Gear

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
This is the page for mechanical Gears. For other uses, see Gear (disambiguation).
For the gear-like device used to drive a roller chain, see sprocket.

Old clock with exposed gears.

A gear is a component within a transmission device that transmits rotational force to another
gear or device. A gear is different from a pulley in that a gear is a round wheel which has
linkages ("teeth" or "cogs") that mesh with other gear teeth, allowing force to be fully transferred
without slippage. Depending on their construction and arrangement, geared devices can transmit
forces at different speeds, torques, or in a different direction, from the power source.
The most common situation is for a gear to mesh with another gear, but a gear can mesh with any
device having compatible teeth, such as linear moving racks.
A gear's most important feature is that gears of unequal sizes (diameters) can be combined to
produce a mechanical advantage, so that the rotational speed and torque of the second gear are
different from that of the first. In the context of a particular machine, the term "gear" also refers
to one particular arrangement of gears among other arrangements (such as "first gear"). Such
arrangements are often given as a ratio, using the number of teeth or gear diameter as units. The
term "gear" is also used in non-geared devices which perform equivalent tasks:
"...broadly speaking, a gear refers to a ratio of engine shaft speed to driveshaft speed.
Although CVTs change this ratio without using a set of planetary gears, they are still
described as having low and high "gears" for the sake of convention."[1]
The Unicode gear "⚙" is found at u+2699.

Contents
[hide]
• 1 Mechanical advantage
• 2 Comparison with other drive mechanisms
• 3 Gear types
 ○ 3.1 External vs. internal gears
○ 3.2 Spur gears
○ 3.3 Helical gears
○ 3.4 Double helical gears
○ 3.5 Bevel gears
 3.5.1 Crown gear
○ 3.6 Hypoid gears
○ 3.7 Worm gear
○ 3.8 Rack and pinion
○ 3.9 Sun and planet gear
○ 3.10 Non-circular gear
○ 3.11 Harmonic Drive gear
• 4 Epicyclic gearing
• 5 Nomenclature
○ 5.1 General nomenclature
○ 5.2 Tooth contact nomenclature
 5.2.1 Point of contact
 5.2.2 Line of contact
 5.2.3 Path of action
 5.2.4 Line of action
 5.2.5 Surface of action
 5.2.6 Plane of action
 5.2.7 Zone of action (contact zone)
 5.2.8 Path of contact
 5.2.9 Length of action
 5.2.10 Arc of action, Qt
 5.2.11 Arc of approach, Qa
 5.2.12 Arc of recess, Qr
 5.2.13 Contact ratio, mc, ε
 5.2.14 Transverse contact ratio, mp, εα
 5.2.15 Face contact ratio, mF, εβ
 5.2.16 Total contact ratio, mt, εγ
 5.2.17 Modified contact ratio, mo
 5.2.18 Limit diameter
  5.2.19 Start of active profile (SAP)
 5.2.20 Face advance
• 6 Backlash
• 7 Shifting of gears
• 8 Tooth profile
○ 8.1 Undercut
• 9 Pitch
○ 9.1 Circular pitch, p
○ 9.2 Transverse circular pitch, pt
○ 9.3 Normal circular pitch, pn, pe
○ 9.4 Axial pitch, px
○ 9.5 Normal base pitch, pN, pbn
○ 9.6 Transverse base pitch, pb, pbt
○ 9.7 Diametral pitch (transverse), Pd
○ 9.8 Normal diametral pitch, Pnd
○ 9.9 Angular pitch, θN, τ
• 10 Cage gear
• 11 Gear materials
• 12 Tooth thickness
○ 12.1 Circular thickness
○ 12.2 Transverse circular thickness
○ 12.3 Normal circular thickness
○ 12.4 Axial thickness
○ 12.5 Base circular thickness
○ 12.6 Normal chordal thickness
○ 12.7 Chordal addendum (chordal height)
○ 12.8 Profile shift
○ 12.9 Rack shift
○ 12.10 Measurement over pins
○ 12.11 Span measurement
○ 12.12 Modified addendum teeth
○ 12.13 Full-depth teeth
○ 12.14 Stub teeth
○ 12.15 Equal addendum teeth
 ○ 12.16 Long and short-addendum teeth
• 13 Gear Design Based upon Module System
• 14 See also
• 15 References
• 16 General sources
• 17 External links

[edit] Mechanical advantage

Intermeshing gears in motion

The interlocking of the teeth in a pair of meshing gears means that their circumferences
necessarily move at the same rate of linear motion (eg., metres per second, or feet per minute).
Since rotational speed (eg. measured in revolutions per second, revolutions per minute, or
radians per second) is proportional to a wheel's circumferential speed divided by its radius, we
see that the larger the radius of a gear, the slower will be its rotational speed, when meshed with
a gear of given size and speed. The same conclusion can also be reached by a different analytical
process: counting teeth. Since the teeth of two meshing gears are locked in a one to one
correspondence, when all of the teeth of the smaller gear have passed the point where the gears
meet -- ie., when the smaller gear has made one revolution -- not all of the teeth of the larger gear
will have passed that point -- the larger gear will have made less than one revolution. The smaller
gear makes more revolutions in a given period of time; it turns faster. The speed ratio is simply
the reciprocal ratio of the numbers of teeth on the two gears.
(Speed A * Number of teeth A) = (Speed B * Number of teeth B)
This ratio is known as the gear ratio.
The torque ratio can be determined by considering the force that a tooth of one gear exerts on a
tooth of the other gear. Consider two teeth in contact at a point on the line joining the shaft axes
of the two gears. In general, the force will have both a radial and a circumferential component.
The radial component can be ignored: it merely causes a sideways push on the shaft and does not
contribute to turning. The circumferential component causes turning. The torque is equal to the
circumferential component of the force times radius. Thus we see that the larger gear
experiences greater torque; the smaller gear less. The torque ratio is equal to the ratio of the radii.
This is exactly the inverse of the case with the velocity ratio. Higher torque implies lower
velocity and vice versa. The fact that the torque ratio is the inverse of the velocity ratio could
also be inferred from the law of conservation of energy. Here we have been neglecting the effect
of friction on the torque ratio. The velocity ratio is truly given by the tooth or size ratio, but
friction will cause the torque ratio to be actually somewhat less than the inverse of the velocity
ratio.
In the above discussion we have made mention of the gear "radius". Since a gear is not a proper
circle but a roughened circle, it does not have a radius. However, in a pair of meshing gears, each
may be considered to have an effective radius, called the pitch radius, the pitch radii being such
that smooth wheels of those radii would produce the same velocity ratio that the gears actually
produce. The pitch radius can be considered sort of an "average" radius of the gear, somewhere
between the outside radius of the gear and the radius at the base of the teeth.
The issue of pitch radius brings up the fact that the point on a gear tooth where it makes contact
with a tooth on the mating gear varies during the time the pair of teeth are engaged; also the
direction of force may vary. As a result, the velocity ratio (and torque ratio) is not, actually, in
general, constant, if one considers the situation in detail, over the course of the period of
engagement of a single pair of teeth. The velocity and torque ratios given at the beginning of this
section are valid only "in bulk" -- as long-term averages; the values at some particular position of
the teeth may be different.
It is in fact possible to choose tooth shapes that will result in the velocity ratio also being
absolutely constant -- in the short term as well as the long term. In good quality gears this is
usually done, since velocity ratio fluctuations cause undue vibration, and put additional stress on
the teeth, which can cause tooth breakage under heavy loads at high speed. Constant velocity
ratio may also be desirable for precision in instrumentation gearing, clocks and watches. The
involute tooth shape is one that results in a constant velocity ratio, and is the most commonly
used of such shapes today.
[edit] Comparison with other drive mechanisms
The definite velocity ratio which results from having teeth gives gears an advantage over other
drives (such as traction drives and V-belts) in precision machines such as watches that depend
upon an exact velocity ratio. In cases where driver and follower are in close proximity gears also
have an advantage over other drives in the reduced number of parts required; the downside is that
gears are more expensive to manufacture and their lubrication requirements may impose a higher
operating cost.
The automobile transmission allows selection between gears to give various mechanical
advantages.
[edit] Gear types
[edit] External vs. internal gears
Unlike most gears, an internal gear (shown here) does not cause direction reversal.
An external gear is one with the teeth formed on the outer surface of a cylinder or cone.
Conversely, an internal gear is one with the teeth formed on the inner surface of a cylinder or
cone. For bevel gears, an internal gear is one with the pitch angle exceeding 90 degrees.[2]
[edit] Spur gears
Spur gears are the simplest and most common type of gear. Their general form is a cylinder or
disk. The teeth project radially, and with these "straight-cut gears", the leading edges of the teeth
are aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. These gears can only mesh correctly if they are fitted
to parallel axles. Spur gears on non-parallel shafts can mesh, but only point contact will be
achieved, not line contact across the full width of the tooth; also the length of the path of contact
may be too short.
[edit] Helical gears

Helical gears from a Meccano construction set.

Helical gears offer a refinement over spur gears. The leading edges of the teeth are not parallel
to the axis of rotation, but are set at an angle. Since the gear is curved, this angling causes the
tooth shape to be a segment of a helix. The angled teeth engage more gradually than do spur gear
teeth. This causes helical gears to run more smoothly and quietly than spur gears. Helical gears
also offer the possibility of using non-parallel shafts. A pair of helical gears can be meshed in
two ways: with shafts oriented at either the sum or the difference of the helix angles of the gears.
These configurations are referred to as parallel or crossed, respectively. The parallel
configuration is the more mechanically sound. In it, the helices of a pair of meshing teeth meet at
a common tangent, and the contact between the tooth surfaces will, generally, be a curve
extending some distance across their face widths. In the crossed configuration, the helices do not
meet tangentially, and only point contact is achieved between tooth surfaces. Because of the
small area of contact, crossed helical gears can only be used with light loads.
Quite commonly, helical gears come in pairs where the helix angle of one is the negative of the
helix angle of the other; such a pair might also be referred to as having a right-handed helix and a
left-handed helix of equal angles. If such a pair is meshed in the 'parallel' mode, the two equal
but opposite angles add to zero: the angle between shafts is zero -- that is, the shafts are parallel.
If the pair is meshed in the 'crossed' mode, the angle between shafts will be twice the absolute
value of either helix angle.
Note that 'parallel' helical gears need not have parallel shafts -- this only occurs if their helix
angles are equal but opposite. The 'parallel' in 'parallel helical gears' must refer, if anything, to
the (quasi) parallelism of the teeth, not to the shaft orientation.
As mentioned at the start of this section, helical gears operate more smoothly than do spur gears.
With parallel helical gears, each pair of teeth first make contact at a single point at one side of
the gear wheel; a moving curve of contact then grows gradually across the tooth face. It may
span the entire width of the tooth for a time. Finally, it recedes until the teeth break contact at a
single point on the opposite side of the wheel. Thus force is taken up and released gradually.
With spur gears, the situation is quite different. When a pair of teeth meet, they immediately
make line contact across their entire width. This causes impact stress and noise. Spur gears make
a characteristic whine at high speeds and can not take as much torque as helical gears because
their teeth are receiving impact blows. Whereas spur gears are used for low speed applications
and those situations where noise control is not a problem, the use of helical gears is indicated
when the application involves high speeds, large power transmission, or where noise abatement
is important. The speed is considered to be high when the pitch line velocity (that is, the
circumferential velocity) exceeds 5000 ft/min.[3] A disadvantage of helical gears is a resultant
thrust along the axis of the gear, which needs to be accommodated by appropriate thrust
bearings, and a greater degree of sliding friction between the meshing teeth, often addressed with
specific additives in the lubricant
[edit] Double helical gears
Double helical gears, also known as herringbone gears, overcome the problem of axial thrust
presented by 'single' helical gears by having teeth that set in a 'V' shape. Each gear in a double
helical gear can be thought of as two standard, but mirror image, helical gears stacked. This
cancels out the thrust since each half of the gear thrusts in the opposite direction. They can be
directly interchanged with spur gears without any need for different bearings.
Where the oppositely angled teeth meet in the middle of a herringbone gear, the alignment may
be such that tooth tip meets tooth tip, or the alignment may be staggered, so that tooth tip meets
tooth trough. The latter alignment is the unique defining characteristic of a Wuest type
herringbone gear, named after its inventor.
With the older method of fabrication, herringbone gears had a central channel separating the two
oppositely-angled courses of teeth. This was necessary to permit the shaving tool to run out of
the groove. The development of the Sykes gear shaper now makes it possible to have continuous
teeth, with no central gap.[citation needed]
[edit] Bevel gears

Bevel gear used to lift floodgate by means of central screw.

Main article: Bevel gear
Bevel gears are essentially conically shaped, although the actual gear does not extend all the way
to the vertex (tip) of the cone that bounds it. With two bevel gears in mesh, the vertices of their
two cones lie on a single point, and the shaft axes also intersect at that point. The angle between
the shafts can be anything except zero or 180 degrees. Bevel gears with equal numbers of teeth
and shaft axes at 90 degrees are called miter gears.
The teeth of a bevel gear may be straight-cut as with spur gears, or they may be cut in a variety
of other shapes. 'Spiral bevel gears' have teeth that are both curved along their (the tooth's)
length; and set at an angle, analogously to the way helical gear teeth are set at an angle compared
to spur gear teeth. 'Zero bevel gears' have teeth which are curved along their length, but not
angled. Spiral bevel gears have the same advantages and disadvantages relative to their straight-
cut cousins as helical gears do to spur gears. Straight bevel gears are generally used only at
speeds below 5 m/s (1000 ft/min), or, for small gears, 1000 r.p.m.[4]
[edit] Crown gear

A crown gear
A crown gear or contrate gear is a particular form of bevel gear whose teeth project at right
angles to the plane of the wheel; in their orientation the teeth resemble the points on a crown. A
crown gear can only mesh accurately with another bevel gear, although crown gears are
sometimes seen meshing with spur gears. A crown gear is also sometimes meshed with an
escapement such as found in mechanical clocks.
[edit] Hypoid gears
Main article: Hypoid
Hypoid gears resemble spiral bevel gears, except that the shaft axes are offset, not intersecting.
The pitch surfaces appear conical but, to compensate for the offset shaft, are in fact hyperboloids
of revolution.[5][6] Hypoid gears are almost always designed to operate with shafts at 90 degrees.
Depending on which side the shaft is offset to, relative to the angling of the teeth, contact
between hypoid gear teeth may be even smoother and more gradual than with spiral bevel gear
teeth. Also, the pinion can be designed with fewer teeth than a spiral bevel pinion, with the result
that gear ratios of 60:1 and higher are "entirely feasible" using a single set of hypoid gears.[7]
[edit] Worm gear
A worm and gear from a Meccano construction set
Main article: Worm gear
A worm is a gear that resembles a screw. It is a species of helical gear, but its helix angle is
usually somewhat large(ie., somewhat close to 90 degrees) and its body is usually fairly long in
the axial direction; and it is these attributes which give it its screw like qualities. A worm is
usually meshed with an ordinary looking, disk-shaped gear, which is called the "gear", the
"wheel", the "worm gear", or the "worm wheel". The prime feature of a worm-and-gear set is
that it allows the attainment of a high gear ratio with few parts, in a small space. Helical gears
are, in practice, limited to gear ratios of 10:1 and under; worm gear sets commonly have gear
ratios between 10:1 and 100:1, and occasionally 500:1.[8] In worm-and-gear sets, where the
worm's helix angle is large, the sliding action between teeth can be considerable, and the
resulting frictional loss causes the efficiency of the drive to be usually less than 90 percent,
sometimes less than 50 percent, which is far less than other types of gears.[9]
The distinction between a worm and a helical gear is made when at least one tooth persists for a
full 360 degree turn around the helix. If this occurs, it is a 'worm'; if not, it is a 'helical gear'. A
worm may have as few as one tooth. If that tooth persists for several turns around the helix, the
worm will appear, superficially, to have more than one tooth, but what one in fact sees is the
same tooth reappearing at intervals along the length of the worm. The usual screw nomenclature
applies: a one-toothed worm is called "single thread" or "single start"; a worm with more than
one tooth is called "multiple thread" or "multiple start".
We should note that the helix angle of a worm is not usually specified. Instead, the lead angle,
which is equal to 90 degrees minus the helix angle, is given.
In a worm-and-gear set, the worm can always drive the gear. However, if the gear attempts to
drive the worm, it may or may not succeed. Particularly if the lead angle is small, the gear's teeth
may simply lock against the worm's teeth, because the force component circumferential to the
worm is not sufficient to overcome friction. Whether this will happen depends on a function of
several parameters; however, an approximate rule is that if the tangent of the lead angle is greater
than the coefficient of friction, the gear will not lock.[10] Worm-and-gear sets that do lock in the
above manner are called "self locking". The self locking feature can be an advantage, as for
instance when it is desired to set the position of a mechanism by turning the worm and then have
the mechanism hold that position. An example of this is the tuning mechanism on some types of
stringed instruments.
Helical and Worm Hand, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05
If the gear in a worm-and-gear set is an ordinary helical gear only point contact between teeth
will be achieved.[11] If medium to high power transmission is desired, the tooth shape of the gear
is modified to achieve more intimate contact with the worm thread. A noticeable feature of most
such gears is that the tooth tops are concave, so that the gear partly envelopes the worm. A
further development is to make the worm concave (viewed from the side, perpendicular to its
axis) so that it partly envelopes the gear as well; this is called a cone-drive or Hindley worm.[12]
A right hand helical gear or right hand worm is one in which the teeth twist clockwise as they
recede from an observer looking along the axis. The designations, right hand and left hand, are
the same as in the long established practice for screw threads, both external and internal. Two
external helical gears operating on parallel axes must be of opposite hand. An internal helical
gear and its pinion must be of the same hand.It is used to get high velocity ratio.
A left hand helical gear or left hand worm is one in which the teeth twist counterclockwise as
they recede from an observer looking along the axis.[2]
[edit] Rack and pinion

Rack and pinion animation

Main article: Rack and pinion
A rack is a toothed bar or rod that can be thought of as a sector gear with an infinitely large
radius of curvature. Torque can be converted to linear force by meshing a rack with a pinion: the
pinion turns; the rack moves in a straight line. Such a mechanism is used in automobiles to
convert the rotation of the steering wheel into the left-to-right motion of the tie rod(s). Racks also
feature in the theory of gear geometry, where, for instance, the tooth shape of an interchangeable
set of gears may be specified for the rack (infinite radius), and the tooth shapes for gears of
particular actual radii then derived from that. The rack and pinion gear type is employed in a rack
railway.
[edit] Sun and planet gear

Animation of sun (yellow) and planet (red) gear

Main article: Sun and planet gear
[edit] Non-circular gear

A type of non-circular gear

Main article: Non-circular gear
[edit] Harmonic Drive gear
Animation of a harmonic drive gear
Main article: Harmonic Drive

[edit] Epicyclic gearing

Epicyclic gearing
Main article: epicyclic gearing
In an ordinary gear train, the gears rotate but their axes are stationary. An epicyclic gear train is
one in which one or more of the axes also moves. Examples are the sun and planet gear system
invented by the company of James Watt, in which the axis of the planet gear revolves around the
central sun gear; and the differential gear system used to drive the wheels of automobiles, in
which the axis of the central bevel pinion is turned "end over end" by the ring gear, the drive to
the wheels being taken off by bevel gears meshing with the central bevel pinion. With the
differential gearing, the sum of the two wheel speeds is fixed, but how it is divided between the
two wheels is undetermined, so the outer wheel can run faster and the inner wheel slower on
corners.
[edit] Nomenclature
[edit] General nomenclature
Gear parts labelled
Common abbreviations:
• n. Rotational velocity. (Measured, for example, in r.p.m.)
• ω Angular velocity. (Radians per unit time.) (1 r.p.m. = π/30 radians per second.)
• N. Number of teeth.
Gear terminology:
• Gear or wheel. The larger of two interacting gears.
• Pinion. The smaller gear in a pair.
• Path of contact. The path followed by the point of contact between two meshing gear
teeth.
• Line of action, also called 'Pressure line'. The line along which the force between two
meshing gear teeth is directed. It has the same direction as the force vector. In general,
the line of action changes from moment to moment during the period of engagement of a
pair of teeth. For involute gears, however, the tooth-to-tooth force is always directed
along the same line -- that is, the line of action is constant. this implies that for involute
gears the path of contact is also a straight line, coincident with the line of action -- as is
indeed the case.
Further note on tooth force: If two rigid objects make contact, they always do so at a point (or points)
where the tangents to their surfaces coincide -- that is, where there is a common tangent. The perpendicular
to the common tangent at the point of contact is called the common normal. Ignoring friction, the force
exerted by the objects on each other is always directed along the common normal. Thus, for meshing gear
teeth, the line of action is the common normal to the tooth surfaces.
• Axis. The axis of revolution of the gear; center line of the shaft.
• Pitch point (p). The point where the line of action crosses a line joining the two gear
axes.
• Pitch circle. A circle, centered on and perpendicular to the axis, and passing through the
pitch point. Sometimes also called the 'pitch line', although it is a circle.
• Pitch diameter (D). Diameter of a pitch circle. Equal to twice the perpendicular distance
from the axis to the pitch point. The nominal gear size is usually the pitch diameter.
• Module (m). The module of a gear is equal to the pitch diameter divided by the number
of teeth. [13].
• Operating pitch diameters. The pitch diameters determined from the number of teeth
and the center distance at which gears operate.[2] Example for pinion:

• Pitch surface. For cylindrical gears, this is the cylinder formed by projecting a pitch
circle in the axial direction. More generally, it is the surface formed by the sum of all the
pitch circles as one moves along the axis. Eg., for bevel gears it is a cone.
• Angle of action. Angle with vertex at the gear center, one leg on the point where mating
teeth first make contact, the other leg on the point where they disengage.
 • Arc of action. The segment of a pitch circle subtended by the angle of action.
• Pressure angle (ø). The complement of the angle between the direction that the teeth
exert force on each other, and the line joining the centers of the two gears. For involute
gears, the teeth always exert force along the line of action, which, for involute gears, is a
straight line; and thus, for involute gears, the pressure angle is constant.
• Outside diameter (Do). Diameter of the gear, measured from the tops of the teeth.
• Root diameter. Diameter of the gear, measured from the base of the tooth space.
• Addendum (a). The radial distance from the pitch surface to the outermost point of the
tooth. a = (Do - D) / 2.
• Dedendum (b). The radial distance from the depth of the tooth trough to the pitch
surface. b = (D - root diameter) / 2.
• Whole depth (ht). Whole depth (tooth depth) is the total depth of a tooth space, equal to
addendum plus dedendum, also equal to working depth plus clearance.[2]
• Clearance. Clearance is the distance between the root circle of a gear and the addendum
circle of its mate.[2]
• Working depth. Working depth is the depth of engagement of two gears, that is, the sum
of their operating addendums.[2]
• Circular pitch (p). The distance from one face of a tooth to the corresponding face of an
adjacent tooth on the same gear, measured along the pitch circle.
• Diametral pitch (Pd). The ratio of the number of teeth to the pitch diameter. Eg., could
be measured in teeth per inch or teeth per centimeter.
• Base circle. Applies only to involute gears, where the tooth profile is the involute of the
base circle. The radius of the base circle is somewhat smaller than that of the pitch circle.
• Base pitch (pb). Applies only to involute gears. It is the distance from one face of a tooth
to the corresponding face of an adjacent tooth on the same gear, measured along the base
circle. Sometimes called the 'normal pitch'.
• Interference. Contact between teeth other than at the intended parts of their surfaces.
• Interchangeable set. A set of gears, any of which will mate properly with any other.
Helical gears:
• Helix angle (ψ). The angle between a tangent to the helix and the gear axis. Is zero in the
limiting case of a spur gear.
• Normal circular pitch (pn). Circular pitch in the plane normal to the teeth.
• Transverse circular pitch (p). Circular pitch in the plane of rotation of the gear.
Sometimes just called "circular pitch". pn = p cos(ψ).
• Several other helix parameters can be viewed either in the normal or transverse planes.
The subscript " n " usually indicates the normal.
Worm gears:
• Lead. The distance from any point on a thread to the corresponding point on the next turn
of the same thread, measured parallel to the axis.
 • Linear pitch (p). The distance from any point on a thread to the corresponding point on
the adjacent thread, measured parallel to the axis. For a single-thread worm, lead and
linear pitch are the same.
• Lead angle (λ). The angle between a tangent to the helix and a plane perpendicular to the
axis. Note that it is the complement of the helix angle which isusually given for helical
gears.
• Pitch diameter (Dw). Same as described earlier in this list. Note that for a worm it is still
measured in a plane perpendicular to the gear axis, not a tilted plane.
• Subscript " w " denotes the worm, " g " denotes the gear.
[edit] Tooth contact nomenclature
[edit] Point of contact

Path of Action, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05

A point of contact is any point at which two tooth profiles touch each other.
[edit] Line of contact

Line of Contact, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05

A line of contact is a line or curve along which two tooth surfaces are tangent to each other.
[edit] Path of action
The path of action is the locus of successive contact points between a pair of gear teeth, during
the phase of engagement. For conjugate gear teeth, the path of action passes through the pitch
point. It is the trace of the surface of action in the plane of rotation.
[edit] Line of action
Line of Action, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05
The line of action is the path of action for involute gears. It is the straight line passing through
the pitch point and tangent to both base circles.
[edit] Surface of action
The surface of action is the imaginary surface in which contact occurs between two engaging
tooth surfaces. It is the summation of the paths of action in all sections of the engaging teeth.
[edit] Plane of action

Plane of Action, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05

The plane of action is the surface of action for involute, parallel axis gears with either spur or
helical teeth. It is tangent to the base cylinders.
[edit] Zone of action (contact zone)
Zone of Action, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05
Zone of action (contact zone) for involute, parallel-axis gears with either spur or helical teeth, is
the rectangular area in the plane of action bounded by the length of action and the effective face
width.
[edit] Path of contact

Lines of Contact (helical gear), ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05

The path of contact is the curve on either tooth surface along which theoretical single point
contact occurs during the engagement of gears with crowned tooth surfaces or gears that
normally engage with only single point contact.
[edit] Length of action

Length of Action, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05

Length of action is the distance on the line of action through which the point of contact moves
during the action of the tooth profile.
[edit] Arc of action, Qt
Arc of action is the arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth profile moves from the
beginning to the end of contact with a mating profile.
[edit] Arc of approach, Qa

Arc of Action, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05

Arc of approach is the arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth profile moves from its
beginning of contact until the point of contact arrives at the pitch point.
[edit] Arc of recess, Qr
Arc of recess is the arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth profile moves from contact at
the pitch point until contact ends.
[edit] Contact ratio, mc, ε
Contact ratio in general is the number of angular pitches through which a tooth surface rotates
from the beginning to the end of contact.
[edit] Transverse contact ratio, mp, εα
Transverse contact ratio is the contact ratio in a transverse plane. It is the ratio of the angle of
action to the angular pitch. For involute gears it is most directly obtained as the ratio of the
length of action to the base pitch.
[edit] Face contact ratio, mF, εβ
Face contact ratio is the contact ratio in an axial plane, or the ratio of the face width to the axial
pitch. For bevel and hypoid gears it is the ratio of face advance to circular pitch.
[edit] Total contact ratio, mt, εγ
Total contact ratio is the sum of the transverse contact ratio and the face contact ratio.
εγ = εα + εβ
mt = mp + mF
[edit] Modified contact ratio, mo
Modified contact ratio for bevel gears is the square root of the sum of the squares of the

transverse and face contact ratios.

[edit] Limit diameter
Limit Diameter, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05
Limit diameter is the diameter on a gear at which the line of action intersects the maximum (or
minimum for internal pinion) addendum circle of the mating gear. This is also referred to as the
start of active profile, the start of contact, the end of contact, or the end of active profile.
[edit] Start of active profile (SAP)
The start of active profile is the intersection of the limit diameter and the involute profile.
[edit] Face advance

Face Advance, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05

Face advance is the distance on a pitch circle through which a helical or spiral tooth moves from
the position at which contact begins at one end of the tooth trace on the pitch surface to the
position where contact ceases at the other end.
[edit] Backlash
Main article: Backlash (engineering)
Backlash is the error in motion that occurs when gears change direction. It exists because there is
always some gap between the tailing face of the driving tooth and the leading face of the tooth
behind it on the driven gear, and that gap must be closed before force can be transferred in the
new direction. The term "backlash" can also be used to refer to the size of the gap, not just the
phenomenon it causes; thus, one could speak of a pair of gears as having, for example, "0.1 mm
of backlash." A pair of gears could be designed to have zero backlash, but this would presuppose
perfection in manufacturing, uniform thermal expansion characteristics throughout the system,
and no lubricant. Therefore, gear pairs are designed to have some backlash. It is usually provided
by reducing the tooth thickness of each gear by half the desired gap distance. In the case of a
large gear and a small pinion, however, the backlash is usually taken entirely off the gear and the
pinion is given full sized teeth. Backlash can also be provided by moving the gears farther apart.
For situations, such as instrumentation and control, where precision is important, backlash can be
minimised through one of several techniques. For instance, the gear can be split along a plane
perpendicular to the axis, one half fixed to the shaft in the usual manner, the other half placed
alongside it, free to rotate about the shaft, but with springs between the two halves providing
relative torque between them, so that one achieves, in effect, a single gear with expanding teeth.
Another method involves tapering the teeth in the axial direction and providing for the gear to be
slid in the axial direction to take up slack.
[edit] Shifting of gears
In some machines (e.g., automobiles) it is necessary to alter the gear ratio to suit the task. There
are several methods of accomplishing this. For example:
• Manual transmission
• Automatic gearbox
• Derailleur gears which are actually sprockets in combination with a roller chain
• Hub gears (also called epicyclic gearing or sun-and-planet gears)
• Continuously variable transmission
• Transmission (mechanics)
There are several outcomes of gear shifting in motor vehicles. In the case of air pollution
emissions, there are higher pollutant emissions generated in the lower gears, when the engine is
working harder than when higher gears have been attained. In the case of vehicle noise
emissions, there are higher sound levels emitted when the vehicle is engaged in lower gears. This
fact has been utilized in analyzing vehicle generated sound since the late 1960s, and has been
incorporated into the simulation of urban roadway noise and corresponding design of urban noise
barriers along roadways.[14]
[edit] Tooth profile

Profile of a Spur Gear, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05

A profile is one side of a tooth in a cross section between the outside circle and the root circle.
Usually a profile is the curve of intersection of a tooth surface and a plane or surface normal to
the pitch surface, such as the transverse, normal, or axial plane.
The fillet curve (root fillet) is the concave portion of the tooth profile where it joins the bottom of
the tooth space.2
As mentioned near the beginning of the article, the attainment of a non fluctuating velocity ratio
is dependent on the profile of the teeth. Friction and wear between two gears is also dependent
on the tooth profile. There are a great many tooth profiles that will give a constant velocity ratio,
and in many cases, given an arbitrary tooth shape, it is possible to develop a tooth profile for the
mating gear that will give a constant velocity ratio. However, two constant velocity tooth profiles
have been by far the most commonly used in modern times. They are the cycloid and the
involute. The cycloid was more common until the late 1800s; since then the involute has largely
superseded it, particularly in drive train applications. The cycloid is in some ways the more
interesting and flexible shape; however the involute has two advantages: it is easier to
manufacture, and it permits the center to center spacing of the gears to vary over some range
without ruining the constancy of the velocity ratio. Cycloidal gears only work properly if the
center spacing is exactly right. Cycloidal gears are still used in mechanical clocks.
[edit] Undercut

Undercut, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05

Undercut is a condition in generated gear teeth when any part of the fillet curve lies inside of a
line drawn tangent to the working profile at its point of juncture with the fillet. Undercut may be
deliberately introduced to facilitate finishing operations. With undercut the fillet curve intersects
the working profile. Without undercut the fillet curve and the working profile have a common
tangent.
[edit] Pitch

Pitch, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05

Pitch is the distance between a point on one tooth and the corresponding point on an adjacent
tooth.[2] It is a dimension measured along a line or curve in the transverse, normal, or axial
directions. The use of the single word “pitch” without qualification may be ambiguous, and for
this reason it is preferable to use specific designations such as transverse circular pitch, normal
base pitch, axial pitch.
[edit] Circular pitch, p
Circular pitch is the arc distance along a specified pitch circle or pitch line between
corresponding profiles of adjacent teeth.
[edit] Transverse circular pitch, pt

Tooth Pitch, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05

Transverse circular pitch is the circular pitch in the transverse plane.
[edit] Normal circular pitch, pn, pe
Normal circular pitch is the circular pitch in the normal plane, and also the length of the arc
along the normal pitch helix between helical teeth or threads.
[edit] Axial pitch, px

Base Pitch Relationships, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05

Axial pitch is linear pitch in an axial plane and in a pitch surface. In helical gears and worms,
axial pitch has the same value at all diameters. In gearing of other types, axial pitch may be
confined to the pitch surface and may be a circular measurement.
The term axial pitch is preferred to the term linear pitch. The axial pitch of a helical worm and
the circular pitch of its wormgear are the same.
[edit] Normal base pitch, pN, pbn
Normal base pitch in an involute helical gear is the base pitch in the normal plane. It is the
normal distance between parallel helical involute surfaces on the plane of action in the normal
plane, or is the length of arc on the normal base helix. It is a constant distance in any helical
involute gear.
[edit] Transverse base pitch, pb, pbt

Principal Pitches, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05

Base pitch in an involute gear is the pitch on the base circle or along the line of action.
Corresponding sides of involute gear teeth are parallel curves, and the base pitch is the constant
and fundamental distance between them along a common normal in a transverse plane.
[edit] Diametral pitch (transverse), Pd
Diametral pitch (transverse) is the ratio of the number of teeth to the standard pitch diameter in
inches.

[edit] Normal diametral pitch, Pnd

Normal diametral pitch is the value of diametral pitch in a normal plane of a helical gear or
worm.

[edit] Angular pitch, θN, τ

Angular pitch is the angle subtended by the circular pitch, usually expressed in radians.

degrees or radians
[edit] Cage gear
The cage gear, also called lantern gear or lantern pinion, has been used for centuries. Its teeth
are cylindrical rods, parallel to the axle and arranged in a circle around it, much as the bars on a
round bird cage or lantern. The assembly is held together by disks at either end into which the
tooth rods and axle are set.
[edit] Gear materials

Wooden gears of a historic windmill

Numerous nonferrous alloys, cast irons, powder-metallurgy and even plastics are used in the
manufacture of gears. However steels are most commonly used because of their high strength to
weight ratio and low cost. Plastic is commonly used where cost or weight is a concern. A
properly designed plastic gear can replace steel in many cases; It often has desirable properties.
They can tolerate dirt, low speed meshing, and "skipping" quite well. Manufacturers have
employed plastic to make consumer items affordable. This includes copy machines, optical
storage devices, VCRs, cheap dynamos, consumer audio equipment, servo motors, and printers.
[edit] Tooth thickness
[edit] Circular thickness

Tooth Thickness, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05

Circular thickness is the length of arc between the two sides of a gear tooth, on the specified
datum circle.
[edit] Transverse circular thickness
Thickness Relationships, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05
Transverse circular thickness is the circular thickness in the transverse plane.
[edit] Normal circular thickness
Normal circular thickness is the circular thickness in the normal plane. In a helical gear it may be
considered as the length of arc along a normal helix.
[edit] Axial thickness
Axial thickness in helical gears and worms is the tooth thickness in an axial cross section at the
standard pitch diameter.
[edit] Base circular thickness
Base circular thickness in involute teeth is the length of arc on the base circle between the two
involute curves forming the profile of a tooth.
[edit] Normal chordal thickness

Chordal Thickness, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05

Chordal thickness is the length of the chord that subtends a circular thickness arc in the plane
normal to the pitch helix. Any convenient measuring diameter may be selected, not necessarily
the standard pitch diameter.
[edit] Chordal addendum (chordal height)
Chordal addendum (chordal height) is the height from the top of the tooth to the chord
subtending the circular thickness arc. Any convenient measuring diameter may be selected, not
necessarily the standard pitch diameter.
[edit] Profile shift
The profile shift is the displacement of the basic rack datum line from the reference cylinder,
made non-dimensional by dividing by the normal module. It is used to specify the tooth
thickness, often for zero backlash.
[edit] Rack shift
Tooth Thickness Measurement Over Pins, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05
The rack shift is the displacement of the tool datum line from the reference cylinder, made non-
dimensional by dividing by the normal module. It is used to specify the tooth thickness.
[edit] Measurement over pins
Measurement over pins is the measurement of the distance taken over a pin positioned in a tooth
space and a reference surface. The reference surface may be the reference axis of the gear, a
datum surface or either one or two pins positioned in the tooth space or spaces opposite the first.
This measurement is used to determine tooth thickness.
[edit] Span measurement

Span Measurement, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05

Span measurement is the measurement of the distance across several teeth in a normal plane. As
long as the measuring device has parallel measuring surfaces that contact on an unmodified
portion of the involute, the measurement will be along a line tangent to the base cylinder. It is
used to determine tooth thickness.
[edit] Modified addendum teeth
Teeth of engaging gears, one or both of which have non-standard addendum.
[edit] Full-depth teeth
Full-depth teeth are those in which the working depth equals 2.000 divided by the normal
diametral pitch.
[edit] Stub teeth

Long and Short Addendum Teeth, ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05

Stub teeth are those in which the working depth is less than 2.000 divided by the normal
diametral pitch.
[edit] Equal addendum teeth
Equal addendum teeth are those in which two engaging gears have equal addendums.
[edit] Long and short-addendum teeth
Long and short addendum teeth are those in which the addendums of two engaging gears are
unequal.
[edit] Gear Design Based upon Module System
Countries which have adopted the metric system generally use the module system. As a result,
the term module is usually understood to mean the pitch diameter in millimeters divided by the
number of teeth. When the module is based upon inch measurements, it is known as The English
Module to avoid confusion with the metric module. Module is a direct dimension, whereas
diametral pitch is an inverse dimension (like 'threads per inch'). Thus, if the pitch diameter of a
gear is 40 millimeters and the number of teeth 20, the module is 2, which means that there are 2
millimeters of pitch diameter for each tooth[13].
[edit] See also
• List of gear nomenclature
• Gear hobs
• Gear box
[edit] References
1. ^ Howstuffworks "Transmission Basics"
2. ^ a b c d e f g ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05, "Gear Nomenclature, Definition of Terms with Symbols".
 3. ^ Doughty and Vallance give the following information on helical gear speeds: "Pitch-line speeds
of 4,000 to 7,000 fpm [20 to 36 m/s] are common with automobile and turbine gears, and speeds
of 12,000 fpm [61 m/s] have been successfully used." -- p.281.
4. ^ McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, "Gear", p. 742.
5. ^ Canfield, Stephen (1997), "Gear Types", Dynamics of Machinery, Tennessee Tech University,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, ME 362 lecture notes,
http://gemini.tntech.edu/~slc3675/me361/lecture/grnts4.html .
6. ^ Hilbert, David; Cohn-Vossen, Stephan (1952), Geometry and the Imagination (2nd ed.), New
York: Chelsea, pp. 287, ISBN 978-0-8284-1087-8
7. ^ McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, "Gear, p. 743.
8. ^ Doughty and Vallance, p. 287.
9. ^ Doughty and Vallance, pp. 280, 296.
10.^ Doughty and Vallance, p. 296.
11.^ This appears wrong to me but it's in two of my references: Doughty and Vallance, p. 290;
McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, "Gear", p. 743.
12.^ McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, "Gear", p. 744.
13.^ a b Oberg, E; Jones, F.D.; Horton, H.L.; Ryffell, H.H. (2000). Machinery's Handbook (26th
Edition). Industrial Press. pp. 2649. ISBN 978-0-8311-2666-7.
14.^ C Michael Hogan and Gary L Latshaw,The Relationship Between Highway Planning and
Urban Noise , Proceedings of the ASCE, Urban Transportation Division Specialty Conference by
the American Society of Civil Engineers, Urban Transportation Division, May 21 to 23, 1973,
Chicago, Illinois

[edit] General sources

• Earle Buckingham, Analytical Mechanics of Gears; 1988, Mineola, New York, USA;
Dover. First copyright 1949 by Earle Buckingham. This is an influential treatise on gears.
Advanced Level.
• Venton Levy Doughty and Alex Vallance, Design of Machine Members, 4th edition;
1964; McGraw Hill. First edition was 1936. This is an engineering text on machine parts.
It has two chapters on gears.
• McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. 2002.
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI) / American Gear Manufacturers
Association (AGMA) 1012-G05, "Gear Nomenclature, Definition of Terms with
Symbols". The definitive source of gear specifications.
• American Gear Manufacturers Association website
• Gear Technology, the Journal of Gear Manufacturing
• Leading supplier of high quality precision gears: http://www.wmberg.com/
[edit] External links
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gears

• Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL)

Movies and photos of hundreds of working models at Cornell University.
• Mathematical Tutorial for Gearing (Relating to Robotics)
• Animation of an Involute Rack and Pinion
• Gearing, NASA-RP-1152, Coy, Townsend and Zaretsky, 1985. A comprehensive 69-
page technical handbook, 4.5 MB, available here
• Explanation Of Various Gears & Their Applications
[show]
v•d•e
Gears

G
e
a
r

s Spur gear systems • Worm gear • Rack and pinion • Epicyclic (planetary) gearing • Sun
y and planet gear • Harmonic drive • Cycloidal drive • Non-circular gear
s
t
e
m
s

G
e
a
r

s Spur gear • Bevel gear• Spiral bevel gear • Helical gear

h
a
p
e
s

G Involute • Cycloid
e
a
r
t
o
o
t
h

p
r
o
f
i
l
e
s

G
e
a
r

m
e Transmission • Differential • Gear coupling • Gear train • Bicycle gearing • Continuously
c variable transmission • Offset (gears)
h
a
n
i
c
s

E
x
a
m In Bicycles: Cogset • Derailleur gears • Hub gear • Shaft-driven bicycle • Sprocket
p In Horology: Wheel train
l
e
s

S
e
e
Ball screw • Leadscrew • Jackscrew • Belt drive • Chain drive • Gear manufacturing •
a Odontograph • Odontometer • Freewheel
l
s
o
 [show]
v•d•e
Kinematic Pair

L
o
w
e
r
Revolute joint, Prismatic joint, Cylindrical joint, Screw joint, Planar joint, Spherical joint
P
a
i
r
s

H
i
g
h
e
r
Cam, Gears
P
a
i
r
s
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear"
Category: Gears
Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements
since May 2008
Views
• Article
• Discussion
• Edit this page
• History
Personal tools
• Log in / create account
Navigation
• Main page
• Contents
• Featured content
• Current events
 • Random article
Search
Top of Form

Go Search

Bottom of Form
Interaction
• About Wikipedia
• Community portal
• Recent changes
• Contact Wikipedia
• Donate to Wikipedia
• Help
Toolbox
• What links here
• Related changes
• Upload file
• Special pages
• Printable version
• Permanent link
• Cite this page
Languages
• ‫العربية‬
• Български
• Català
• Česky
• Dansk
• Deutsch
• Eesti
• Español
• Esperanto
• ‫فارسی‬
• Français
• Galego
• 한국어
• Ido
• Italiano
• ‫עברית‬
• Lietuvių
• Magyar
• മലയാളം
• Myanmasa
• Nederlands
• 日本語
• Polski
• Português
• Română
• Русский
• Simple English
• Slovenčina
• Українська
• Slovenščina
• Српски / Srpski
• Suomi
• Svenska
• Tagalog
• தமிழ்
• Türkçe
• 中文

• This page was last modified on 17 February 2009, at 20:04.

• All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See
Copyrights for details.)
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S.
registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
• Privacy policy
• About Wikipedia
• Disclaimers