ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL

BARRACKPORE

1 Light Dependant Resistance

 INDEX

Serial Topic
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This project can be never being completed till we
acknowledge the people who helped me to complete
it.

It would be my utmost pleasure to express my

gratitude to my Physics teacher Mr and our lab
assistant Mr for providing me a helping hand in this
project .His valuable guidance, support and
supervision all through project are responsible for
attaining this present form.

I also resistor my sense of guidance to our principal,

her immense support and encouragement that had
made this project successful.

I would like to thank my parents as they help me

to put forward my project.

At the same time, would like to thank CBSE for

giving me this opportunity to undertake this
project.

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This is to certify that the original and genuine
practical work has been carried out to investigate
about the subject matter and related data
collection. The lab practical has been completely
solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by Rani Manna of
class 12th F, Army Public School, Barrack pore,
regarding the project title

Submitted for All India SENIOR SECONDARY

EXAMINATION held

on at .

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 This is to certify that I should Rani Manna of class 12th
E of Army Public School Barrack pore solely exclusively
done this investigatory project pursuing essential and vital
assistance from my teacher and

Others have knowledge concerning the subject

matter. I have also taken reference from the
website in due course to formulate a successful
project. The basis of the project has been put
together on bonafide grounds and allied information
is truly genuine.

. Student’s Signature

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  INTRODUCTION
In the society, sometimes street lights glow in day
time due to any reason. In mines area people face
many difficulties due to absence of light in the
nights. In frontier and hilly areas, people face many
problems due to damaged street lights.

For solve above these problems, we create a device

in which the lights glow in night and in day time,
they off automatically and don't glow. Due to use
of it, we can solve above problems and can also save
electricity and men's power.

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  PRINCIPLE
This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance
(L.D.R.). Light Dependent Resistance [LDR] is a
resistance, in which opposing power of current depends on
the presence of quantity of light present, i.e. the
resistance of LDR increases or decreases, according to
quantity of light which falls on it.
If LDR places in darkness, the resistance of LDR increases
and when light falls on it, the resistance of LDR decreases
and act as a conductor. Any LDR in the presence of light
and darkness changes its resistance is depends on the
different types of LDR.
 ADVANTAGES
i. Collections of parts of the circuit are easily
available.
ii. Accuracy of this circuit is more than accuracy of
other circuits.
iii. By using laser, it can be used for security
purposes.
iv. It can be used to stop the wastage of electricity.
v. The cost of circuit is low.
vi. This circuit saves the men's power.
 USES
i. It can be used in street lights. It can be used in
mines areas.
ii. It can be used in hilly areas.
iii. By using laser, it can be used for safety purposes.
iv. It can be used in frontier areas.

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v. It can be used in houses. It can be used in jail
lights.

 BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

1. TRANSISTOR:-When a thin slice of p-type is sandwiched

between two blocks of n-type, then n-p-n transistor is formed. It
consists of emitter, base, and collector. In the project, common
emitter n-p-n transistor (BC-147 & SL-100) is used.
2. DIODE: - When a p-type and n-type semiconductors are joined
a diode is formed. It conducts when forward biased and does not
conduct when reverse biased. In the project, IN-4007diode is used.
3. RELAY: - It helps to contact and discontact. In the project,
we use relay of 6 ohms.

4. CARBON RESISTOR: - A carbon resistor has generally four rings

or bands A, B, C and D of different colours corresponding to the
value of resistance. In project, we use carbon resistance of 220
kilo-ohms, 1.5 kilo-ohms and 820 ohms.
5. LDR: - LDR means light dependent resistance which is used to
complete the circuit.
6. TRANSFORMER: - Transformer is used to convert low
alternating voltage to high alternating voltage by decreasing the
current and vice-versa. We use a transformer of 6-0-6V for the
circuit.

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7. CAPACITOR: - Capacitor is used to block DC. In the circuit, we
use the capacitor of 220mfd and 1000mfd.
8. BULB: - An electric bulb is connected to the circuit when LDR
comes in the darkness.

 WORKING
Let 6V, DC is flowed in the circuit. When light falls on
LDR then the resistance of LDR will decreases and
approximate equal to zero. 6V DC come from 220 kilo-
ohms resistance and pass through LDR. At this time, it
becomes earth, so that no voltage flows through the base
of transistor T1. Due to absence of positive voltage at
base, emitter hasn't negative voltage in the comparison of
its base, so that transistor T1 don't conduct and no

current flows through it. But resistance of 1.5 kilo-ohms is

connected with 6V DC line, so that from 6V DC
approximate 4V DC passes through 820 ohms and reach
at the base of transistor T2. For conduction, emitter has
some negative voltage in the comparison of its base. But
at this time, 4V DC reach at base of transistor T2, so
that emitter has highly negative voltage in comparison of
its base, so that transistor T2 highly conducts. The
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collector of transistor T2 is connected with relay coil, so
that magnetic induction around relay coil will disconnect
with rest point and connect with active point. So,
According to the circuit, the bulb will glow.
Now, when light don't fall on LDR so that the resistance
of LDR increases. Now LDR has not zero resistance due
to darkness, so that 6V DC line and 220 kilo-ohms
resistance, some positive voltage reach at the base of
transistor T1.The collector of transistor T1 has positive
voltage because 6V DC pass through 1.5 kilo-ohms
resistance and reach at collector of transistor T1. In this
way transistor T1 conduct and current start to flow in
transistor T1. Transistor T1 and resistance of 1.5 kilo-ohms
are connected in series so that the current also flows

through 1.5 kilo-ohms resistance. Now, the above terminal

of 1.5 kilo-ohms resistance has 6V DC, it means the lower
terminal of 1.5 kilo-ohms resistance has lower voltage i.e.
3 or 3.5 V. From 3V approximate 1.5 V or 1 V. DC
reaches at base of t

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Transistor T2. The collector of transistor T2 has positive
voltage by relay coil. But at this time, emitter has some
negative voltage in the comparison of its base.
So that the quantity of current which flows through
transistor T2 and relay coil will very low. Due to this,
magnetic induction around relay coil will not more effective
and pole point will disconnect with active point and
connect with rest point. According to the circuit, the bulb
will glow.

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Objective:
Light falls on it, its resistance decreases up to several kilo ohms
or even hundreds of ohms, depending on the intensity of light,
falling on it.

The spectral response characteristics of two commercial cells were

compared in our laboratory. And we found that there is almost no
response to the radiation of a wavelength which was shorter than
300nm. It was very interesting to note that the Cadmium
Sulphide cell has a peak response nearer or within the green colour
of the spectrum within a range of 520nm. Thus it can be used
nearer to the infra-red region up to 750nm. It To study the
variations, in current flowing in a circuit containing a LDR, because
of a variation:-

(a) In the power of the incandescent lamp, used to ‘illuminate’

the LDR. (Keeping all the lamps at a fixed distance).

(b) In the distance of a incandescent lamp, (of fixed power), used

to ‘illuminate’ the LDR.

Theory:
1.)LDR and its characteristics when light is incident on it, a
photon is absorbed and thereby it excites an electron from
valence band into conduction band. Due to such new electrons
coming up in conduction band area, the electrical resistance of

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 the device decreases. Thus the LDR or photo-conductive
transducer has the resistance which is the inverse function of
radiation intensity.
ldr λ0 = threshold wavelength, in meters e = charge on one
electron, in Coulombs
Ew = work function of the metal used, in Ev

Here we must note that any radiation with wavelength greater

than the value obtained in above equation CANNOT PRODUCE
any change in the resistance of this device. The band gap energy
of Cadmium Sulphide is 2.42eV and for Cadmium Selenide it
is1.74eV.
Due to such large energy gaps, both the materials have
extremely high resistivity at room temperature. Now when the
device is kept in darkness, its resistance is called as dark
resistance.
This resistance is typically of the order of 1013 ohms. When
was found that the maximum response of Cadmium
Sulphoselenide is in the yellow-orange range at 615nm and also
it can be used in the infra-red region up to about 970nm

Procedure:
Choose a specific position for the source and mount it using a
holder, make sure it is stable.

Select the bulb with the lowest power rating and connect it to
the holder as shown in the figure.

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Connect the LDR, battery(6V) and the multimeter in series.

Set the multimeter to ohm section and select suitable range and
measure the resistance with a bulb on.

Similarly switch to current section and move to micro ampere in

the multimeter. This gives the value of the current.

Repeat these steps with different power sources at different

distances and note down observations.

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Observation:

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 Application
Lead sulphide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs are used
for the mid infrared spectral region. GeCu photoconductors are
among the best far infrared detectors available, and are used for
infrared astronomy and infrared spectroscopy.

Analogy Applications · Camera Exposure Control

· Auto Slide Focus - dual cell

· Photocopy Machines - density of toner

· Colorimetric Test Equipment · Densitometer

· Electronic Scales - dual cell

· Automatic Gain Control – modulated light source

· Automated Rear View Mirror Digital Applications

· Automatic Headlight Dimmer · Night Light Control

· Oil Burner Flame Out

· Street Light Control

· Position Sensor

Conclusion:
The LDR resistance decreases with increase in intensity of light
and hence there is an increase in the flow of current.

There is an increase in the current as the distance from the

source decreases.

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 The intensity decreases as the distance from the source increases

The error lies within the experimental limit.

References:
NCERT physics class XII

Art of Electronics by Paul worowitz

www.wikipedia.com/

www.electronics2000.co.uk/links/education-hobby/

www.ecelab.com/

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