ARMERO. BADILLO. BAUTISTA. BELARMINO. BENEDITO. BLANCO. BRIONES.

BROQUEZA
•Are you happy with your life now?
•Do you find meaning in the things
that you do everyday?
•What makes you truly happy?
•Did you ever take these questions
seriously before?
• Man can never do away from considering
his spiritual being, in pursuit of knowing
his true identity.
• Man is composed of both body and soul.
• Body – a man’s relationship to the material
world
• Soul – a man’s relationship with the spiritual
world
• who we are our core
• more permanent than other two selves
• our subjective and most intimate self.
• the aspect of self which develops a certain
level of spirituality which is deemed as a man’s
way of seeking as well as expressing the
meaning and purpose of his life.
• speaks of the quality of one’s relationships
with:
• God
• Self
• Others
• Institutions
• God’s entire Creation
• marked with respect, forgiveness, generous
service, and prayer
• It is showing refinement or high level of
Christian Maturity and concern with the higher
things in life such as the Sacred or the Divine.
• Specified more concretely on deepening the
faith
• leads man to a deeper communion with
the Divine
• a path of direct and personal connection
with the Divine
• embraces all faiths, social, and political
ideologies.
• aids persons in:
• Spiritual Distress
• Emotional Distress
• Physical Distress
• Crisis/Discomfort
• Seeking to make a significant change in their lives
through self awareness
• A healing process that leads to personal
development.
• L. Mercado (1994) – the spirit in Hebrew language
is ruach or pneuma in Greek meaning breath
• James 2:26 (As the body without the spirit is dead, so
faith without deeds is dead.)
- the spirit is described as the disposition of an
individual, a person’s habitual attitudes, as man’s
supernatural power which comes from God.
- It is the part of us through which all life and power of
God flow.
- It is the “life giving part of a man”
• Soul - nephesh (Hebrew), psyche (Greek)
• Originally meaning throat or neck which
means ‘human life’, the animating principle of
human nature.
• Is described as the will, mind, the seat of
emotions and conscience
• Both spirit and soul means life
• But soul (nephesh-psyche) stands for
natural man
• And spirit (ruach-pneuma) is the
ethical factor which adds the
dimension of relationship with God.
• Spirit enables man to serve God and to
participate in the supernatural order.
Hebrew’s concept of man – “holistic” not a
trichotomy of: (a) body (flesh), (b) soul, (c) spirit.

However, Hebrews sees the distinction between

the natural and the supernatural in respect to the
soul and spirit.

Spirit – Filipino: Espirito/Espiritu, Visayan:

Ginhawa, Tagalog: Hininga, Ilocano: Anges
• the nonphysical aspect of the person
• the complexity of human attributes that manifests as
consciousness, thought, feeling, and will, regarded as
distinct from the physical body
• It is the person’s emotional and moral nature, where
the most private thoughts and feelings are hidden.
• In some systems of religious belief, the soul is the
spiritual part of a human being to future reward and
punishment.
• Bible – speaks of the soul as the innermost aspect of
the person which signifies the spiritual principle in him,
“the breathe of life”
• The body becomes alive because of the spiritual soul.
• Demetrio, et. Al. (The Soul According to
the Indigenous Filipino) – “kaluluwa”,
“kararwa”, “kadkadduwa”, all came from
the root word duwa which means two
• This is because the soul has two
existences:
• Physical
• Spiritual
• The Ilocano kadkadduwa is further derived
from kadduwa, meaning companion.
• Tagalogs – kaluluwa
• Bagobos – gimokud
• Bukidnons – makatu
• Ilokanos – kadkadduwa or kararwa
(inside physical body
• Ilonggos – Dungan (alive), kalag (dead)
• Visayans – dungan (willpower)
• Cebuanos – kaluha
• Mindoro Folks – karadwa/kalag
• Kankanays of Cordillera – ab-abiiik
• Ibanag – ikarua
• has the role of giving directions and
wholeness to the man.
• The body can stay alive independently of
the soul while the soul itself, even when
separate from the body, experiences
material wants and needs. (Demetrio, et
al)
• mangaggakao – a ritual to invite the soul
back to the body
• speaks more of the soul of the deceased
person than the living.
• kakambal – twin or double; malay or the tiny
voice; a consciousness which is the
individual’s capacity to think, to reason, to
learn, and to have willpower.
• The kakambal at night travels and its
troublesome encounters could be the cause
of nightmares/bangungut
• Double becomes kaluluwa when the person
dies (Jocano, 1971)
• Not normally seen by the human eye
• sometimes comes out of the body and takes
on a visible form such as that of an insect like a
housefly or lizard
• The Dungan may leave the body voluntarily as
when a person is asleep (Visayans)
• When a person can see the self in his/her
dreams, the soul has left the body.
• Whatever happens to the Dungan, happens to
the physical body as well (Demetrio, et. Al, 2011)
Alicia Magos (1986) – indicates that another cause of
soul withdrawal from the body is maltreatment.
Arsenio Manuel – soul leaves the body involuntarily
as in the case of the child who is frightened.
Chant: Come back, Come back soul of ______, return
to your home body.
- Another involuntary departure of the soul happens
when the bad spirits/engkanto lures or capture them.
- Sickness is the effect of temporary loss of the soul
and death is the effect of permanent loss
• Has a secondary meaning of “willpower”
• Strong Dungan = intellectual and psychological
capacity to dominate or persuade others to one’s
way of thinking; caused by strong willpower; if
strengthened through ritual nurturing, it can cause
illness or seriously weaken the other persons who
have weaker dungan.
• Constant Companionship between 2 persons may
lead to spiritual competition between the dungans
and the defeat results to sickness of the one with
the weaker dungan. (Demetrio, et. Al)
• Mercado says that weak dungans has to be strengthened
through religio-magical rite to prevent/cure body illness
caused by inherent weaknes.
• Well maintained dungan has a satisfactory well being
(intelligent, proper sense, willpower, good health,
capacity to influence)
• At death, the soul (kalag) leaves the body via the nose,
ears, eyes, and other orifices and eventually goes with
the air toward the upper regions where it waits until it can
find another body to enter.
• patulod – a rite done on the third day after the burial to
assure that the soul will go to its final destination; for the
soul not to visit and cause illness.
1. Kararwa (soul proper) – vital element in man;
can only leave after death; Ilokano name
used for Christian soul.
2. Karkarma (second soul) – can leave the
body when one is frightened; can be stolen
from the body when the person goes to
isolated places; Ilokano Karkarma stands for
natural vigor, energy, strength, or power, also
stands for mind or reason; counterpart to
psyche
3. Aniwaas (aningaas/alingaas) – third soul; can leave
the body during sleep and visit places which the person
who owns it frequents and awake.
4. Ar-aria (al-alia) – fourth soul; the liberated soul of the
dead; the soul that comes down to earth to visit its
relatives, asking them to pray or perform a duty it failed
to do in life.

Ilokanos also believe that the soul leaves the body

when frightened which results to sickness and a ritual is
necessary to invite the strayed soul back to its
homebody.
• The inner self or inner being, is the core of
one’s personhood and where the true
worth of the person lies. It is what makes
one what he is and who he is as a person.
• According to Mercado (1994), “a purified kalooban is
supported by prayer. This loob that has been
continually purified and strengthened acquires
commitment to the cause of the individual. This
happens through forms of sacrifices which include
prayers, abstinence from certain kind of foods or
comforts, and sexual abstinence.
One of the most popular sacrifices done by
some Filipino Catholics is the “penitensia”
during Good Friday. The penitents reenact
the suffering of Jesus Christ, from the
flagellation to the crucifixion. Penitents whip
themselves on the back, using whips made
of bamboo or paddles to draw blood. To
complete the rites, some devotees willingly
allow themselves to be nailed to the cross.
• The Filipino concept and value,
kagandahang-loob (kindness, generosity,
benevolence, helpfulness) can be a very
appropriate description of who God is for
Filipinos.
• It is a quality of BEING which has its roots in
the very heart of a person and which is
given expression in the totality of one’s life
of interrelationship.
• Prayer is said to be “the first expression of man’s
interior truth”.
• It is the ultimate organizing center of human reality. It
is also the very zone of creaturehood which is the
substratum of ideas, feelings and behaviors.
• Prayer becomes an active receptiveness, an active
listening to what God is revealing to one’s loob.
Those whose “loob” is pure,
serene and controlled have
“special powers” granted to them
by Christ such as the ability to
control elements, cure the sick,
speak in different tongues,
interpret signs, among others.
“Christian prayer is our conscious
personal communion with God, our
Father, in Christ Jesus. It is the fruit of the
Holy Spirit working in our hearts,
enabling us to turn to God and with
confidence, to call Him our Father.”

Pagbabalik loob (conversion)

• The quality or condition of being an individual
person.
1. Consciousness
2. Reasoning
3. Self-motivated Activity
4. Capacity to communicate
5. Self-Awareness
“The key to personhood is
sentience, the ability to feel
pleasure and pain”
Says “ it’s not all or nothing, it’s more like a
dimmer switch”

So, Personhood comes in degrees, and you

can have more or less of it.
VIKTOR EMIL FRANKL
• Born on March 26, 1905 in Vienna,
Austria
• Died on September 2, 1997
• A medical doctor, psychiatrist
• Developed the LOGOTHERAPY
• A survivor of holocaust
• Author of the book, the doctor of
the soul: an introduction to
Logotherapy and Man’s search for
meaning, etc.
“meaning is something to discover rather than to
invent”
➢believes that in life, there is an EXISTENTIAL VACUUM,
which means that life is empty, meaningless,
purposeless, aimless, adrift and so on.
➢Existential vacuum: is a condition which a person
doubts that life has a meaning.
➢because of existential vacuum, we fill our lives with
“busy-ness”, conformity, conventionality, anger, hatred
and even attempts to destroy what we think is hurting
us.
▪It is a psychotherapy that the main
belief is that “man’s primary
motivational force is search for
meaning”.
▪In logotherapy, meaning can be
discovered by creating a work or
doing a deed, experincing something
or encountering someone and the
attitude toward unavoidable suffering.
1. Life has a meaning
2. Main motivation for living is our will to find
meaning in life
3. Freedom to find meaning
3 ways in discovering meaning in life
A. EXPERIENTIAL VALUE:
➢Involves experiencing something or someone we value.
Ex. Family, relatives, friends, and workmates.
B. CREATIVE VALUE:
➢The traditional existential idea of providing oneself with meaning by
becoming involved by projects, or better, in the project of one’s own
life.
Ex. The creativity and passion involved in art, music, writing,
invention and work.
C. ATTITUDINAL VALUE:
➢Includes practicing virtues such as compassion, bravery, a good
sense of humor and the like. The ultimate goal is self-transcendence,
in the spiritual realm. It is a reference to God, a reference to religion.
Ex. Achieving meaning in a way of suffering
Religion – people’s way of connecting
themselves to God.
- “beliefs and behaviors related to
supernatural beings and powers”.
- “an organized system of ideas about the
spiritual sphere, along with ceremonial
practices; our way of relating with the
supernatural or the DIVINE”.
- All cultures have religion.
Religion serves several functions to man as
follows:
1. “The practice of religion has a significant
effect on happiness and an overall sense of
personal well-being”. (Stark, R., 1971)
2. “Regular religious attendance led to too much
less psychological distress.” (Williams, D. 1970)
3. “Young people see love as the central aspect
of the meaning of life; they believe that religion is
still important in helping form judgments and
attitudes.” (Thomas, D.)
4. The cohabitation rate is seven times higher
among persons who seldom or never attend
religious services compared to persons who
frequently attend. (Larson, D.)
“ Therefore, the practice of religion is beneficial to
individuals, families, states, and the nation. It improves
health, learning, economic well-being, self-control,
self-esteem, and empathy. It reduces the incidence of
social pathologies, such as out-of-wedlock births,
crime, delinquency, drug and alcohol addiction, health
problems, anxieties, and prejudice. Furthermore,
religion creates a moral community to which people
experience a sense of belonging, It provides rites of
passage as in the case of sacraments in Christianity. It
provides emotional support. It serves as a means to
provide answers to ultimate questions in life. It shapes
the people’s view of the universe. Finally, it can be a
powerful agent of social change.” (Haviland, et. al.,
2007)
RITUALS – patterned forms of behavior that have
something to do with the supernatural realm.
- performed in a repetitive nature.
- can be religious or secular.
- unites the people/ collective action.
• People worldwide engage in religious rituals that
require a considerable amount of time or personal
sacrifice.
• Example: the case of Vegans of Phuket, Thailand
who perform various acts of self-torture, including
bathing in hot oil, fire walking ,and piercing
themselves with sharp implements during their
annual vegetarian festival.
• “Life-cycle rituals” referred as ‘rites of passage’ –
mark a status change from one important life stage
to another. Ex. Christian Sacraments (Sosis, 2010)

Sacrifice – offering of something to the supernatural

beings.
- performed to ‘please’ or to ‘express
gratitude’ to such deities.
harang – practiced by the Visayan fishing villages.
- a process of purification (luob), invocation
(pagtawag), entreaty (pangamuyo),
offering (bayad), feast (kan-on),
encompassing almost every aspect of the
communities existence. (Kawada, M.,1956)
Kanyaw – Cordillera, performed as an expression of thanksgiving as
well as to appease their deities and an expression of solidarity
among the members of the community.
Buklog – Subanens in Aurora, Zamboanga.
- performed in fiestas to honor the spirits and plea for favors.
- symbol of the Subanen’s relationship with their fellowmen,
and a spiritual journey to their creator.

Magic – ‘tricks’ and ‘illusions’, make impossible things seem to

happen.
- for entertainment.
- a special talent or skill; an act that makes impossible things
happen through some sort of trickery or deception(Stein and Stein,
2011)
 - manipulating human perception.
- captivates the audience with expert
showmanship.
• Anthropologists – rituals refers to activities, usually
rituals, by which a person can compel the
supernatural to behave in certain ways.
• Used for healing, keeping away evil, seeking the
truth, and for vengeful purposes.
• Stein and Stein (2011) state that magic answers our
need to have control of our lives and others.
• Haviland (2007) also explains that like religion ,
magic tries to explain the unexplainable and
provides comfort and a coherent view of the world.
Witchcraft – commonly understood as ‘kulam’.
- refers to the idea that certain people have an
inborn power to harness spirits or energies for specific
purposes.
- considered to be evil, used for illegal or anti social
ends.
• Witches steal food remnants, hair, nail clippings, or clothes
from the victim and use these objects to inflict harm.
• Stein and Stein (2011), Although magic is used for variety of
reasons to increase success and control the uncertainties of
life, magic can also be used in antisocial ways to interfere with
others and to bring about illness and even death.
• Haviland (2007), mentions that witchcraft serves a number of
functions in the society.