COMMONLY USED FORMULAS IN STATISTICS

1) Mean for Grouped Data

∑ 𝑓𝑥 ∑ 𝑓𝑑
𝑥̅ = or 𝑥̅ = 𝐴𝑚 + ( )𝑖
𝑛 𝑛
2) Median for Grouped Data
𝑛⁄ − 𝐹
𝑀𝑑𝑛 = 𝐿𝑀𝑑 + ( 2 )𝑖
𝑓
3) Mode for Grouped Data
𝑑1
𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝑀𝑜 + ( )
𝑑1 + 𝑑2
4) Standard Deviation for Grouped Data
𝑛 ∑ 𝑓𝑑 2 − (∑ 𝑓𝑑)2
𝑠 = 𝑖√
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
5) Tests Concerning the Population Mean
5.1) z – test
(𝑋̅ − 𝜇)√𝑛
𝑧=
𝜎
5.2) t – test
(𝑋̅ − 𝜇)√𝑛
𝑡=
𝑠

6) Tests on the Difference of Two Population Means

6.1) t – test for Independent Samples

𝑥̅ 1 −𝑥̅2 (𝑛1 −1)𝑠12 +(𝑛2 −1)𝑠22
𝑡= where: 𝑠𝑝2 = 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2
2( + )1 1 𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2
√𝑠𝑝 𝑛1 𝑛2

6.2) t – test for Paired/Dependent/Correlated Samples

𝑑̅
𝑡= where: 𝑑̅ = mean difference of the two samples
𝑠𝑑̅ /√𝑛
𝑠𝑑̅ = standard deviation of the differences of the two samples
𝑛 ∑ 𝑑2 −(∑ 𝑑)2
𝑠𝑑̅ = √ 𝑛(𝑛−1)

6.3) z – test for independent Samples

𝑋̅1 − 𝑋̅2
𝑧=
𝑠1 2 𝑠2 2
√ +
𝑛1 𝑛2
7) Hypothesis Test for a Population Proportion
𝑝̂ − 𝑝𝑜
𝑧=
𝑝𝑜 (1−𝑝𝑜 )
√
𝑛
8) Hypothesis Test on the Difference of Two Proportions

𝑝̂1 −𝑝̂2 𝑥 +𝑥
𝑧= 1 1
where: 𝑝 = 𝑛1+𝑛2 ; 𝑝 = the overall sample proportion
√𝑝𝑞(𝑛 +𝑛 ) 1 2
1 2

9) Analysis of Variance (one-way)

(∑ 𝑋𝑖 )2 (∑ 𝑥𝑖 )2 (∑ 𝑥𝑖 )2
𝐶𝐹 = ∑ 𝑛𝑖
; 𝑆𝑆𝐵 = Σ − 𝐶𝐹 ; 𝑆𝑆𝑊 = ∑ 𝑋𝑖 2 − ;
𝑛𝑖 𝑛𝑖
𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 𝑆𝑆𝐵 + 𝑆𝑆𝑊
 Sample Problems:
1. The test scores of 40 students in Educational Research is shown below.
Class Interval Frequency
54 – 56 3
51 – 53 2
48 – 50 1
45 – 47 5
42 – 44 6
39 – 41 8
36 – 38 4
33 – 35 6
30 – 32 2
27 – 29 3
Determine the following and draw a concise description for each result.
1.1 Mean
1.2 Median
1.3 Mode
1.4 Standard deviation
2. A recent survey says that Filipino children spend an average of 4 hours a day playing computer games with a
standard deviation of 30 minutes. A random sample of 9 children is taken from a normally distributed
population of children who spend an average of 3.5 hours playing computer games. Using the 1%level of
significance, would you conclude that the statement given in the survey is correct?
3. A researcher administered her researcher-made test on algebraic expressions to 15 Grade 10 students of
Saint Joseph Preparatory High School and 12 Grade 10 students of Saint Paul Science High School which were
selected randomly. Their mean scores and standard deviation scores are shown below:
School Samples Means Standard Deviation
Preparatory High School 15 4.02 1.57
Science High School 12 6.88 1.82
Is there significant difference in the mathematical skills along algebraic expressions by school? Assume that
the test score is approximately normally distributed.
4. It is believed that 65% of the squatter areas within UP Diliman Campus prefer to transfer to the new
relocation area. What conclusion can be drawn if only 105 of the 200 affected families favor the relocation
area? Use ∝= 0.05
5. A researcher conducted a survey to get the pulse of the people regarding the recent “rebellion” by the young
military officers. He categorized the respondents as old and young voters. Out of 500 old voters asked, 380
condemned the act while 290 of the 450 young voters said the officers’ action was permissible. Can we
conclude that the proportion of young voters is higher than the proportion of old voters? Use 𝛼 = 0.01 level
of significance.
6. A random sample of Grade 8 students were rated by their teacher on the degree of responsibility based on
the scale of 20 points. Here are their points at the start and at the end of the school year. Is there a
difference in the level of responsibility of the students at the start and at the end of the school year? Use ∝=
0.05
Start 15 17 10 12 14 19 20 17 16 16 15 17 18
End 17 10 14 17 16 14 13 18 17 18 16 14 14
7. A research study was conducted to determine the growth rate (in kilograms) of sargasium seaweed in Tawi-
tawi province using three different methods of planting. The data are presented below. Perform an analysis
of variance at the 5% level of significance. Is a difference in the growth rate of sargasium seaweed using the
different methods?
Floating Monoline Middle Line
2.34 2.05 1.60
2.00 1.98 1.28
1.98 1.58 1.54
1.87 2.23 0.92
2.40 2.60 1.50