EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

 Ground shaking
 Ground surface rupture
 Liquefaction
 Tsunami
 Earthquake induced landslide

EARTH
• Divided into three layers;
• Core – hottest and innermost layer
» Asthenosphere – inner layer (hotter)
» Lithosphere – outer layer
• Mantle – thick second layer
• Crust – thinner layer covering the mantle

EARTHQUAKE
 Violent shaking of the ground produce by sudden movement of the rock materials below
the earth surface.
 Natural phenomena brought about by slow but powerful motions within the earth.

TYPES OF NATURAL EARTHQUAKES

 TECTONIC - Produced by sudden movement along faults and plate boundaries.
 VOLCANIC - Produced by movement of magma beneath volcanoes.

TERMS TO REMEMBER
 Fault or fault plane - Where the ground split
 Hypocenter - Where the earthquake originates
 Epicenter - Where it occurs at the earth surface
 Convergent Boundary - When one plate is force over another during earthquake
 Divergent Boundary - When plates drifted apart from each other
 Transform fault - When plates slip by each other

WAYS OF DESCRIBING THE STRENGTH OF EARTHQUAKE

 Intensity - Earthquake’s property that indicates the effects and damage caused by
 Magnitude - A value that tells the reader the amount of seismic energy released by an
earthquake
PIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology And Seismology) - the agency mandated to
monitor earthquake in the Philippines

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
PRIMARY HAZARDS
 GROUND SHAKING - The disruptive up and down and sideways motion experienced
during earthquake.
Ground shaking is measured in:
1. Velocity of ground motion
2. Acceleration of ground motion
3. Frequency of the shaking
4. Duration

 GROUND/SURFACE RUPTURE
The creation of new or the renewed movements of old fractures, oftentimes with the two
blocks on both sides moving in opposite directions

 LIQUEFACTION
Process that transform the behavior of a body of sediment from that of a solid to that of a
liquid.

 LANDSLIDE
A large mass of rocks and earth that suddenly and quickly moves down the side of a mountain
hill.
 Caused by heavy rains.
 Over-steeped slopes created by erosion.

SECONDARY HAZARDS
 TSUNAMI - “Harbor Wave” or “Seismic Sea Wave”
Mostly refer to a tidal wave.
The earthquake which originates under the ocean and can cause great destruction when it
reaches the land.
 There are 2 types of tsunami:
 Locally generated tsunamis – caused by earthquakes from nearby
trenches
 Far-field tsunamis – earthquake from sources that are located farther
from the impact.

 SIGN OF IMPENDING TSUNAMI

1. Animal Behavior
2. Drawback
3. Sound similar to an incoming train

 FLOODINGS
A large amount of water covering an area of land that is usually dry.
When there’s an earthquake and it breaks a dam, the water will flow out that could cause
massive flooding.

 SEICHE
A standing wave in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water.
The standing wave is a superposition of waves that travels the whole length of the water and
the reflected back in the opposite direction.
  FIRE
Can be a result of earthquake. This could happens after when some candles were tipped over.
Also from ignition such as gas lines, electrical wires and other utility wires.

 SHORT TERM FOR HAZARDS

• Ground shaking – shake
• Ground rupture – cut
• Liquefaction – very soft soil
• Landslide – slope failure
• Tsunami - waves

 BASIC TERMS
• Seismology – scientific study of earthquake
• Seismic – pertaining to earthquake
• Seismograph – instrument to measure earthquake
• Seismogram – record of earthquake
• Aftershock – following the main shock
• Foreshock – before the main shock

WHAT TO DO BEFORE, DURING & AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE

 BEFORE THE EARTHQUAKE
• Be familiar with the dangerous spots inside offices/rooms.
• Be careful with the things which may harm people during earthquake.
• Fix faulty electrical wiring, leaky gas connection and fasten shelves.
• Identify safe places indoors and outdoors.

 DURING THE EARTHQUAKE

• DROP/DUCK to the ground.
• COVER and you may hide under a sturdy table or piece of furniture for protection from
falling debris.
• HOLD that position and stay wherever you are until the shaking stops and you cannot
feel the ground movement anymore.

 IF OUTDOORS:
• Move away from building and streetlights.
• Immediately proceed to an open area.
• Once in an open, stay there and do not go near buildings and tall infrastructures to avoid
falling debris.

 IF IN MOVING VEHICLE:
• Stop as quickly as safety permits.
• Avoid stopping near buildings, overpasses, bridges or ramps which may have been
damaged by the earthquake.
• If you’re in a CROWDED STORE or OTHER PUBLIC PLACE, do not rush for exists.
• Move away from display shelves containing objects that could fall.
  IF TRAPPED UNDER DEBRIS:
• Cover your mouth with handkerchief.
• Create noises by tapping pipes or walls for rescuers to locate you.
• Do not shout. It is just a last option because it may cause you to inhale dangerous
amount of dust.

 AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE

• Listen to battery-operated radio or TV for updates of aftershock.
• Stay away from damaged area.
• Stay away from beach if living in a coastal area. Be aware of possible tsunami.
• Landslide are also possible for mountainous areas as well as ground rupture.
• Do not use your telephone to call relatives and friends. Disaster prevention authorities
may need the lines for emergency communications.
• Do not use your car and drive around disaster stricken areas.
• Check your water and electrical lines.