Group project

Fluid mechanics II

Instructor: Dr. Mahabat Khan

Submitted by

Members Reg. #
Musadiq-ur-Rehman BME-163095
Arslan Mushaid Butt BME-163098
Shahid Ali BME-163100

Dated: January 7, 2019

Department OF Mechanical Engineering

Capital University Of Science And Technology

(CUST)
Contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................. 3
Introduction: .......................................................................................................... 4
Problem Statement: ............................................................................................... 5
Flow configurations: ............................................................................................. 5
Mathematical formulation:.................................................................................. 11
Coefficient of drag. ......................................................................................... 11
Coefficient of lift:............................................................................................ 12
Numerical methods and boundary conditions: ................................................... 12
Boundary conditions: ...................................................................................... 12
Results: ................................................................................................................ 12
Pressure contour: ............................................................................................. 13
Velocity contour:............................................................................................. 13
Pressure contour: ............................................................................................. 15
Velocity contour:............................................................................................. 15
Conclusion: ......................................................................................................... 16
 Abstract
Ansys fluent is powerful tool used to determine the change in properties during flow at very
small points (instance) and give results near to real model and compute many number iteration
to get the exact solution. We are required find the flow past over the sphere, in two dimensional
and considering the flow in one direction only, using ansys. For this analysis we have to
conclude some boundary conditions like temperature, velocity, pressure, viscosity and
geometric properties etc. Plot the graphs using ansys and required to justify them using
theoretical calculation.
Introduction:
Ansys fluent is commonly used to determine the fluid flow over or into the bodies and it can
solve both 2-D and 3-D geometries. By using ansys fluent one solve following problems of
aerodynamics, liquid/gas/solids and combustion problems. Fluent simulates different flow
regimes depending upon the Reynolds number. Flow properties are determined on small points
or in a very small cell to get the accurate results and results are plotted from which easily
distinguish convergence or divergence.

CFD codes used to simulates flow around the complex shapes ships, aeroplanes, cars,
motorbikes and underwater vehicles etc. It has ability to simulate flow around the arbitrary
bodies in relative motion. At low Reynolds number such as 300 flow is considered to be laminar
and the fluent give accurate vortex shedding as it is observed experimentally and it can also
solve the drag force and lift force on body depending upon the flow Reynolds number.

Flow around the sphere changes with the change in the flow Reynolds number as Reynolds
numbers increases the flow tends towards complexity. As per experimental Results performed
by Taneda[1] he found that in laminar flow at very low Reynolds number such as 24, there is
no wake formed behind the sphere and flow is said to be perfectly laminar, flow is identical on
both sides of sphere. As Reynolds number increases 25 it starts to separate from the stagnation
point on sphere and its length increases with the Reynolds number. Wake is a recirculation of
flow behind bluff body, According to Nakamura wake form behind the sphere and varies with
Reynolds number and this vortex ring is stable up to Reynolds number = 190 [1]. According
to the experiments performed by the Magarvey and Bishop this wake become unstable between
Reynolds number 270-290, after 290 vortex is unsteady with interconnected vortex loop forms
known as vortex shedding

Taneda performed the experiment in wind tunnel at higher Reynolds number (104 < Re <
3.8*105) and see the behavior of flow and note the separation point of the flow[2]. He noticed
that at higher Reynolds number Strouhal number and drag coefficient remain the same 0.2 and
0.5 respectively. He predicted that high oscillations are started after critical Reynolds number.

After the critical Reynolds number the wake region shrinks and coefficient of drag will
decreases up to 0.08 and after this point wake cannot be detected experimentally, for Reynolds
number greater then critical number computer aided software are used like ansys to simulate
flow.
Problem Statement:
Obtain the flow velocity and distribution also calculate the CD, CL and Strohal number and the
x component of the velocity is 15, 30 m/s at 10o C. Diameter of the sphere is 80mm.

Flow configurations:
The diameter of the sphere used in wind tunnel for calculating CD, CL and strohal number is
80mm and flow domain is considered to be 64 times larger than of sphere diameter. Folllowing
are the step to make the geometery.

1. Draw circle D1, D2 of 80mm and 5120mm.

2. Select option “surface from sketches” in concepts.
3. Point the outer circle and apply then generate.

4. Now draw a line which pass from the center of the sphere (y-direction) and trim its
extra part with in the sphere and out of the flow domain.
5. Then project the line drawn on to the surface of the sphere.
6. And set the flow domain to fluid body.
7. Save the project.
8. Now edit the meshing and generate the mesh, an irregular mesh appear.
9. Now click on the mapped (face) mashing and select the flow domain and apply and
update the mesh.
10. A regular mesh appear, but cell size is much large, which needs to be sized to get more
precise results.
11. Select outer circle and inner circle boundary.
12. Click on mesh control and then sizing then number of divisions in sizing and then set
the number of divisions to 96.
13. Then select the line add sizing with the same number of divisions to 96 and biasing
factor of 460 repeat it for the second line.
14. Then update the mesh.

15. Right click on the Boundary of flow domain and create name selection, name one side
as inlet and other side as outlet.
16. Again create the name selection and select the boundary of sphere and named them as
wall.
17. Save the project.
18. Click on the setup, then set to double precision.
19. Check the mesh, set time to transient.
20. And then in material select fluid then edit and change density to 1.204 kg/m3 and
viscosity to 1.41*10-5 then click create/change.
21. Then set the boundary conditions and velocity-inlet at inlet and pressure-outlet at outlet,
and the sphere wall as wall.
22. Edit the velocity in velocity inlet and set the velocity specification method to
components and set x-component of velocity to 15 m/s.
23. Set the reference value such as A = 5.027*10-3, density = 1.204 kg/m3, depth = 0.04m,
length = 0.04m, temperature = 283.16 K and viscosity = 1.41*10-5. Compute the
solution from the inlet.
24. Select the scheme “coupled”.
25. Now select the Monitors and edit the residual print plot and set convergence criteria to
1e-6 also create drag and lift, edit the lift and check the write and print, plot options on
wall.
26. Then in the solution initialization set the reference frame to absolute and compute it
from the inlet then click initialize.
27. Then in run calculation edit time step size to 0.001s, number of time steps to 50, and
max iterations per step to 60 then calculate.

28. Scaled residuals.

29. Cd
30. Strouhal number

31.CL
32. Repeat the same steps for x velocity 30 m/s.
33. Scaled residuals

34. Cd
35. CL

36. Strohal number.

Mathematical formulation:
Continuity equation.

∂u ∂v
+ = 0 ………..(1)
∂x ∂y

X-momentum equation.

∂u ∂v 1 ∂u ∂2 u ∂2 v
𝑢 +𝑣 =− + 𝑣( 2
+ )…………………….(2)
∂x ∂y 𝑝 ∂x ∂x ∂y2

Coefficient of drag.
1 2
𝐹𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 ρU 𝐴
2

𝐹𝐷 = 0.38 at v = 15m/s

1 2 −3
0.38 = 𝐶𝐷 ∗ 1.204 ∗ 15 ∗ 5.02 ∗ 10
2
 𝐶𝐷 = 0.2794

𝐹𝐷 = 0.489 at v = 30m/s

1
0.489 = 𝐶𝐷 ∗ 1.204 ∗ 302 ∗ 5.02 ∗ 10−3
2

𝐶𝐷 = 0.08989

1 2
𝐹𝐿 = 𝐶𝐿 ρU 𝐴
2

𝐹𝐿 = 0.072 at v = 15m/s

Coefficient of lift:
1 2
0.072 = 𝐶𝐿 ∗ 1.204 ∗ 15 ∗ 5.02 ∗ 10−3
2

𝐶𝐿 = 0.0529

𝐹𝐿 = 0.089 at v = 30m/s

1
0.089 = 𝐶𝐿 ∗ 1.204 ∗ 302 ∗ 5.02 ∗ 10−3
2

𝐶𝐿 = 0.01636

Numerical methods and boundary conditions:

Upwind scheme is used in both cases of 15, 30 m/s

Boundary conditions:
 Set the inlet as the velocity inlet and edit the velocity then change the velocity to 15m/s
in x component.
 Set the outlet as the pressure outlet.
 Set the wall as wall.

Results:
Following results are obtained by clicking on the results. It shows the different contour like
pressure contour and velocity contour.
Pressure contour:
For v = 15m/s

As per contour there is maximum (Static pressure) velocity at the face point and zero velocity
but at the other end which is ideally considered to be the static pressure point but there is low
pressure than that of static pressure.

Velocity contour:
At v = 15m/s , the is the high velocity at the point of flow separation and because of low
pressure and far from the sphere boundary (facing the flow and opposite side) there is high
velocity and because stagnation point is present at both point means zero velocity but in deal
case in reality there is viscous effects are dominant.
The bluish region show the wake present which is clearly judged from the streamlines

Due to this wake flow separates earlier.

Pressure contour:
At v = 30m/s

As the flow velocity increases stagnation pressure increases, it seems that there is a high
pressure region and flow separates much earlier than on 15 m/s

Velocity contour:
At v=30m/s
When the velocity increases flow tends to separates later than in the previous case due to the
wake shrinks due to high velocity, which causes resistance for the coming flow.

Conclusion:
Fluid flow behavior depends upon the Reynolds number, as on low velocity there is wake
behind the sphere which is resistance for the fluid but in case 30m/s the wake shrinks because
of high Reynolds number and it overcome pressure at back side of sphere as seen in graphics.
References:
 https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a494935.pdf/page#2
 https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a494935.pdf/page#5
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSWxKMrfAjo
 https://confluence.cornell.edu/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=144972115