Genetics is the study of how certain traits are passed from parents to offspring

Law of dominance states that the genetic trait that is dominant will always prevent the expression of the recessive trait
Hybrid is the result of a cross between parents of different genotypes
Recessive is a form of a trait that is dominated by another form of the same trait
Hemoglobin is the pigment of red blood cells that binds oxygen
Transformation is to change from something to a totally different object
Recombinant DNA is the combination of broken parts of DNA coming together to form a DNA strand
PKU
Sickle Cell Anemia causes distorted blood vessels and leads to mental retardation
Mendel was the founder of modern genetics: he used peas to find about heredity
Robert Hooke discovered cells in an organism by studying cork
Virchow stated that all cells come from cells
Darwin proved the theory of evolution through the process of natural selection
Watson and Crick were the first discovers of the DNA structure
Barbara McClintock was the first person to suggest that genetic sequences can move
Lysome is a cell vesicle that contains digestive enzymes
Plastid organelle filled with chlorplast
Vacuole contains water and digestive enzymes that store nutrients and waste products
Cell theory is that all cells came from preexisting cells and cells or products made by them are the units if structure and function
in organisms
Endoplasmic Reticulum plays a role in biosynthesis reactions and is covered with ribosomes
Spontaneous generation is the rapid growth or re-growth of an organism
Cell wall is made of cellulose and it provides rigidity to plant cells
Osmosis is the movement from high concentration area to a low concentration area
Diffusion is the movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from a high concentrated area to a low concentrated
area
Plasmolysis is the breaking down of plasma
Fermentation is the release of energy during chemical breakdown of food in the absence of oxygen
Glycolysis is the initial breakdown of a carbohydrate usually glucose
Lactic Acid is a substance that forms from Pyruvic acid when Glycolysis occurs
Respiration is the process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide
Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy can not be created or destroyed but can change forms
Calvin Cycle is the cycle that incorporates carbon dioxide in sugars during photosynthesis
Chlorophyll is the green pigment of plants that converts light energy into chemical energy
Guard cells are two small cells that surround each stomate and contain chloroplasts
Replication is the process of making an exact copy
Transcription is the enzyme-catalyzed assembly of an RNA molecule complementary to a strand of DNA
Translation is the assembly of a protein on ribosomes, using messenger RNA to direct the order of amino acids
The purpose of the flower is to attract pollinators to aid in fertilization
The purpose of the seeds is to protect and nourish the ovary
The purpose of pollen is carry the sperm inside the protective coat
The purpose of sperm is to carry the genetic information of male to the egg
Diploid is a set of double of chromosomes
Haploid is one set of chromosomes
N is a symbol that represents the haploid chromosomes in a species
2n is a symbol that represents the diploid number
Gametes are haploid reproductive cells either an ovum or sperm
Fertilization is the union of the nucleus of an ovum and a sperm nucleus
Zygote is the diploid product of the union of haploid gametes in conception
Gene is the fundamental physical unit of heredity, which transmits a set of specifications from one generation to the next
Chromosome is the structure made up of genes that passes on the genetic information
Allele is one of two or more possible forms of a gene
The number of chromosomes in a human body is anywhere from 30-50 thousand
The genus species of a human is homo-sapiens
Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis
Crossing Over is the breakage and exchange of corresponding segments of homologous chromosomes at one or more sites
along their length
Sex linked the gene carried on the X chromosome
Amniocentesis a process in which amnionic fluid is taken from the uterus to determine if there are any disorders
Ultrasound process in which sound waves are projected into the uterus to provide a picture of the baby
DNA Fingerprinting the process of identifying a person based on their DNA
Deletion a gene gets erased or deleted
Frameshift Mutation when a gene shifts to a new location causing a defect
Active transport is the movement of a substance through a biological membrane against a concentration gradient with the help of
metabolic energy while Passive transport is the diffusion of a substance through a biological membrane

Endocytosis is the cellular uptake of materials in which the plasma membrane surrounds and engulfs extracellular materials
while exocytosis is the release of macromolecules from a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane

Aerobic respiration (O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O)is occurring or living in the presence of free or dissolved oxygen while
anaerobic respiration (sugar-> CO2 + alcohol) is living or existing without free conditions Products are what go into a chemical
equation, reactants are the results

The principles that Darwin used were natural selection in which it states that the survival and reproduction of organisms that are
best suited to their environment will flourish, adaptations which is the characteristics increase the chances that an organism will
survive and reproduce in its particular environment and variations help because they are small differences that occur within
populations of only the best

Prophase centriole- chromosomes become visible and double- nucleus disappears- spindles form
Metaphase chromosomes become attached in the middle
Anaphase chromosomes separate- they migrate to opposite sides
Telophase 2 identical daughter cells are formed- nucleus reappears- chromosomes start to form back into the chromatin

DNA RNA
Formed from nucleotides formed from nucleotides
Contains chemical code contains chemical code
In nucleus mRNA in nucleus
Double stranded mRNA in cytoplasm - transcription
Deoxyribose tRNA in cytoplasm - translation
A~T G~C rRNA on ribosome – build protein
Single stranded
Ribose
A~U G~C

BLOOD TYPES
A – Ia Ia or Ia i
B – IbIb or Ib i
AB - IaIb
C - ii