Parameters defining the ultimate limit state spectrum

Parametros que corresponden al estado limite de prevencion de colapso

Fr Fs a0r a0 c Ts Ta Tb Tc r k
2.785 1.461 0.151 0.280 0.780 0.750 0.150 0.600 2.500 0.750 0.670

x 0.05 Structural damping

Q 2.00 Seismic behaviour factor
R0 2.00 Basic overstrength reduction factor
a 0.70 Irregularity factor
r 1.00 Redundancy factor

CFE 2015
T a' aser b pc pb Q' aQ' R a
0.000 0.093 0.051 1.000 1.000 1.000 3.000 0.280
0.038 0.162 0.074 1.000 1.076 1.000 2.500 0.405
0.075 0.231 0.096 1.000 1.153 1.000 2.293 0.530
0.113 0.307 0.119 1.000 1.229 1.000 2.134 0.655
0.150 0.390 0.142 1.000 1.305 1.000 2.000 0.780
0.375 0.316 0.142 1.000 1.764 1.234 2.000 0.780
0.600 0.251 0.142 1.000 2.222 1.555 2.000 0.780
0.790 0.212 0.115 1.000 0.860 2.133 1.493 2.000 0.635
0.980 0.185 0.098 1.000 0.794 2.088 1.462 2.000 0.540
1.170 0.164 0.086 1.000 0.757 2.063 1.444 2.000 0.473
1.360 0.147 0.077 1.000 0.734 2.047 1.433 2.000 0.422
1.550 0.134 0.070 1.000 0.719 2.036 1.425 2.000 0.383
1.740 0.124 0.064 1.000 0.709 2.029 1.420 2.000 0.351
1.930 0.115 0.059 1.000 0.702 2.024 1.416 2.000 0.325
2.120 0.107 0.055 1.000 0.696 2.020 1.414 2.000 0.303
2.310 0.101 0.052 1.000 0.692 2.016 1.412 2.000 0.284
2.500 0.095 0.049 1.000 0.689 2.014 1.410 2.000 0.267
2.750 0.074 0.038 1.000 0.943 0.686 2.012 1.408 2.000 0.208
3.000 0.059 0.030 1.000 0.899 0.683 2.010 1.407 2.000 0.167
3.250 0.049 0.025 1.000 0.865 0.681 2.008 1.406 2.000 0.137
3.500 0.041 0.021 1.000 0.838 0.680 2.007 1.405 2.000 0.114
3.750 0.035 0.018 1.000 0.817 0.678 2.006 1.404 2.000 0.097
4.000 0.030 0.015 1.000 0.799 0.677 2.006 1.404 2.000 0.083
4.250 0.026 0.013 1.000 0.784 0.677 2.005 1.403 2.000 0.073
4.500 0.023 0.012 1.000 0.772 0.676 2.004 1.403 2.000 0.064
4.750 0.020 0.010 1.000 0.761 0.675 2.004 1.403 2.000 0.056
5.000 0.018 0.009 1.000 0.753 0.675 2.004 1.402 2.000 0.050

0.90

0.80

0.70

0.60
Sa/g

0.50
Elastic
0.40 Design
Service
0.30
 0.80

0.70

0.60

Sa/g
0.50
Elastic
0.40 Design
Service
0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Te

Parameters defining the ultimate limit state spectrum

Parametros que corresponden al estado limite de prevencion de colapso
Fr Fs a0r a0 c Ts Ta Tb Tc r k
2.785 1.461 0.151 0.280 0.780 0.750 0.150 0.600 2.500 0.750 0.670

Parametros que corresponden al estado limite de servicio

Fr Fs a0r a0 c Ts Ta Tb Tc r k
2.785 1.461 0.151 0.051 0.142 0.750 0.263 0.900 2.500 0.750 0.670

CFE 2008
T b p Q' aQ' R a a' Tser aser
0.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 2.500 0.280 0.112 0.000 0.051
0.038 1.000 1.076 1.000 2.250 0.405 0.180 0.066 0.074
0.075 1.000 1.153 1.000 2.146 0.530 0.247 0.131 0.096
0.113 1.000 1.229 1.000 2.067 0.655 0.317 0.197 0.119
0.150 1.000 1.305 1.000 2.000 0.780 0.390 0.263 0.142
0.375 1.000 1.764 1.234 2.000 0.780 0.316 0.581 0.142
0.600 1.000 2.222 1.555 2.000 0.780 0.251 0.900 0.142
0.790 1.000 0.860 2.133 1.493 2.000 0.635 0.212 1.060 0.125
0.980 1.000 0.794 2.088 1.462 2.000 0.540 0.185 1.220 0.113
1.170 1.000 0.757 2.063 1.444 2.000 0.473 0.164 1.380 0.103
1.360 1.000 0.734 2.047 1.433 2.000 0.422 0.147 1.540 0.095
1.550 1.000 0.719 2.036 1.425 2.000 0.383 0.134 1.700 0.088
1.740 1.000 0.709 2.029 1.420 2.000 0.351 0.124 1.860 0.082
1.930 1.000 0.702 2.024 1.416 2.000 0.325 0.115 2.020 0.077
2.120 1.000 0.696 2.020 1.414 2.000 0.303 0.107 2.180 0.073
2.310 1.000 0.692 2.016 1.412 2.000 0.284 0.101 2.340 0.069
2.500 1.000 0.689 2.014 1.410 2.000 0.267 0.095 2.500 0.066
2.750 1.000 0.686 2.012 1.408 2.000 0.208 0.074 2.750 0.051
3.000 1.000 0.683 2.010 1.407 2.000 0.167 0.059 3.000 0.041
3.250 1.000 0.681 2.008 1.406 2.000 0.137 0.049 3.250 0.034
3.500 1.000 0.680 2.007 1.405 2.000 0.114 0.041 3.500 0.028
3.750 1.000 0.678 2.006 1.404 2.000 0.097 0.035 3.750 0.024
4.000 1.000 0.677 2.006 1.404 2.000 0.083 0.030 4.000 0.021
4.250 1.000 0.677 2.005 1.403 2.000 0.073 0.026 4.250 0.018
4.500 1.000 0.676 2.004 1.403 2.000 0.064 0.023 4.500 0.016
4.750 1.000 0.675 2.004 1.403 2.000 0.056 0.020 4.750 0.014
5.000 1.000 0.675 2.004 1.402 2.000 0.050 0.018 5.000 0.012

0.90

0.80

0.70

0.60
Sa/g

0.50
Elastic
0.40 Design
Service
0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Te

0.45

0.40

0.35

0.30
Sa/g

0.25 Design 2015

Service 2015
0.20
Design 2008
0.15 Service 2008
0.10

0.05

0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Te
Design 2015
Service 2015
Design 2008
Service 2008
Parameters defining the ultimate limit state spectrum
Parametros que corresponden al estado limite de prevencion de colapso
Fr Fs a0r a0 c Ts Ta Tb Tc r k
2.785 1.461 0.151 0.280 0.780 0.750 0.150 0.600 2.500 0.750 0.670

x 0.05 Structural damping

Q 2.00 Seismic behaviour factor
R0 2.00 Basic overstrength reduction factor
a 0.70 Irregularity factor
r 1.00 Redundancy factor
WT 1000.00 kN Weight of the building

CFE 2015 - Without knowing Te

Based on Te = Ta
b 1
R 2.00
aQ' 1.31
V0 298.75 kN Base Shear

N Wn (kN) hn (m) Wnhn (kNm) Wn (kN)

1 200.00 3.00 600.00 19.92
2 200.00 6.00 1200.00 39.83
3 200.00 9.00 1800.00 59.75
4 200.00 12.00 2400.00 79.67
5 200.00 15.00 3000.00 99.58
1000.00 9000.00 298.75

CFE 2015 - Knowing Te

Te0 0.79 s
b 1.00
R 2.00
aQ' 1.25
V0 312.00 kN Base Shear

N Wn (kN) hn (m) Wnhn (kNm) Wn (kN)

1 200.00 3.00 600.00 20.80
2 200.00 6.00 1200.00 41.60
3 200.00 9.00 1800.00 62.40
4 200.00 12.00 2400.00 83.20
5 200.00 15.00 3000.00 104.00
1000.00 9000.00 312.00
 k
0.670
Behaviour Factor

The seismic behavior factor Q is used to take into account the influence of the non-linear behavior of the system in the
estimation of its seismic demand, and with it, in its expected performance and level of reliability. For structures such as
Buildings, the adoption of the following seismic behavior factors is recommended:

Q REQUIREMENTS
1-The resistance in any story is supplied exclusively by non-braced frames of steel, reinforced
concrete or composites of the two materials. Also when the resistance is supplied by braced frames
or with reinforced concrete walls or steel plate or composite of the two materials. In this case, the
frames of each floor are capable of resisting, without counting walls or braced bays, at least 25% of
the seismic force acting.

2- If there are masonry partitions, facades or adjoining walls linked to the structure, they should be
considered in the analysis but their contribution to resistance to lateral forces will only be taken into
account if they are of solid pieces, and, in addition, if the frames , whether or not they are braced,
and the reinforced concrete, steel plate or composite walls of the two materials, are capable of
withstanding at least 80% of the total lateral forces without the contribution of the masonry walls.
4
3- Minimum lateral strength on any story is within 35% of the total average. To verify compliance with
this requirement, the resistant capacity of each story shall be calculated taking into account all the
elements that may contribute to the resistance, particularly the partitions, façade or adjoining
masonry walls. The top story is excluded from this requirement.

4- Reinforced concrete frames and walls meet the requirements set for ductile frames and walls in
current structural design recommendations and standards (RNDEV). The above also implies that the
detailed requirements for the connections of this type of structural elements must be met.
5- Rigid steel or composite steel and concrete frames meet the requirements for frames with high
ductility that are fixed in the RNDEVs for metal structures or are provided with ductile eccentric or
concentric bracing in accordance with these standards.

Conditions 2 and 4 or 5 are satisfied and in any floor the conditions 1 or 3 specified for case Q = 4
are no longer satisfied, but the resistance in all the story is supplied by steel or RC columns with flat
slabs, by rigid steel frames, reinforced concrete frames, concrete walls or steel plate or composite of
3 the two materials, combinations of these and frames or wood diaphragms. The structures with flat
slabs and those of wood must also satisfy the requirements that the RNDEV mark on the subject.
Rigid steel or composite steel and concrete frames meet the requirements for high ductility or are
provided with ductile concentric contraventeo, according to the RNDEV.

The resistance to lateral forces is supplied by flat slabs with steel or reinforced concrete columns, by
steel frames with reduced ductility or provided with bracings with normal ductility, or reinforced
concrete that do not meet the requirements to be considered ductile, or reinforced concrete walls,
steel plate or steel and concrete compounds, which do not meet in any story what is specified for
2
cases Q = 4 and Q = 3. Q = 2 will also be used when the resistance is supplied by precast or
prestressed concrete elements, with the exceptions that the RNDEV mark on the particular, or in the
case of wooden structures with the characteristics indicated in the RNDEV for structures of wood, or
some steel structures indicated in current regulations.

The resistance to lateral forces is supplied in all the story by masonry walls of hollow pieces,
confined or with internal reinforcement, which satisfy the requirements of the RNDEV for masonry
1.5
structures, or by combinations of said walls with elements such as those described for cases Q = 3
and Q = 2, or by frames and wooden trusses, or by some steel structures indicated in the RNDEV.

In structures whose resistance to lateral forces is supplied, at least partially, by elements or

materials different from those specified above, unless a study is carried out that demonstrates that a
1.0
higher value than that recommended in this Chapter can be used. Also in some steel structures as
indicated in the RNDEV.
 In structures whose resistance to lateral forces is supplied, at least partially, by elements or
materials different from those specified above, unless a study is carried out that demonstrates that a
1.0
higher value than that recommended in this Chapter can be used. Also in some steel structures as
indicated in the RNDEV.

In all cases, the minimum value of Q corresponding to the various sotreys and seismic-resistant systems of the
structure in the analysis direction will be used for the entire structure. The Q factor may differ in the two orthogonal
directions in which the structure is analyzed, depending on their properties in these directions.

Overstrength Factor
The reducing factor due to over-strength R may differ in the two orthogonal directions in which the structure is
analyzed, depending on their properties in each direction. For Buildings it is recommended the adoption of the
following R0 values:

R0 REQUIREMENTS
Reinforced concrete frames, structural steel or composite of the two materials designed with Q = 3
or Q = 2; steel or RC columns with flat slabs, by frames or structures made with precast or
2 prestressed concrete elements; by braced frames or with reinforced concrete walls or steel plate or
composite of the two materials designed with Q = 2, 3 and 4; by masonry walls of hollow pieces,
confined or with internal reinforcement or by frames and wooden trusses.

Ductile reinforced concrete frames or composed of the two materials designed with Q = 4, by
concrete wall systems or steel and concrete compounds designed with Q = 3, or by frames with
reinforced concrete walls or designed steel and concrete compounds with Q = 3, or masonry walls of
2.5
solid pieces confined by columns or reinforced concrete beams that meet the requirements of the
corresponding standards, or in the case of wooden structures with the characteristics indicated
according to the RNDEV.

Ductile structural steel frames designed with Q = 3 or 4, by concrete steel plate wall systems
3.0 designed with Q = 3, mixed ductile structures designed with Q = 4, as braced frames or with steel
plate walls.

Inverted Pendulum
Structures in which 50% or more of its mass is in the upper end and has a single resistant element in the direction
of analysis or a single row of columns perpendicular to it. Q' = 1 and R = 1.25

Redundancy Factor

For each orthogonal direction of analysis, the redundancy of the structure used will be taken into account by the
redundancy factor, r, as follows:

r REQUIREMENTS

In structures with at least two frames or parallel defense lines in the direction of analysis, when
0.8
single-frame frames or equivalent structures are available (one wall per parallel defense line, etc.).

In structures with at least two frames or parallel lines of defense in the direction of analysis and that
1.0
each frame or line of defense has at least two bays or equivalent structures.

In structures with at least three frames or parallel lines of defense in the direction of analysis and
1.25
that each frame or line of defense has at least three bays or equivalent structures.

For structures that do not meet the condition of regularity 10 or 11 of subsection 3.3.2.1, or are classified as
strongly irregular according to subsection 3.3.2.3, it will not be valid to reduce the ordinates of the design spectrum
for redundancy (i.e., r < 1.0), so in this case the factor r must be the lowest of the one obtained as established
above or 1
Structural Regularity: Plan and Vertical
For a structure to be considered regular it must satisfy the following conditions:

No. REQUIREMENTS
The distribution in plan of masses, walls and other resistant elements, is substantially
1 symmetric with respect to two orthogonal axes. These elements are substantially parallel
to the main orthogonal axes of the building (Essentially symmetric plan. Orthogonal
resisting component)
The relationship between the height and the smaller dimension of the base is not greater
2 than 2.5.
3 The ratio between the length and width of the base does not exceed 2.5.
In plan there are no re-entrant or projections whose dimension exceeds 20% of the
4 dimension of the plan measured parallel to the direction in which the re-entrant or
projection is considered (No plan reentrant corners.)
At each level there is a rigid and resistant floor system (diaphragms), which should be
5 justified with results of analysis of simplified models of the floor system to be used (Stiff
and strong diaphragms.)
There are no openings in the floor systems whose dimension exceeds 20% of the
dimension of the plan measured parallel to the direction in which the opening is
considered. The hollow areas do not cause significant asymmetries or differ in position
6
from one floor to another and the total area of openings does not exceed, at any level,
20% of the plan area (Diaphragms without openings.)

The weight of each level, including the live load that should be considered for seismic
design, is not greater than 110% or less than 70% of that corresponding to the immediately
7 lower floor. The last level of construction is exempt from minimum weight conditions
(Uniform floor weights along height (no more than 10% increase over inferior floor)).

No floor has an area, delimited by the outer location of its vertical resistant elements,
greater than 110% or less than 70% of that of the immediately lower floor. The last floor of
8 the construction is exempt from minimum area conditions. In addition, the area of no story
exceeds by more than 50% the minimum area of the lower floors (Uniform floor dimensions
along height.)
On all floors, all columns are restricted in two orthogonal directions by horizontal
9 diaphragms and by beams or flat slabs.
 The stiffness and shear strength of each story does not exceed that of the immediately
10 inferior floor by more than 50%. The roof is excluded from this condition (No more than
50% reduction on strength and stiffness among adjacent floors.)

At each story, the statically calculated torsional eccentricity does not exceed its plan size
11
by more than 10%, measured parallel to the torsional eccentricity
Extremly irregular structures
A structure will be considered strongly irregular if one of the following conditions is met:

No. REQUIREMENTS
The statically calculated torsional eccentricity in any of the storey exceed in more than
2 20% its plan size, measured parallel to the eccentricty
The strength or the shear stifness in any of the floor exceed the one of the floor below by
2 more than 100% (Presents more than 100% reduction on strength and stiffness among
adjacent floors.)
3 Does not comply with 10 and 11 simultaneously
3 Does not comply with 4 or more of the regularity conditions above (1-11)

Extremely Irregular? Yes

Irregularity factor 0.7

Drift Limitations (ULS)

The differences between the lateral displacements of consecutive floors produced by the seismic shear forces of
the storey, calculated for the design spectrum, multiplied by the QRr (with R calculated for the fundamental period
od the structure) and divided by the height between the two floors, should not exceed:

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM Q
4
Ductile RC Frame
3
4
Ductile Steel Frame
3
4
Ductile Composite Steel/Concrete Frame
3
Medium Ductility Concrete, Steel, or composite frames 1.25
Reduced Ductility Concrete, Steel, or composite frames 2
Frames with flat slab without Walls or Bracings 2
Steel frame with eccentric bracings 4
Steel, RC or composite frames with concentric bracings 3
Dual system with RC Walls and ductile Frames, or with steel plates or composite or plywood
3
walls
Masonry shear walls confined with horizontal or mesh reinforcement 2
Masonry shear walls confined to solid pieces; masonry of hollow pieces confined and
2
reinforced horizontally or masonry of hollow pieces confined and reinforced with mesh
Concrete frame with masonry infill walls 2
Masonry shear walls confined by concrete capping beam or concrete piers 2
Masonry shear walls of hollow parts with interior reinforcement 1.5
Dual system with RC shear walls and RC frames with reduced ductility 1.5
Shear walls of masonry confined from hollow concrete blocks 1.25
Masonry shear walls that do not meet the specifications for confined masonry or internally
1.25
reinforced masonry

Drift Limitations (SLS)

Drift limited to 0.002h

Seismic coefficient for retaining walls

vs (m/s) 140 m/s
Ts 0.770 s
a,0 0.28 g
Hmuro 4m
Tsvs/Hmuro 26.95
f.a 1.33
R 1.6
kh 0.23
kv 0.078

Use Muro/spalla Gelfi

ehavior of the system in the
bility. For structures such as

of steel, reinforced
pplied by braced frames
erials. In this case, the
ed bays, at least 25% of

ructure, they should be

es will only be taken into
or not they are braced,
ials, are capable of
of the masonry walls.

To verify compliance with

ing into account all the
çade or adjoining

tile frames and walls in

bove also implies that the
s must be met.
ts for frames with high
ith ductile eccentric or

pecified for case Q = 4

l or RC columns with flat
teel plate or composite of
The structures with flat
V mark on the subject.
or high ductility or are

ced concrete columns, by

ctility, or reinforced
nforced concrete walls,
y what is specified for
plied by precast or
on the particular, or in the
for structures of wood, or

of hollow pieces,
e RNDEV for masonry
scribed for cases Q = 3
ndicated in the RNDEV.

, by elements or
that demonstrates that a
ome steel structures as
 stant systems of the
er in the two orthogonal
ons.

hich the structure is

the adoption of the

als designed with Q = 3

with precast or
te walls or steel plate or
alls of hollow pieces,

ned with Q = 4, by
3, or by frames with
Q = 3, or masonry walls of
he requirements of the
acteristics indicated

late wall systems

ed frames or with steel

element in the direction

en into account by the

n of analysis, when
allel defense line, etc.).

ction of analysis and that

.

ection of analysis and

ctures.

are classified as
s of the design spectrum
ained as established
 Y/N
bstantially
ntially parallel Y
hogonal
is not greater
Y

Y
% of the
rant or Y

should be
e used (Stiff N

of the
ng is
r in position
N
t any level,

or seismic
the immediately
onditions N
or floor)).

elements,
The last floor of
rea of no story Y
loor dimensions

ontal
N
mmediately
o more than Y

d its plan size

Y
 Y/N
more than
N

floor below by
ness among N

N
Y

eismic shear forces of

the fundamental period

Q d
4 0.030
3 0.025
4 0.030
3 0.025
4 0.030
3 0.020
1.25 0.008
2 0.015
2 0.015
4 0.020
3 0.015

3 0.015

2 0.008

2 0.006

2 0.006
2 0.004
1.5 0.004
1.5 0.010
1.25 0.003

1.25 0.002
0

0
0

1
4
0

4
0

0
1
Behaviour Factor
It is also recognized that it is common for a structure to use two structural systems with different lateral
deformation capabilities in orthogonal directions, for example, ductile frames with bracings in one direction and
non-ductile frames with walls in the orthogonal direction, as illustrated in Figure 3.1, so that in these cases
different values of Q may be used for each orthogonal direction, that is, Q = 2 in the direction of non-ductile
frames with walls (Y axis) and, depending on the balance of stiffness, resistance and detailing, Q = 3 or Q = 4 in
the direction of ductile frames with winds (X axis).

Redundancy Factor
To illustrate how the concept of redundancy factor should be applied, consider the two frames-based
buildings whose floors are shown in Figure 3.3. The first building (figure 3.3a) has eight frames of a single
bay in the Y direction, therefore, in the Y direction it should be taken r = 0.8; while in the X direction it has
two frames of seven bays, so that in this direction should be taken r = 1.0. The second building (figure
3.3b), has eight frames of two bays in the Y direction, therefore, in the Y direction it should be taken r = 1.0,
while in the X direction it has three frames of seven bays, for what in this direction should be taken r = 1.25.
To illustrate the concept, if one considers the building in Figure 3.1, it has five frames of three bays in the Y
direction, therefore, in the Y direction it should be taken r = 1.25, while in the X direction It has four frames
of four bays, so in this direction you should also take r = 1.25.
 ent lateral
one direction and
n these cases
n of non-ductile
g, Q = 3 or Q = 4 in

s-based
es of a single
irection it has
ing (figure
e taken r = 1.0,
taken r = 1.25.
e bays in the Y
as four frames