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UNIT 4: GRAMMATICAL UNITS

1. Grammartical units contain sentences, clauses, phrases, words and phormemes.

- A sentence: I like listening to music while I do my housework.

- A clause: I do my housework

- A phrase: listen to music

- A word: music

- A morpheme: like

2. A morphere is the smallest grammatical meaningful unit.

- Free morphemes: the morphemes that can stand alone as independent words since
they are meaningful (they carry full sematic weight).

- Bound morphemes: the morphemes that cannot stand alone in the language. They only
modify the meaning or grammatical function of a free morpheme.

3. There are 5 types of phrases:

 - Noun phrases: a wonderful trip to Nha Trang

- Verb phrases: Sam has imagined her garden a paradise since she was a child

- Adjective phrases: pretty worried about my car.

- Adverb phrases: very well.

- Prepositional phrases: into the wood

UNIT 5: SYNTATIC FUNCTIONS

4. Syntatic functions contain:

- subjects

- objects:

+ direct/ indirect objects: He lends Rosy some money

+ prepositional object: I am talking to Jane

- complements:

+ subject complement (after linking V): My mom is a skillful designer

+ object complement (after O): He made his wife sad.

- Attributes:

+ attributive (before a N): there is an employment agency over there

+ predicative ( or subject complement): My mom is a skillful designer

- Adverbials:

+ a word: She sings well

+ a phrase: There are candies under the blanket

+ a clause: Eventhough it is freezing outside, Mary goes swimming.

 5. The sentence above is ambiguous because the function of this prepositional phrase is
dull.

- As an adjective phrase: I like the vase which is on the table

- As an adverb phrase: I like to put the vase on the table.

UNIT 7: NOUNS

1. There are 10 kinds of nouns: one-word nouns, compound nouns, common nouns, proper
nouns, countable nouns, uncountable nouns, collective nouns, material nouns, abstract
nouns, concrete nouns.

2. Functions of nouns:

- Subject: this hamburger is terrible

- Object:
 + Direct/ indirect: my teacher considers this essay a test

+ Prepositional Object

- Complement:

+ Subject complement: his son is an intelligent student

+ Object complement: mary sent her mother a present

- Attribute

+ Attributive: A new sport centre just opened last weekend.

+ Predicative: his son is an intelligent student

- Part of adverbial: He plays in the garden

- Apposition: One of the most beautifull places in Vietnam, Ha Long Bay, attracts
many tourists annually.

3. Free morphemes can be used to form compound nouns

EX: cupboard, raincoat

The derived nouns are formed by adding bound phormemes to free morphemes

EX: happiness, reading, royalty.

4.

- Adj + om: freedome, wisdom

- Verb+noun: playground, pick pocket.

5. cloth - cloths ( pieces of cloth for cleaning) / clothes ( pieces of cloth worn by people)

Penny – pennies ( number of coins) / pence ( amount of pennies in value)

6. above
UNIT 10: PRONOUN

1. A pronoun is a word can be used to replace a noun or a noun phrase, as the word
itself tell us: “pro”-noun.

Pronouns have certain characteristics of their own with regard to both meaning and
form, although their syntactical functions are simmilar to those of nouns and
adjectives.

Pronouns make sentences less repetitive while showing how the subjects and the
objects of a clause or a series of a clause are connected.

EX: him, himself

2.

3. There are 9 kinds of pronouns :

- Demonstrative pronouns: this is my bag

- Interrogative pronouns: who is that girl?

- Relative pronouns: the boy who sits next to you, is my brother.

- Indefinite pronouns: all ( students) go to school on Mondays.

- Personal pronouns: they are my relatives

- Impersonal pronouns: it was Alex who gave you the present

- Possessive pronouns: a classmate of mine won the first prize.

- Reflextive pronouns: he cuts himself

 - Reciprocal pronouns: they support each other.

4. Possessive pronouns always stand alone while possessive adjectives must have a
noun after them.

EX: this phone is hers

She lost her key

5. Possessive, impersonal, reflexive, interrogative pronouns can be used to emphasis

- EX:

+ Possessive pronouns: a friend of mine sits over there

With “of ” are used to compare or emphasize

+ Impersonal pronouns: It was Alex who gave you the present

Emphasis “IT” is the person does the action

+ Reflexive pronouns: I myself do it

Are used to express an action that returns to the doer of it, or we want to
emphasize

+ Interrogative pronouns: whatever are you doing?

With –ever are used for expressing indignation, surprise, etc.

6. Functions of pronouns:
- Subject: He is my cousin

- Object: he gave me a book

- Prepositional object: she is speaking to him

- Complement: + subject: those bags are her

+ object: I am myself today

- Attribute: the man who stand over there is my dad

- Part of adverbial modifier: she lived by herself

- Apposition: he himself told me the news/ ten of cakes, these, go to her party
UNIT 12: NUMERALS

1. What kinds of numeral can be used to form compound adjectives? Give examples.

- Cardinal numerals

- Ex: He took out a ten-dollar note.

2. What are the uses of cardinals/ ordinals/ fractions? Give examples.

- Ordinals:

+ If you want to identify or describe sth by indicating where it comes in a series

or sequence, you use an ordinal number.

EX: Flora’s flat is on the fourth floor of this 5-storey block.

+ You can also use “following”, “next”, “preceding”, “previous”, “the”, “last”
like ordinal numbers to indicate where sth comes in a series or sequence.

+ ordinal numerals are usually used with definite article “the”

EX: The seventh lesson is more difficult than the second.

 + used with date of month

EX: The eighth of March, 2004

+ used as a pronoun (to refer to a group that have already mentioned)

EX: The third child tries to out the first and second.

+ used as an adverb (steps)

EX: First, boil the water.

+ used as modifiers (they are usually preceded by a determiner)

EX: The first day of Autumn

The second day of the week

- Cardinals:

+ used in counting and referred the number of things, answering the question: “
How many?”

EX: By Christmas, we had ten cows.

+ used as pronoun

When either the context makes it clear, or you think your listener already knows
sth, you an use a cardinal without a noun.

EX: these are two quite different.

- Fractions:

+ used as pronouns: when it is clear to you listener or reader who or what you
are referring to, either because of the context or because you and your listener
or reader know what is meant, you can use fraction as pronoun without “of”

EX: Of the people who work here, half are French, half are English

+ used after a whole number or amount:

The noun must be plural even if the number is one.

EX: one and a half kilos, five and a quarter days

If you are using “a” instead of “one”, the “and” and the fraction come after the
noun.
 EX: a mile and a half

3. Identifying the uses of numerals in the following sentences.

- It was a two-hundred-page book. -> cardinals used to form compound

adjectives

- The program has a step.

- The program has one step.

- One-tenth the speed would be better.

UNIT 13: CONJUNCTIONS

1. How many kinds of conjunctions are there? What are they? Give examples.

- 2 kinds of conjunction:

+ Co-ordinative conjunctions (coordinators): connect words, group of words

and clauses that are independent on each other. FANBOYS ( for, and, nor, but,
or, yet, so) (see book 154 for some more)

EX: She hurried, but she missed the bus.

+ Sub-ordinative conjunctions (subordinators): connect subordinate clause(s)

with the clause on which it (they) depends. (see book 155)

EX: I’m not certain If he will be at home this afternoon.

2. In what kinds of conjunctions are coordinators used? Give examples.

- Co - ordinative conjunctions

Ex: She hurried, but she missed the bus.

3. In what kinds of sentences are subordinators used? Give examples.

- Sub-ordinative conjunctions

Ex: I’m not certain If he will be at home this afternoon.

4. Which conjunctions are used to introduce adverb clauses of place/ time? Give
example.

- Sub-ordinative conjunctions

Ex:
 + Place: You can go wherever you like.

+ Time: When I arrived, she had already left.

5. What are the forms of conjunction? Give examples.

- Simple conjunctions: and, but, or, since, for, before, if,…

- Correlative conjunctions: both…and, either ….or, neither…nor, not only…but

also, as…as, as…so, whether ….or not, though…yet,…

- Participial conjunctions (converted from participles): seeing , supposing,

provided,…

- Phrase conjunctions: in case (that), as if, as though, in order that, no sooner

than, as soon as,…

6. What is the homonym in conjunctions? Give examples.

- Homonym or multiple meaning words, are the words that share the same
spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings.

EX:

+ A bear (animal) can bear (tolerate) very cold temperatures.

+ the driver turned left (opposite of right) and left (departed from) the main
road.

UNIT 16: SENTENCES

1. What is a sentence? Give examples?

- Sentence is the largest grammatical unit which expresses a complete thought or

idea and has a definite grammatical form (1 finite V + 1 S) and a certain
intonation.

2. What is the Declarative sentences/ interrogative sentences/ Imperative sentences/

Exclamatory sentences? (classified by meaning)

- Declarative sentences

+ are used when the speaker or writer wants to communicate sth to the person
addressed.

+ expresses some statements in the affirmative or negative form.

 + always have falling intonation.

EX: - I haven’t seen that film

- The book has been translated into English

- Interrogative sentences:

+ the speaker or writer wants to know a certain of thought, idea or confirm a

thought or previous idea expressed (to ask questions)

+ General questions or Yes/No questions: raise intonation, relation between S

and predicate. EX: Do you understand it now?

+ Special questions or WH-questions: falling intonation, ask any part of the

sentence. EX: Who told you this?

+ Alternative questions:

 indicate choice, raise before “or”, fall after “or” .

EX: Will the meeting start at 5 or 6?

 Give choices: I haven’t decided yet, It’s up to you.

+ Tag questions:

 At the end, short, attach to statement, repeat its meaning

 Statement affirmative -> tag negative (use personal pronouns)

 Statement: falling intonation.

 Question part: rising (ask for inf), falling (confirm inf)

EX: You are ready, aren’t you?

*SPECIAL:

- You aren’t students, aren’t you?

+ yes, we are students.

+ no, we are not.

- Interrogative are formed by inversion:

+ partial inversion: auxiliary modal before S

 EX: Can you give me that pen?

+ full inversion: predicate before S

EX: Is she late?

- No inversion in special questions:

+ Subject: Who teaches English?

+ Attribute to Subject: Whose book?

- Imperative sentences:

+ Induce someone to do sth. EX: Tell him to come at once

+ Command, order, request. EX: Don’t ever come late

+ Vo: EX: Come here

+ Please, more polite. EX: Come here, please.

+ Falling intonation

+ May have no V. EX: All aboard, The sugar, please.

- Exclamatory sentences:

+ Intonation changes depend on feelings

+ special structure:

 What + an/a +Adj + N (S+V)

EX: what a bright boy he is!

 How + Adj + S + V

EX: how cold it is getting.

3. What is simple/ compound/ complex sentence? Give examples? (by structure)

- A simple sentence: consists of 1 clause (1 S + 1 finite V) (see book p.169-170)

Ex: she comes late

- A compound sentence: joins 2 simple sentences (independent sentences) (see

book p.170-171)
 Ex: she didn’t feel well, so she left early.

- Complex sentence: consists of 1 main clause + 1 or more subordinate clauses,

phụ trước chính có “,”

Ex: However hard I tried, I couldn’t remember her name.

UNIT 17: SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

*BASE ON SYNTATIC FUNCTION:

1. Subordinate subject clause

EX: What he worries is the safety of his son.

2. Subordinate complement/ predicative clause

EX: It looks as if she is the boss.

3. Subordinate object clause

EX: I would like to know whether it can be done today.

He showed me what he bought last week. (direct object)

4. Subordinate attribute/ adjective clause

EX: He was the teacher who taught me English.

5. Subordinate adverbial clause

EX: I will tell them everything when they come back. (adv of time)

*BASE ON THE SIMILARITY WITH THE PART OF SPEECH

1. The Noun clause

a. Function of the S

EX: That he will come is certain.

It is necessary that we should all be present.

b. Function of the predicative

EX: The question is whether it may rain or not.

c. Function of the O

EX: She told me that she was willing to help.

 2. The attribute/ adjective clause

EX: There is a man downstairs who want to see you.

3.The adverbial clause

a. Adverbial clauses of time, introduced by when, while, as long as, as soon as,
before, since,..

EX: You may enjoy yourself as long as you like to

b. Adverbial clauses of place, introduced by where, wherever, anywhere,

everywhere,…

EX: The house was built where two roads meet.

c. Adverbial clauses of manner or comparison, introduced by as, as if, as though,

than, the more…the more, the less…the less

EX: He worked much better than I hope.

d. Adverbial clauses of reason/ cause, introduced by because, as, since, seeing

that, for fear that,…

EX: Since you insist, we will go together.

e. Adverbial clauses of result, introduced by so that, so…that,…

EX: The problem is so simple that a child can understand.

f. Adverbial clauses of purpose, introduced by so that, in order that, lest, for fear
that,..

EX: I will write down her name so that I won’t forget.

g. Adverbial clauses of concession, introduced by though, although, even if, even

though, however, whoever, whatever, no matter how,…

EX: whatever you say, I would never change my mind.

h. Adverbial clauses of condition, introduced by If, unless, on condition that,

supposing that, so long as,..

EX: If it is late, we should stop our work here.