/ (0.87 x 500) ot 345 mm! Use : Use : H6 - 200 2H 16 (402 mm?)Example 6,3 : Continuous beam Ret Calculations Design of beams | 109 page 7/11 Output 92.2(6) 62.3(7) 9.2.2 (6) 62.307) Support B& C Veg = 060F = 0.60x269 Vea, mx cot @=2.5 < Va mas cot 8 = 1.0 => Therefore angle 0 < 2 Shear inks Am/s = Veal 0.78fydeot 8 = 161.6 x 10° /(0.78x S00x = 0369 Trylink: = HE Ay Spacing, s = 57/0369 = 183 mm = 57mm < 075d = Additional longitudinal reinforcement ‘Adkltional tensile force, Fe 0.5V cot 8 05 x1e2 x248 = AF / 087 200 x 10°/ (0.87 x 500) = ess Support B & C Vea = 0.55F = 055x269 = < Vd mm cot 6 =2.5 < Vad max Cot 8 => Therefore angle @ < Shear links Am/s = Vea! 0.78fudeo @ = 148.2 x10" /(0.78x 500 x 0.338 Try link H6 As Spacing, s = 57/0338 = 167mm = 57mm" < 0754 = ‘Additional longitudinal reinforcement ‘Additonal tensile force, SFu = 0.5¥eacot @ = Os xis Au = OF 4/087 q = 183 x 10°/ (0.87 x 500) = x248 = 162 kN 454 x 2.48) 341 mm |Use 200 kN Use 460 me 148 kN 454 x 2.48) 341mm |Use 183 kN Use : 422 mm H6 - 150 3H 16 (603 mm’) H6- 150 3H 16 (603 mm) sy 09110 | Design of beams Example 6.3 : Continuous beam page 8/1! Ref. Calculations ae Output 9.2.25) | Minimum links Amis = 0.08fa'"bw/ fy 0.08 x (25)"* x 225/500 0.180 Try link: = H6 Ay = 57mm Spacing, s = 57/018 = 314mm 92.2 (6) < — O.75d = 075x454 = 341 mm ‘Shear resistance of minimum links Vein = (Awl (0.78dfyx cot @) = (57/300)x (0.78 x454 x 500 x2.5) = 83 KN Link arrangement x)= (121+ 83)/ 33.67 = 4m (x2 = (162- 83)/ 33.67 = 234m (35 = (148- 83)/ 33.67 = 1.4m : Transverse steel in the flange ‘ongitudinal shear stresses are the greatest over a distance from the point of zero moment. -0.5( 0.3L) = 0.15 8000) Use : He - 300fl aan, ee See Me em Sto Eeeren et iets eS page wrt Ref Calculations Output Longitudinal shear stress ves = AF a/(hrdx) = 152 x10"/ (10x 1200) = 1.15 N/mm? ; 6.2.4(6) ver > 0.2%fex =0.27 x 1.80 =0.48 Nimm* => Transverse shear reinforcement is required Concrete strut capacity in the flange Vedmx = —0.4f(1 - fex!250)/ (cot 6 + tan 8) 40 x_25(1- 25/250) (cot @ + tan 8) = 3.59N/imm’ => @ = 265deg cot@ = 20) = 450Nimm => 8 = 45deg cot@ = 1.0] Vea < VEd may COtO =2.0 Vea < VEU may COt A = 1,0 <=> Therefore angle @ < 265° (ea/ 0.2fa(1-fa/250)] 1S. } 20 x 25(1- 25/250 ), "{026) = 743° Use: @ = 265° tan @ = 0.50 coe = 20 Transverse shear reinforcement Asse = Yeah / O.87f,,cot @ = 1.1Sx 110 /(0.87x so0x 2.0) ~ 0.15 Try: HIO Ay = 79mm! Spacing.s, = 79 / 0.15 540 mm 92.1.1 | Minimum transverse steel area, Armin = 0.26 an/fsn) bh ¢ = 0.26 (2.56 1500) bhy = 0.0013 bhr —Use= 0.0013 bh, Use : = 0.0013 x 1000 x110.0 HI0 - soo = 147 mm'/m, (157 mm?/m)Example 6.3 : Continuous beam Ref. Calculations 14 {Table 7.4N 73 Table 7.1N Table 7.3N DEFLECTION Check at span A-B Percentage of required tension reinforcement, P= Asm lbd= 1034 /225 x454 Reference reinforcement ratio, a Po = Ga x10 =(25) x10) = 0,005 Percentage of required compression reinforcement, pie Ar mied= 0,/725x 454 = 0.000 Factor for structural system, K = 13 P > Po Use equation (2) = 0,010 2" avi z] 2 =13(1+ 371+ 0.00) = 19:1 LeKlusisyf @ ? Modification factor for flange width, b/by > 0.3 = 0.80 Modification factor for span greater than 7m = 10=7/8 = 088 Modification factor for steel area provided, = Asgo/Ason = 1571 / 1034 = 1.52 > 1.5 Therefore allowable span-effective depth ratio, (Widdarowite = 19.1 0.80X O.88x 1.50= 20.1 Actual span-effective depth (Ud acct 8000 / 454.0 = 17.6 << (Ie )attowbte CRACKING Limiting crack width, Wax = 0.3 mm Steel stress, f= Fag G403Q, IIS” (1.35G, +1.50,) 6 = (500/ 1.15) x [114.9 +(0.3x 9.0) 133 Baie) )) 133.7) x 1.0 Max. allowable bar spacing = Bar spacing, $= [ 25-2930) -2(6) - (20) 2 = 66.5 mm < 150 mm, 150 mm, Output Ok! Ok! msy ‘09Example 6.3 : Continuous beam page 11/11 Ret Calculations Output DETAILING H6=200 | * | SS ; Sosa Ye¥ qo #8 c im Z| EB x BEAM 10/A-D sy 09page /5 Example 6.4: Continuous beam : Elastic Analysis ent Output Ref. Calculations Net SPECIFICATION Beam la/A-D in Example 6.3 will be analyse using moment distribution method and considering Load Set | arrange! ment. Three load cases will be considered. : 1, All span loaded with maximum load (1.35Gx + 1 SOx) 2. Span | and 3 loaded with maximum load (1.35Ge + 1.50), ‘and span 2 loaded with minimum load (1-35G) 3. Span | and 3 kaded with minimum load (1.35Gx), and span 2 loaded with maximum load (1.35G + 1 50x) Beam 1a/A-D wi kN/im w2kNim ws KN/m Beam size = b= 225 mm A 80m 8 80m c 80m A= 500:nm Loading : wir Ge= 1494KN/m Oe= 9.00 KN/m 1.35Gx+1.S0x = 33.67 KN/m 1.35G,= 20.17 kN/m wr Gx= 1494KNim = Qy= 9.00 KN/m 135G,+1.5Q, = 33.67 KN/m 1.35G,= 20.17 KN/m ws: Gx= 14.94KN/im = Qy= 9.00 KN/m 1356, +150, = 33.67 Nim 1.35G,= 20.17 kN/m = _2.20/(2.93+ 220) 043 Moment of Inertia : 1 = bAN2= 25 x 5007/12= 2.34% 10? mm* Stiffness : AB: ko, = 0.75//L = 0.751 / 8000= 2.20 x 10° nm’ BC :kec = JL= 11 8000= 2.93 x 10° mm CD ikco = O075I/L = 0.751/ 8000= 2.20x 10° mm’ Distribution factor: Joint B: Fax = keal(k eat k ac) ee a ean ipage 2/5 Example 6.4: Continuous beam : Elastic Analysis me | Calculations Gupat Case 1: All spans maximum load (1.356, + 1.5Q,) 33.67 KN/m_ 33.67 KN/m 20.17 KN/m [Sree err] 80m A B Fixed End Moment : -Mas = 33.67 x 8.0712 179.6 KNm “Mac = 33.67 x80/12 = 179.6 kNm -Mco = 20.17 x80712 = 107.6 kNm Moment Distribution : ol 0.57]0.43 Jo -179.6 179.6|-107.8 107.6 179.6 -41.1]-30.9 -107.6 0.0}-53.8 30.7/23.1 -19.80.0 11.3]8.5 ~4.4)0. 2.5] -1.6/0. 0.9} 00 Zi 138 O0 Shear force : IM@B a 33.7_ 7230.1 BVsn+ 230.1 - (33.7 x8.0x 4.0) = 0 Yaa = (1077 - 230.1 )/8.0 = 105.9 kN 80 Vox = (33.780) - 105.9 = 163.4N Vas Vea EM@C~=0 Yect 1581-2301 -(33.7x80x 4.0) = 0 Voc = (1077 -158.1 +230,1)/80 = 143.7 kN Vou = (33.7 x8.0) - 143.7 desig EM@D=0 8 Veo = 158.1 - (202 x8.0x 4.0) : 1.0) = 0 Yeo = (645 +158.1)/8.0 = 1004 kN p——_| Voc = (20.2 x8.0) - 100.4 - ON116 | Design of beams Example 6.4 : Continuous beam : Elastic Analysis Ref. Calculations Case 2: Max. (1.35G,+ 1.5Q0) Mi 33.67 KN/m_— 20.17 KN/m. A B Fixed End Moment : (1.386), Max 33.67 kN/m a 8.0m 8.0m 8.0m c D page 3/5 Output -(1.356.+ 1500 “Map = Moa = wh /12 = 33.67 xso712 = 179.6 KNm Mec = Mca = WLNI2 = 20.17 xg07/12 = 107.6KNm “Meo = Moc = wI'/2 = 33.67 x80 442 = 179.6 KNm Moment Distribution = Ol 0.43]0.57 0.57}0.43 10 }-179.6 179.6|-107.6 107.6|-175.6 179.6] 179.6 -30.9)-41.1 41.130.9 -179.6| 89.8|20.6 -20.6]-89.8 -47.3)-63.1 63.1|47.3 0.0)31.5 -31.5]0.0 5 13S 0.0/9.0 0.0 =3.9}-5.1 3.9 0.0/2.6 0.0 “1-15 51.1 00 172.7 -172.7 172.1| -172.1| 0.0l Shear force =EM@B=0 x p BVag+ 172.7 - (33.7 x8.0x 4.0) a ‘a9 = (1077 - 172.7) /8.0 Vex = (33.7x80) - 113.1 - es is Va *° Vex IM@C= 8 Vec+ 1727 - 172.7 - (20.2 x8.0x 4.0) = 0 172.7—_20.2_g172.7| ise * ie. 172.7 +172.7)/8.0 80.7 kN Se fon * (20280) -80.7 : x 80.7 kN Voc Vea =ZM@D-~0 8 Vep+ 172.7 - (33.7 x8.0x 4.0) V7) Dye 33.7 Yeo = (1077 +172.7)/8.0 = Voc = 3.780) - 1563 eo 80 — 13.1 kN, Veo ‘ Lr ‘oe msy 09a as Example 6.4 : Continuous beam : Elastic Analysis Tage 4) Ref Calculations ogee Case 3: Min. (1.35G,), Max. (1.356, + 1.50,), Min. (1.356) 20.17 kN/m _ 33.67 kt 20.17 KN/m 80m 80m 8.0m A B ¢ a Fixed End Moment : “Mas = Mea = wL7/12 = 20.17 x804/12 = 107.6 kNm Mac = Mca = wLi12 = 33.67 x80712 = 1796 kNm Mco = Moc = wi'2= 20.17 x80/12 = 1076 kNm Moment Distribution : ol 0.43/0.57 0.57]0.43 10 "i076 107.6)-179.6 179.6]-107.6 107.6 107.6 30.9/41.1 ~41.1}-30.9 -107.6) 53.8)-20.6 20.6]-53.8 ~14.2}-19.0 19.0]14.2 0.0}9. 4.1 0.9] [oo am os 00 Shear force ; EM@B=0 208 $¥ant+ 1724 -(20.2 x 80x 4.0) = 0 < Me = (645 - 172.4) /8.0 = 59.1 kN 80 w= (202x80) - 59) = 1022 45N Van Vex =M@c~ v 33.7 1 £ Bison; 172.4 7172-4 -(33.7x8.0x 4.0) = 9 4 ne = (1077 -172.4 +172.4)/80 = 134.7 kN Ven = G3.7x80) 1347 - foExample 6.4 : Continuous beam : Elastic Analysis page 5/5 Output Ref. Calculations SHEAR FORCE & BEND ‘Shear Force Diagram nail 1059 soul 391 09 113.1 x1 = 105.9/ 33. re UBM 3 y= 59.1/ 20. Span A-B & C-D : Mid-span moment My 105.9x 3.1/2 = 166.6 kNm Mz = 113.1x3.4/2 = © 189.9kNm A 59.1x 2.9/2 = 86.7 kKNm Span B-C : Mid-span moment My 143.7x 4.0/2) - 230.1 57.2 kNm Mz =( 80.7x 4.0/2) - 172.7 “ILA M; =( 134.7x 4.0/2) -1724 = 96.9 Bending Moment Diagram mmsy 09)Example 6.5 : Continuous beam : Redistribution Ref. Calculations Output SPECIFICATION In example 6.4, it is required to reduce the maximum moment at support. The requred reduction is 20% Original moment = 230.1 kNm Reduced moment = 0.80 230.1 = 184.12 KNm Redistribution Case 1: Shear force : ZM@B=0 BV ag+ 184.1 -(33.7 x8.0x 4.0) = 0 Vag = (1077 - 184.1 )/8.0 11.7 kN Vax = (33.7x80) - 1117 157.7 KN EM@C=0 8 Voc + 184.1 - 184.1 - (33.7 x 80x 4.0) = 0 Voc = (1077 - 184.1 +184.1)/8.0 134.7 KN Veo = (33.7 x80) -134.7 134.7 kN EM@D=0 8 Veo + - 184.1 - (20.2 x 8.0x 4,0) = Veo = (645 +184.1)/8.0 103.7 kN, Yor = (20.280) - 103.7 57.7 KN 2s force : @B~0 Ban + 184.1 - (33.7 x8.0x 4.0) = 0 = (1077 - 184.1 )/8.0 = 7 kN = 157.7 kN 184.1 - (20.2 x 8.0x 4.0) = 0 1)/80 = CP Vad T8telp. 33.7 4184.1 8.0 Voc Ves 184.Ipe 20.2 ya 8.0 Veo Voc 33.7 7 184.1 80 Van Tey:Example 6.5 : Continuous beam : Redistribution tput Ref Calcul our Case 35 Shear force EM@B-=0 202 71st! 8 Vast 184.1 - (20.2 x8.0x 4.0) = 0 Van = (645 - 184.1) / 8.0 = 57.7 KN 8.0 Vas Vea Vox = (20.2x80) -57.7 = 103.7 KN ZM@C 184. 33.7 4184.1 8 Vec* 184.1 - 1841 -(33.7x8.0x 40) = 0 p= Vac = (1077 - 188.1 +184,1)/8.0 = 134.7 KN 80 Vea = (337x8.0) - 134.7 = 134.7 kN Voc Va =M@D~0 184.Ip 20.2 8 Veo + = 184.1 - (202 x8.0x 4.0) = 0 Voo = (64S +184:1)/8.0 103.7 KN 8.0 Voc = (20.2x80) - 103.7 57.7 kN Veo WigExample 65 + Continuous beam : Redistribution Caleutations xy" MLT/ 33.7" 3.3m x2 117/337" 33m . x1" 57.7/ 202= 29m ‘Span A-B & C-D : Mid-span moment My WL%K33/2 = 185.2 kNm My" NNIK3.3/2 = 185.2 KNm My = $7.7%29/2 = — 824.KNm Span B-C : Mid-span moment pie 134.7% 4.0/2) - 184.1 = 85.236 KN 80.7% 4.0/2) - 184.1 = .22.76 kNm a (134.9 4.0/2) - 184.1 =6.1 Refer to Figure E6.2. Based on the information given, (a), Calculate the design action acting on beam B/1-3. (b). Sketch the bending moment and shear force diagram of beam B/1-3 and show all the important values. (c). Design all the main and shear reinforcements for the beam B/1-3 (@). Verify deflection and cracking. . ae (©). Sketch the detailing of the main and shear reinforcements designed above in longitudinal section and cross section. 62 Refer to Figure E6.3. Based on the information given; (2). Calculate the design action acting on beam C/1-3. (b). Analyse C/I-3 using moment distribution method. (©), Design all the main and shear reinforcements for the beam C/1-3 (@). Verify deflection and cracking. (©). Sketch the detailing of the main and shear reinforcements designed above in longituclinal section ard cross section.