Prepared By,

Mohit Hambardikar
(CORE ENERGY SYSTEM PVT. LTD)
(QA Engineer)
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the study of the
effects of work, heat, and energy on a
system.
Thermodynamics is only concerned with
macroscopic (large-scale)&microscopic
changes and observations
 The Laws of Thermodynamics:
Summary
Zeroth Law
  If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third,
they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
First Law
The increase in internal energy of a closed system is equal
to the difference of the heat supplied to the system and
the work done by it: ΔU = Q - W
Second Law
Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder location to
a hotter location.
Third Law
The entropy of all systems and of all states of a
system is smallest at absolute zero
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Thermodynamic Systems

5
Thermodynamic Processes
 Isobaric process : the pressure is constant.
 Isochoric process : the volume is constant.
 Isothermal process :the temperature is constant.

 Adiabatic process : no heat enters or leaves the

system; i.e. Q = 0.
 Isentropic process : the entropy is constant. It is also
known as reversible adiabatic process.
 Isenthalpic Process: occurs at a constant Enthalpy

6
The Ideal Gas Law
Ideal gas law : PV = mRT or Pv = RT,
where m is the no. of kmoles, v is the volume per kmole, T is the
absolute temperature in K, and the gas constant R = 8.314 x 103 J/
(K.kmol).
 For a constant quantity of gas, P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2.

Avogadro's law : For a given mass of an ideal gas, the volume and
amount (moles n) of the gas are directly proportional if the temperature
and  pressure are constant. V is proportional to moles n
v/n=k

P P V P increasing
T increasing
V increasing

V T T
The energy balance for a steady-flow
device (nozzle, compressor, turbine and
pump) with one inlet and one exit is:
 Fluid Moving Equipment

Fluids are moved through flow systems using compressors,

pumps, fans and blowers. Such devices increase the mechanical
energy of the fluid. The additional energy can be used to increase

• Velocity (flow rate)

• Pressure
• Elevation
CAS
 COMPONENT
 Intake Air Filters : Prevent dust and atmospheric impurities from entering
compressor. Dust causes sticking valves, scored cylinders, excessive
wear etc.
 Compressor : Pressurizes the air
 Inter-stage Coolers : Reduce the temperature of the air (gas) before it
enters the next stage to reduce the work of compression and increase
efficiency. They can be water-or air-cooled.
 After Coolers : Reduce the temperature of the discharge air, and thereby
reduce the moisture carrying capacity of air.
 Air-dryers : Air dryers are used to remove moisture, as air for instrument
and pneumatic equipment needs to be relatively free of any moisture. The
moisture is removed by suing adsorbents or refrigerant dryers, or state of
the art heatless dryers.
 Moisture Traps : Air traps are used for removal of moisture in the
compressed air distribution lines. They resemble steam traps wherein the
air is trapped and moisture is removed.
 Receivers : Depending on the system requirements, one or more air
receivers are generally provided to reduce output pulsations and pressure
variations.
Parts of reciprocating Compressor
 COMPRESSOR
What is Compressor?
A compressor is a device that pressurize a
working fluid, one of the basic aim of compressor is
to compress the fluid and deliver it to a pressure
which is higher than its original pressure.
PURPOSE
To provide air for combustion
To transport process fluid through pipeline
To provide compressed air for diving pneumatic
tools
To circulate process fluid through certain process
 Types of compressor

Type of
compressor

Positive
Dynamic
displacement

Reciprocating Rotary Centrifugal Axial

Compressor selection
Capacity of compressor
Capacity of Compressor basically
indicated by following two parameter
1. Pressure
2. FAD
What is FAD- Capacity of a Compressor?
The FAD is the volume of air drawn into a
compressor from the atmosphere. After
compression and cooling the air is returned to
the original temperature but it is at high
pressure
Suppose atmospheric condition are Pa Ta and
Va(the FAD) and the compressed condition are
p , V and T
Some definations
 Bore = Cylinder diameter.
 Stroke = Distance through which the piston moves.
 The two extreme positions of the piston are known as head-end
and crank-end dead centers.
 Clearance Volume (Cl) : Volume occupied by the fluid when the
piston is
 at head-end dead centre.
 Piston Displacement (PD) : Volume, a piston sweeps through.
 Compression Ratio (rv) : Ratio of cylinder volume with the piston
at crank-end dead centre to the cylinder volume with the piston at
head-end dead centre.
 Mechanical Efficiency : which gives an indication of the

losses occurring between the piston and driving shaft.

 Compressor Efficiency Definitions

Isothermal Efficiency

IsothermalPower
Isothermal Efficiency =
Actual measured input power

Isothermal power(kW) = P1 x Q1 x loger/36.7

P1 = Absolute intake pressure kg/ cm2

Q1 = Free air delivered m3/hr.
r = Pressure ratio P2/P1
 Compressor Efficiency Definitions

Volumetric Efficiency
Free air delivered m 3 /min
Volumetric efficiency =
Compressor displacement

Compressor Displacement = Π x D2 x L x S x χ x n
4
D = Cylinder bore, metre
L = Cylinder stroke, metre
S = Compressor speed rpm
χ = 1 for single acting and
2 for double acting cylinders
n = No. of cylinders
Reciprocating Compressors
Types
1. Single acting
The working fluid compressed at only
one side of the piston
2. Double acting
The working fluid compressed
alternately on both sides of the piston.
Frame HN2T - 150NP
1Frame
Assly.
2Inner Head
Assly. (LP)
3Cylinder
Assly. (LP)
4Outer Head
Assly. (LP)
5Inner Head
Assly. (HP)
6Cylinder
Assly. (HP)
7Outer Head
Assly. (HP)
Frame, Cross Slide, Crank shaft and
Connecting rod assembly 1. Breather
22. Crosshead
23. Cross Head
Nut
35. Connecting
Rod
40.Big End
Bearing
36. Connecting
rod Bolt
28,29. Stud,Nut
Breather: A vent or valve to release pressure
or to allow air to move freely around
something.

Crosshead: Is a mechanism used in large

 and reciprocating compressors to eliminate
sideways pressure on the piston.
Connecting Rod: connects the piston to
the crank or crankshaft. Together with the
crank, they form a simple mechanism that
converts reciprocating motion into rotating
motion.
 42. Belt wheel

Crank Case 13.Oil Seal Ring

18. Gasket for Cover
Flywheel end
34. Crank Shaft
25. Internal Circlip
24. Cross Head Pin
26.Cross Head Pin
43. Oil Cooler
8. Cover for Oil Pump
end
41. Oil Pump Assembly
44.Oil filter
12.Thrust washer
Oil Seal Ring :It prevent the oil the
oil to flow further

Gasket: is a mechanical seal which fills the space between

two or more mating surfaces, generally to prevent
leakage from or into the joined objects while under 
compression.
Circlip: It is a type of fastener or retaining ring
consisting of a semiflexible metal ring with open ends
which can be snapped into place, into a machined groove on a
dowel pin or other part to permit rotation but to
prevent lateral movement. There are two basic types: I
nternal and external, referring to whether they
are fitted into a bore or over a shaft.
Cross Head Pin : It connects the piston to the
connecting rod and provides a bearing for
the connecting rod to pivot upon as the
piston moves.

Thrust washer: Thrust washers are long-wearing flat

bearings in the shape of a washer that
transmit and resolve axial forces in rotating
mechanisms to keep components aligned
along a shaft. 

Crank Pin/Gudgeon Pin: Connects the piston to the

connecting rod and provides a bearing for
the connecting rod to pivot upon as the
piston moves
Piston Parts

1.Piston
Assembly
2.Rider
Ring
3.Piston
Ring
4.Sleeve for
piston
Piston Ring: Piston rings, mounted on
the pistons of lubricated or non-lube
(oil free) compressors, are designed to
ensure that the gas is compressed and
to provide a seal between the piston
and the cylinder.

Rider Ring:The function of

rider rings, used mainly in
oil free or mini-lube
compressors, is to support
or guide the piston and
rod assembly and prevent
contact between the
piston and the cylinder
(risk of seizure).
Working:
Reciprocating compressors generally,
employ piston-cylinder arrangement
where displacement of piston in cylinder
causes rise in pressure.
Sequence of operation
Ideal indicator diagram
The total work interaction per cycle
:
Chicago Pneumatic: For over a century Chicago
Pneumatic has represented tough tools designed
to make tough jobs easier.

Way back in 1889 John W. Duntley realized that construction workers in

particular had a need for many tools that weren’t yet available. He
founded Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company and set out on a lifelong
mission to provide all types of industries and companies the tools
necessary for their success.
Over the years Duntley grew the company through product innovation,
always insisting on product quality and reliability.
Manufactures of air & gas compressors & pneumatic portable tools like
grinders demolition tools, pumps vibrators, rammers hammers, etc.

Decades of innovation
1901 Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company is incorporated, after Duntley
persuades young steel magnate Charles M. Schwabto invest in the
company
1925 CP seals an agreement to manufacture the Benz diesel engine , 
used in various racing cars in Europe at the time. 

1930s Chicago Pneumatic construction and mining equipment is used in 
the building of the 

Lincoln Tunnel, New York
Triborough Bridge, New York
Chicago subway system
Boulder Dam, Arizona
Grand Coulee Dam, Washington
Eight dams comprising the Tennessee Valley Authority flood control and 
power generation project
Golden Gate suspension bridge, San Francisco

1940s In response to war effort demands, CP develops the “hot
dimpling machine,” a device that heats rivets to 1,000 degrees 
Fahrenheit
1960s Chicago Pneumatic customizes tools for the production of new 
aircraft designs: the Boeing 737 and 747,
1987 Atlas Copco acquires Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company
Chicago Pneumatic Competition

ElgiEquipment
Ingersoll rand
Revathi Cp
 Definition
 An apparatus or machine for raising, driving, exhausting fluid,
by means of a piston, plunger, or set of rotating vanes
 Principle of operation 

Centrifugal  force
(throwing)

Positive displacement
(physically pushing)
Type of Pumps
Pump Classification
Classified by operating principle
Pumps

Others (e.g. Positive

Dynamic Impulse, Buoyancy) Displacement

Centrifugal Special effect Rotary Reciprocating

Internal External Slide

Lobe
gear gear vane
 Centrifugal Pumps
Most common type of pumping machinery.  There are many types, sizes, and 
designs from various manufacturers who also publish operating characteristics of 
each pump in the form of performance (pump) curves.  The device pictured on the 
cover page is a centrifugal pump.

Pump curves describe head delivered, pump efficiency, and net positive suction 
head (NPSH) for a properly operating specific model pump.

Centrifugal pumps are generally used where high flow rates and moderate head 
increases are required.
 Terms to be familiar with

Impeller-
transmit energy
to pressure
Volute- water
passes and
pressure is
increased
 Centrifugal Pumps
 This machine consists of an IMPELLER
rotating within a case (diffuser)

 Liquid directed into the

center of the rotating
impeller is picked up by
the impeller’s vanes and
accelerated to a higher velocity by the
rotation of the impeller and discharged by
centrifugal force into the case (diffuser).
Working principles centrifugal
pumps
 "Head"
 Head is a term for expressing feet of water column
 Head can also be converted to pressure

Reservoir 100
of Fluid feet
43.3 PSI
Pressure
Gauge
 Head
Head and pressure are interchangeable
terms provided that they are expressed
in their correct units.
The conversion of all pressure terms into
units of equivalent head simplifies most
pump calculations.
Conversion Factors Between Head
and Pressure
 Head (feet of liquid) =Pressure in PSI x 2.31 / Sp.
Gr.
 Pressure in PSI = Head (in feet) x Sp. Gr. / 2.31
 PSI is Pounds per Square Inch
 Sp. Gr. is Specific Gravity which for water is
equal to 1
◦ For a fluid more dense than water, Sp. Gr. is
greater than 1
◦ For a fluid less dense than water, Sp. Gr. is less
than 1
 Centrifugal Impellers
Impeller
Vanes

“Eye of the
Impeller” Thickness
Water of the impeller
Diameter of
Entrance
the Impeller

Thicker the Impeller- More Water

Larger the DIAMETER - More Pressure
Increase the Speed - More Water and Pressure
Two-Stage Centrifugal Pumps

Two Impellers
within a single
housing
◦ Allow delivery in
Volume(parallel) or
Pressure (series)
Thrust balance in a multi-stage pump
 Positive Displacement Pumps
To move fluids positive displacement pumps admit a fixed volume of
liquid from the inlet into a chamber and eject it into the discharge.

Positive displacement pumps are used when higher head increases are
required. Generally they do not increase velocity.
Reciprocating Pumps
• Piston type
Vertical& Horizontal & double acting
• Plunger type

• Diaphragm pump
 Reciprocating pumps

Explain double acting, plunger type ,

vertical, horizontal, multistage
Diaphragm pumps
 Diaphragm Reciprocating pumps

Basic principle is similar to a reciprocating plunger pump/

Plunger pressurizes the hydraulic oil which when pressurized pushes the
diaphragm and discharge starts.
Stroke length can be adjusted and hence the dosing flow rate.
No direct contact of plunger with the solution.
Direct contact is only with diaphragm ( neoprene, Teflon etc)
 Figure 1: The air valve directs
pressurized air to the back side of
diaphragm "A". The compressed air is
applied directly to the liquid column
separated by elastomeric diaphragms.
The compressed air moves the
diaphragm away from the center block
of the pump. The opposite diaphragm is
pulled in by the shaft connected to the
pressurized diaphragm. Diaphragm "B"
is now on its air exhaust stroke; air
behind the diaphragm has been forced
Diaphragm Reciprocating pumps

out to atmosphere through the exhaust

port of the pump. The movement of
diaphragm "B" toward the center block
of the pump creates a vacuum within the
chamber "B". Atmospheric pressure
forces fluid into the inlet manifold
forcing the inlet ball off its seat. Liquid
is free to move past the inlet valve ball
and fill the liquid chamber.
 Figure 2: When the pressurized
diaphragm, diaphragm"A", reaches
the limit of its discharge stroke, the
air valve redirects pressurized air to
the back side of diaphragm "B". The
pressurized air forces diaphragm "B"
away from the center block while
pulling diaphragm "A" to the center
block. Diaphragm "B" forces the inlet
valve ball onto its seat due to the
hydraulic forces developed. These
same hydraulic forces lift the
Diaphragm Reciprocating pumps

discharge valve ball, forcing fluid

flow to flow through the pump
discharge. The movement of
diaphragm "A" to the center block of
the pump creates a vacuum within
liquid chamber "A". Atmospheric
pressure forces fluid into the inlet
manifold of the pump. The inlet valve
ball is forced off its seat allowing the
fluid being transferred to fill the
Diaphragm Reciprocating pumps

Figure 3: Upon completion of the

stroke, the air valve again redirects
air to the back side of diaphragm
"A", and starts diaphragm "B" on
its air exhaust stroke. As the pump
reaches its original starting point,
each diaphragm has gone through
one air exhaust or one fluid
discharge stroke. This constitutes
one complete pumping cycle. The
pump may take several cycles to
become completely primed
depending on the conditions of the
application.
Gear and screw
pumps
•High pressure and viscous fluids
•Used in Samd for lube and seal oil
pumps air booster of ammonia, 102-
J
Gear pumps

•High pressure and viscous

fluids
Example : lube/ seal oil pumps
See the solution is pushed out of
the pump physically
Only one gear is used ( Explain)