Respiratory

System

Dr. Om Prakash Mishra

Assistant Professor,
Department of Physical Education,
Swarnim Gujarat Sports University,
Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
 Respiratory System (RS)

 Something is coming
in
 Something (Changed
one) is going out
 It follow the same path

2 Monday, October 14, 2019 Dr. Om Prakash Mishra

 Respiratory System

 A system which functions to move air into and

out of the lungs, and provides a surface for gas
exchange. It consists of
– Nose
– Nasal cavity Upper Respiratory Tract • Oral cavity
– Pharynx • Rib Cage
– Larynx • Respiratory
– Trachea
Muscles
Lower Respiratory Tract
– Bronchi
– Lungs
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 Introduction

Respiration

Inspiration Expiration

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 Respiration (Definition)

Respiration is the process by which oxygen

from the lungs is carried by the blood to the
tissues; and carbon dioxide formed in the
tissues by metabolic activity is carried by the
blood to the lungs and is expired out.
(Chatterjee, 1985)

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 Process of Respiration
Gas transfer across the
Air in
alveolocapillary due to
(inspiration)
tension gradient Perfusion
and air out
Diffusion
(expiration)
Intrapulmonary Flow of adequate
Gas mixing
Ventilation quantity of blood
Between O2 through the lungs
reach air and so that the diffused
air already gases are carried
6 present in lungs away
Monday, October 14, 2019 Dr. Om Prakash Mishra
 Functions

 Gas Exchange
– O2 and CO2 (External and Internal respiration)
 Regulation of Blood pH
– Alter the blood pH by changing blood CO2 level
 Voice Production
– Vocal Cords makes sound and speech
 Olfaction
– Sensation of smell occurs in nasal cavity
 Innate Immunity
– By preventing microorganisms entry into body
7 Monday, October 14, 2019 Dr. Om Prakash Mishra
 Unit 2: Respiratory System (RS)

 Respiratory Organs:
Nose, Trachea,
Diaphragm, Bronchi.
 Structure and
Function of Lungs.
 Mechanism of
Respiration
 Effect of Exercise on
Respiratory System.
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 Organs of RS

1. Upper Respiratory Nasal Cavity

Tract: Nasopharynx
It consist of structures Oropharynx Pharynx
located outside the
thoracic cavity.
Laryngopharynx
2. Lower Respiratory Larynx
Trachea
Tract:
Primary bronchi
It consist of structures
located inside the Bronchioles
thoracic cavity.

9
Diaphram
Monday, October 14, 2019 Dr. Om Prakash Mishra
 Nasal Cavity

 The nasal cavity lies just over

the mouth, separated from that
orifice by a bony structure
called the palate.
 A vertical plate of bone and
cartilage (called the septum)
separates the cavity into two
halves.
 This cavity is lined with
epithelium rich in goblet cells
10 that produce mucus.
Monday, October 14, 2019 Dr. Om Prakash Mishra
 Pharynx

 Tube (12 to 14 cm)

Pharynx
 Extend from base of
skull to the level of 6th
cervical vertebra
 Lies behind
– Nose
– Mouth
– Larynx

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 Pharynx

 Common
Pharynx
passageway
– Respiratory systems
– Digestive systems.
 It receives air from
the nasal cavity and
air, food and water
from the mouth.

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 Pharynx

 The nasopharynx
extends from the
posterior nares to the
soft palate. It
contains openings for
the right and left
auditory tubes.

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 Pharynx

 The oropharynx is a
space between the
soft palate and the
base of the tongue. It
contains the palatine
tonsils as well as the
lingual tonsils, found
at the base of the
tongue.
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 Pharynx

 The laryngopharynx
passes dorsal to the
larynx and connects
to the esophagus.

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 Pharynx

 Functions
– Passageway for air
and food
– Warming and
Humidifying
– Taste
– Hearing
– Speech

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 Larynx

 The larynx lies between the root of

the tongue and the upper end of the
trachea.
 Although it’s often called the voice
box, it actually had three functions:
– Prevention of food and liquids from
entering into trachea.
– Air passageway between Pharynx
and Trachea
– Produces sound
17 Monday, October 14, 2019 Dr. Om Prakash Mishra
 Trachea

 Lying just in front of the

esophagus, the trachea is a
rigid tube about 4.5” (11 cm)
long and 1” (2.5 cm) wide.
 C-shaped rings of cartilage
encircle the trachea to
reinforce it and keep it form
collapsing during inhalation.
 The trachea extends from the
larynx to a cartilaginous ridge
18 called the carina.
Monday, October 14, 2019 Dr. Om Prakash Mishra
 Bronchial Tree

Primary Bronchi Secondary Bronchi

Tertiary Bronchi

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 Functions
STRUCTURE FUNCTION
nose / nasal cavity warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled
pharynx (throat) passageway for air, leads to trachea
larynx the voice box, where vocal chords are located
keeps the windpipe "open"
trachea (windpipe) trachea is lined with fine hairs called cilia which
filter air before it reaches the lungs
two branches at the end of the trachea, each lead to a
bronchi
lung
a network of smaller branches leading from the
bronchioles
bronchi into the lung tissue & ultimately to air sacs
the functional respiratory units in the lung where gases
alveoli
are exchanged
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 Respiratory Muscles

 Primary Muscles
– Diaphragm
– External Intercostal muscles
– Internal Intercostal muscles
 Accessory Muscles
– Sternocleidomastoids External
Intercostals

– Scalenes
Diaphragm
– Rectus Abdominis
– External Obliques
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 Diaphragm

 It is a dome-shaped
muscle separating the
thoracic and pelvic
cavities.

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 Unit 2: Respiratory System (RS)

 Respiratory Organs:
Nose, Trachea,
Diaphragm, Bronchi.
 Structure and
Function of Lungs.
 Mechanism of
Respiration
 Effect of Exercise on
Respiratory System.
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 Lungs

Apex Superior Lobe

Ribs Horizontal Fissure
Oblique Fissure
Parietal Pleura
Middle Lobe
Visceral Pleura
Inferior Lobe
Pleural Cavity
24 Base
Monday, October 14, 2019 Dr. Om Prakash Mishra
 Functions of Lungs

 Inspiration
 Expiration
 Gas Exchange

25 Monday, October 14, 2019 Dr. Om Prakash Mishra

 Unit 2: Respiratory System (RS)

 Respiratory Organs:
Nose, Trachea,
Diaphragm, Bronchi.
 Structure and
Function of Lungs.
 Mechanism of
Respiration
 Effect of Exercise on
Respiratory System.
26 Monday, October 14, 2019 Dr. Om Prakash Mishra
 Mechanism of Respiration

 Air moves in and out

from the lungs due to
Pressure Gradient.
 Pressure Gradient
– Air flows from the area of
higher pressure to an
area of lower pressure.

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 Mechanism of Respiration
Atmospheric Pressure Intrapulmonic Pressure
= 760 mmHg = 760 mmHg

AP = IP Intrapleural Pressure =
No Respiration 756 mmHg

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 Mechanism of Respiration
Atmospheric Pressure Intrapulmonic Pressure
= 760 mmHg = 758 mmHg

AP > IP Intrapleural Pressure =

Air In 754 mmHg

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 Mechanism of Respiration
Atmospheric Pressure Intrapulmonic Pressure
= 760 mmHg = 763 mmHg

AP < IP Intrapleural Pressure =

Air Out 756 mmHg

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 Respiration

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 Mechanism of Respiration

 The pressure gradient

is controlled by
movement of
respiratory muscles and
ribs.

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 Diaphragm

 The diaphragm contracts,

flattens and drops pressing the
abdominal organs downward
and enlarging the thoracic
cavity during inspiration.
 The diaphragm relaxes,
bulging upward and pressing
against the base of the lungs,
reducing the size of the
thoracic cavity.
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 External Intercostal Muscles

 This muscles pull the

ribs upward and
outward, widening the
thoracic cavity while
inspiration.
External
Intercostals

Diaphragm

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 Internal Intercostal Muscles

 The Internal intercostals

help in elevate the ribs
during inspiration.
 This muscles pull the
ribs downward as the
external intercostals External
Intercostals

relax during expiration.

Diaphragm

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 Accessory Muscles

 During deep inspiration,

accessory muscles
(sternocleidomastoids,
scalenes and pectoralis
minor) contract to elevate
the chest.
 During forced expiration, the External
Intercostals
rectus abdominis and
external obliques contract to Diaphragm

pull down the ribs and

sternum.
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 Movement of Rib Cage (Inspiration)

 “Pump handle” motion

increases anterior-posterior
dimension of rib cage.

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 Movement of Rib Cage (Inspiration)

 “Bucket handle”
motion increases
lateral dimension
of rib cage.

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 Inspiration

 The intercostal muscles contract, pulling the ribs

up and out; diaphragm contract and moves
downward. This enlarge the chest cavity in all
directions.
 The lungs expand along with the chest because
of the two layers of the pleurae.
– The parietal pleura is firmly attached to the ribs; the
visceral pleura covers the lungs.

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 Inspiration

 When the lungs expand, the volume of air in

the lungs spreads throughout the enlarging
space. This causes the pressure within the
bronchi and alveoli (the interpulmonic
pressure) to drop.
 When the intrapulmonic pressure drops lower
than the atmospheric pressure, air flows down
the pressure gradient into the lungs.

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 Expiration

 The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

relax, and the thoracic cage springs back to its
original size.
 The lungs are compressed by the thoracic cage.
 Intrapulmonary pressure rises.
 Air flow down the pressure gradient and out of
the lungs.

41 Monday, October 14, 2019 Dr. Om Prakash Mishra

 Unit 2: Respiratory System (RS)

 Respiratory Organs:
Nose, Trachea,
Diaphragm, Bronchi.
 Structure and
Function of Lungs.
 Mechanism of
Respiration
 Effect of Exercise on
Respiratory System.
42 Monday, October 14, 2019 Dr. Om Prakash Mishra
 Respiratory Adaptation to Training

Acute Effect Chronic Effect

Components
Rest Exercise Trained Untrained
1500 - 2000 ml
Tidal Volume 500 ml 2500 ml
2500 ml 500 ml
-1 25 - 30 .m-1 -1
Respiratory Rate 16 .m -1
40 .m 25 - 30 .m-1
38 - 40 .m
200 – 300 3.5 lit.m-1 -1 -1
Oxygen Uptake -1 4.5 lit.m -1 5 lit.m 3.5 lit.m
ml.m
-1 40-50 lit.m-1 -1 50-60 lit.m-1
Pulmonary Ventilation 8 lit.m 100 lit.m
100 lit.m-1
Lung Diffusion Capacity Normal

Lung Volume Normal

43 Monday, October 14, 2019 Dr. Om Prakash Mishra