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Measuring Sound
Pressure (p): force/area
p = force/area, units Newton/m2 (Pascal), [MLT-2/L2] = [MT-2L-1]
Imperial to SI conversion: 1 µBar = 105 µPa
courtesy of R. Mitson
a) lobster
b) Atlantic salmon
c) Atlantic cod
d) soldier fish
e) bottle-nose dolphin
160
dB re 1 µPa (1Hz band)@1m
150
70
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Frequency (kHz)
NOAA Vessels
Vessel Noise α Vessel Speed
Sound Propagation
amplitude
Longitudinal
Compression Wave
λ
λ = wavelength, units m
λ = c/f where: c = speed of sound (ms-1)
f = frequency (cycles s-1, Hz)
Speed of Sound
Speed of sound (c) = f (temperature (T), salinity (S), depth (z)), units ms-1
c = 1449.2 + 4.6 (T) – 0.055(T)2 + 0.00029(T)3 + (1.34 – 0.01(T)) (S-35) + 0.016z
Freshwater ~ 1500 ms-1 Salt water ~ 1460 – 1550 ms-1 Air ~ 330 ms-1
Effect of T > S
Target Resolution and Travel
Target Resolution:
f (target distance (∆r), speed of sound (c), pulse duration (τ))
f = c/λ
Period (τ):
τ = 1/f , units s
in active acoustics this is the ‘pulse length’ or ‘pulse width’
Frequency Ranges of Acoustic Sensors
ΔI α 1/r2
Transmission Losses
Absorption
- attenuation of pressure due
to friction (α, units nepers/m
or dB/m)
- proportional to range (r)
- dependent on frequency
one way: α r
two way: 2 α r
Absorption Spreading
Frequency Loss Rate
1 kHz 0.05 dB/km
10 kHz 0.5 dB/km
100 kHz 20 dB/km
1 MHz 300 dB/km
~ 60 dB at 1 km
Light:
2/3 energy lost in 30 m
Sound:
2/3 energy lost in 30 km